Abstract
Persons with intellectual disabilities often require individualized vocational skill training and supports to achieve the ultimate goal of obtaining competitive, community-based employment. Historically, individuals with intellectual disabilities are underrepresented in the workforce. Factors such as low expectations on the part of service providers and lack of sufficient service capacity contribute to this under-representation. A number of effective service models exist that enable persons to obtain and maintain meaningful, competitive employment. Professionals who work with individuals with intellectual/developmental disabilities should be familiar with proven and promising vocational skill training and support services so as to provide accurate information, and should promote work.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Armsby, J. G. (2015). The war on sheltered workshops: Will ADA Title II discrimination lawsuits terminate an employment terminate an employment option for adults with disabilities? Georgia State University Law Review, 31(2), 443–469.
Assistance to States for the Education of Children with Disabilities and Preschool Grants for Children With Disabilities. 34 C.F.R. § 300 et seq. (2006).
Braddock, D., Hemp, R., Rizzolo, M. C., Tanis, E. S., Haffer, L., Lulinski, A., & Wu, J. (2013). The state of the states in developmental disabilities 2013: The great recession and its aftermath. Boulder: Department of Psychiatry and Coleman Institute, University of Colorado and Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois at Chicago.
Butterworth, J., Migliore, A., Sulewski, J. S., & Zalewska, A. (2014). Trends in employment outcomes of young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities 2004–2012. Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Boston, Institute for Community Inclusion.
Butterworth, J., Smith, F., Hall, A. C., Migliore, A., Winsor, J., & Domin, D. (2012). State data: The national report of employment services and outcomes. Boston: Institute for Community Inclusion, University of Massachusetts—Boston.
Carter, E. W., Austin, D., & Trainor, A. A. (2011). Factors associated with the early work experiences of adolescents with severe disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 49, 233–247.
Chan, F., Strauser, D., Maher, P., Lee, E., Jones, R., & Johnson, E. (2010). Demand-side factors related to employment of people with disabilities: A survey of employers in the Midwest region of the United States. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 20(4), 412–419. doi:10.1007/s10926-010-9252-6.
Cimera, R., Wehman, P., West, M., & Burgess, S. (2012). Do sheltered workshops enhance employment outcomes for adults with autism spectrum disorder? Autism, 16(1), 87–94.
Corbière, M., Villotti, P., Locomte, T., Bond, G. R., Lesage, A., & Goldner, E. M. (2014). Work accommodations and natural supports for maintaining employment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 37(2), 90–98.
Department of Labor (n.d.). Economic picture of the disability community project: Key points on disability and occupational projections tables. http://www.dol.gov/odep/pdf/20141022-KeyPoints.pdf. Accessed 8 May 2015.
Domzal, C., Houtenville, A., & Sharma, R. (2008). Survey of employer perspectives on the employment of people with disabilities: Technical report. (Prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Employment Policy, U.S. Department of Labor). McLean, VA: CESSI.
Dowler, D. L., & Walls, R. T. (2014). A review of supported employment services for people with disabilities: Competitive employment, earnings, and service costs. Journal of Rehabilitation, 80(1), 11–21.
Drake, R., Bond, G., & Rapp, C. (2006). Explaining the variance within supported employment programs: Comment on “What predicts supported employment outcomes?”. Community Mental Health Journal, 42(3), 315–318.
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. 29 U.S.C. § 201, et seq.
Fraker, T., & Rangarajan, A. (2009). The Social Security Administration’s youth transition demonstration projects. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 30(3), 223–240. doi:10.3233/JVR-2009-0463.
Getzel, E., & Wehman, P. (2005). Going to college: Expanding opportunities for people with disabilities. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.
Gill, M. (2005). The myth of transition: Contractualizing disability in the sheltered workshop. Disability & Society, 20(6), 613–623. doi:10.1080/09687590500248399.
Griffin, C., Hammis, D., & Geary, T. (2007). The job developer’s handbook: Practical tactics for customized employment. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.
Habeck, R., Hunt, A., Rachel, C., Kregel, J., & Chan, F. (2010). Employee retention and integrated disability management practices as demand side factors. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 20(4), 443–455. doi:10.1007/s10926-009-9225-9.
Habeck, R., Kregel, J., Head, C., & Yasuda, S. (2007). Salient and subtle aspects of demand side approaches for employment retention: Lessons for public policymakers. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 26(1), 21–27.
Hemmeter, J., Donovan, M., Cobb, J., & Asbury, T. (2015). Long term earnings and disability program participation outcomes of the Bridges transition program. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 42(1), 1–5. doi:10.3233/JVR-140719.
Honeycut, T., Thompkins, A., Bardos, M., & Stern, S. (2015). State differences in the vocational rehabilitation experiences of transition-age youth with disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 42(1), 17–30. doi:10.3233/JVR-140721.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2004) 20 USC §1400 et seq.
Kohler, P. D. (1996). A taxonomy for transition programming: Linking research and practice. Champaign, IL: Transition Research Institute, University of Illinois. Retrieved from http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/sped/tri/institute.html.
Kohler, P. D., & Field, S. (2003). Transition-focused education: Foundation for the future. Journal of Special Education, 37(3), 174–183.
Kregel, J. (2009). Work incentives planning and assistance: Assisting beneficiaries to obtain employment and reduce dependence on SSA benefits. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 31(1), 1–9.
Landmark, L. J., Song, J., & Dalun, Z. (2010). Substantiated best practices in transition: Fifteen plus years later. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 33(3), 165–176.
Livermore, G. (2009). Work oriented social security disability beneficiaries characteristics and employment activities. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, Disability Policy Research Brief #09-05.
Marriott Bridges from School to Work (n.d.). http://www.bridgestowork.org/about-bridges/what-we-do/. Accessed 20 May 2015.
Marriott, R. interview with Chet Cooper and Mark Donovan (n.d.). Ability Magazine. http://www.abilitymagazine.com/hines_marriott.html. Accessed 23 May 2015.
National Council on Disability. (2005). The social security administration’s efforts to promote employment for people with disabilities: New solutions for old problems. Washington, DC: National Council on Disability.
Nicholas, D. B., Attridge, M., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Clarke, M. (2015). Vocational support approaches in autism spectrum disorder: A synthesis review of the literature. Autism, 19(2), 235–245.
O’Mara, S., & Kregel, J. (2005). Social security disability benefit programs. In P. Wehman, P. J. McLaughlin, & T. Wehman (Eds.), Intellectual and developmental disabilities (pp. 471–490). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Project Search (2011–2012?). Program model fidelity. http://www.projectsearch.us/OurPROGRAM/FAQ.aspx#. Accessed 12 May 2015.
Schall, C. M., Wehman, P., Brooke, V., Graham, C., McDonogh, J., Brooke, A., … Allen, J. (2015). Employment interventions for individuals with ASD: The relative efficacy of supported employment with or without prior project SEARCH training. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(12), 3990–4001.
Simonsen, M. L., & Neubert, D. A. (2013). Transitioning youth with intellectual and other developmental disabilities: Predicting community employment outcomes. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 36(3), 188–198.
Siperstein, G. N., Parker, R. C., & Drascher, M. (2013). National snapshot of adults with intellectual disabilities in the labor force. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 39(3), 157–165.
Stoddard, S. (2014). 2014 disability statistics annual report. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire.
Test, D. W. (2012). Evidence based instructional strategies for transition. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012, May). Persons with a disability: Barriers to employment, types of assistance, and other labor-related issues. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/dissup_04242013.pdf. Accessed 11 May 2015.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of labor Statistics. (2015). Persons with a disability: Labor force characteristics—2014. Retrieved January 18, 2016, from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/disabl.pdf.
U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Disability Employment (n.d.). Employment first. http://www.dol.gov/odep/topics/EmploymentFirst.htm. Accessed 9 May 2015.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2012, July). Students with disabilities: Better federal coordination could lessen challenges in the transition from high school. http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/592329.pdf. Accessed 11 May 2015.
Wehman, P., Chan, F., Ditchman, N., & Kang, H. (2014). Effect of supported employment on vocational rehabilitation outcomes of transition-age youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A case control study. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 52(4), 296–310.
Wehman, P., Inge, K. J., Revell, W. G., & Brooke, V. A. (2007). Real work for real pay: Inclusive employment for people with disabilities. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.
Wehman, P., Kregel, J., Keyser-Marcus, L., Sherron-Targett, P., Campbell, L., West, M., Cifu, D. X. (2003). Supported employment for persons with traumatic brain injury: A preliminary investigation of long-term follow-up costs and program efficiency. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 84(2), 192–196.
Wehman, P., Kregel, J., Revell, G., & West, M. (1990). The National Supported Employment Initiative: Expanding employment opportunities for persons with severe disabilities. Employment and People with Disabilities. OSERS News in Print, 3(3).
Wehman, P. H., Revell, W. G., Kregel, J., Kruetzer, J. S., Callahan, M., & Banks, P. D. (1991). Supported employment: An alternative model for vocational rehabilitation of persons with severe neurologic, psychiatric, or physical disability. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 72(2), 101–105.
Wehman, P., Revell, G., & Brooke, V. (2003). Competitive employment: Has it become the first choice yet? Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 14(3), 163–173.
West, M., Targett, P., Wehman, P., Cifu, G., & Davis, J. (2015). Separation from supported employment: A retrospective chart review study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(12), 1055–1059.
Workforce Innovations and Opportunity Act. (2014). Public Law No.: 113-128.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kregel, J., Sander, M. (2016). Vocational Training. In: Singh, N. (eds) Handbook of Evidence-Based Practices in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Evidence-Based Practices in Behavioral Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26583-4_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26583-4_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26581-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26583-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)