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Simulation in Obstetrics, Gynecology and Midwifery

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Simulation in Healthcare Education

Abstract

Up to the seventeenth century, pregnancy and childbirth was surrounded by ignorance, myth, and superstition. It was thought that labor pains were caused by the fetus clawing its way out of the womb and that fetal malformations were the result of a woman seeing or dreaming something bad during the pregnancy. Complications of labor were thought to be predetermined and astrologists were consulted for information about the birth and the child. Most births occurred at home with female relatives and friends providing emotional support and sometimes a midwife provided “expert” assistance although in some European cities poor women delivered in lying-in hospitals. The title “midwife” was generally self-professed and based on experience attending births, sometimes as an apprentice, although at different times and places midwives were licensed by the church [1, pp. 24–49].

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This Peter Chamberlen (1601–1683) is often called “Dr Peter” because he studied at Cambridge, Heidelberg and Padua where he was awarded an MD at the age of 18. He retired to Woodham Mortimer Hall, Essex, where in 1813 a collection of obstetric instruments was found hidden under the attic floor. They are now held by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in London. (Ref http://www.rcog.org.uk/what-we-do/information-services/-collections/rcog-heritage-chamberlen-family)

  2. 2.

    Puerperal fever, also called childbed fever, is a bacterial infection that was almost always fatal until antibiotics were discovered. The disease and its close connection to simulation are described later.

  3. 3.

    This procedure had been described by Soranus of Ephesus around 1500 years earlier.

  4. 4.

    All Houston’s training in obstetrics was wasted as although well qualified he was never able to gain a position where he could use this expertise.

  5. 5.

    Alexander Monro, also known as Monro Primus or Monro the elder, helped establish the Medical School in Edinburgh and was the patriarch of a medical dynasty.

  6. 6.

    A louis or louis d’or (gold louis) was a unit of currency in France in the eighteenth century. It was revalued several times so it is too hard to calculate equivalent value in a modern currency.

  7. 7.

    Baudelocque died in 1810 so never worked at la Maternité but the facility is now officially called Maternité Baudelocque.

  8. 8.

    This unusual spelling was used twice so it probably wasn’t a typographical error.

  9. 9.

    Caoutchouc was the term first used for latex rubber originating from South America.

  10. 10.

    The war in Europe began had an effect on the prices of goods from that region and in 1915 a 20 % surcharge was levied on orders.

  11. 11.

    William Harvey constructed the first pulse simulator which is described in the physiological simulators section.

  12. 12.

    Gregoire started teaching midwifery in Paris and established the first obstetric clinic at the Hôtel-Dieu. He was joined by his son, Gregoire the younger. It is not known when they actually began using a simulator in their teaching.

  13. 13.

    Mackenzie’s brother was advised to take the payment in gold rather than bills which could go down in value but on the journey back to Scotland he lost around 250 guineas through a hole in the bullion chest.

  14. 14.

    “Fantoccio” was the term most widely used for a fetal simulator in Italy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

  15. 15.

    When the French controlled the region, the University of Siena was closed from 1808 to 1814.

  16. 16.

    Giuseppe Vespa, the professor of obstetrics in Florence, had studied under Levret in Paris and may have brought his ideas for simulation from there.

  17. 17.

    A miasma was the noxious emanation from decaying organic matter.

  18. 18.

    Carl Rudolf Braun was also known as Karl Braun or Karl von Braun-Fernwald and after he was knighted became Carl Ritter von Fernwald Braun.

  19. 19.

    Schultes began making the Schultze simulator in 1890 and this company, now called Schultes Medacta, still makes obstetric simulators which makes it the oldest company making simulators used in medical education.

  20. 20.

    Bodies were dissected fresh and this was less unpleasant in the cold winter months.

  21. 21.

    In his presentation Ely ascribed his longevity to “a good heredity” and he died the next week.

  22. 22.

    Obstetric patients were admitted several weeks before delivery was expected and stayed for a few weeks afterwards.

  23. 23.

    Reed is best known for his work on yellow fever and in particular confirming a mosquito transmitted the illness. The Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research were named after him.

  24. 24.

    In the eighteenth century this was known as a hysteroplasmen.

  25. 25.

    At the end of the nineteenth century obstetrics became settled as a surgical discipline.

  26. 26.

    Baudelocque died before the final move and never worked at the Hospice de la Maternité which was later renamed in his honor.

  27. 27.

    This wide-ranging conflict, that was later called the Seven Years War, was costly for France in territories as well as troops.

  28. 28.

    In adopting the name Madame du Coudray she reinvented herself as a widow. It hasn’t been explained why she did this but it may have been to overcome some of the constraints on single women in the French society then.

  29. 29.

    In a letter Graves wrote to Hazel Corbin in 1956 she used the terms “mannakin” and “mannikin”.

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    Harry Owen MBChB, FANZCA, MD

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Owen, H. (2016). Simulation in Obstetrics, Gynecology and Midwifery. In: Simulation in Healthcare Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26577-3_4

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