Abstract
Congenital malformations of nose and paranasal sinuses are rare manifestations of developmental disorder of the foetal aerodigestive tract. The developments of nose and paranasal sinuses are interlinked. A teratogenic influence may occur anytime up to birth, resulting in its susceptibility to be involved in many other facial anomalies. Nasal anomalies may arise as primary embryologic defects or as secondary to defects in other facial units, for example, in cases of cleft lip and palate. Many rare nasal anomalies are associated with distinct genetic syndromes, and some follow known exposures of the foetus to teratogenic drugs or environmental conditions at critical times.
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Lau, C., Goudy, S. (2019). Nose and Paranasal Sinuses. In: Carachi, R., Doss, S. (eds) Clinical Embryology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26158-4_18
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26158-4_18
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