Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of numerical simulations and presents some basic applications of expanding H ii regions. After a brief introduction (Sect. 4.1) we give a description of the most important methods that the computational community follows (Sect. 4.2). These include grid-based methods (Sect. 4.2.1), smoothed particle hydrodynamics methods (Sect. 4.2.2) and hybrid methods (Sect. 4.2.3) which are new mesh-moving techniques coupling the advantages of the two previous methods. In Sect. 4.3 we present applications of a spherically symmetric expanding H ii region (Sect. 4.3.1), an H ii region expanding off-centered in a spherical cloud (Sect. >4.3.2), a neutral clump exposed to external radiation impinging from one side (Sect. 4.3.3) and an H ii region expanding in a fractal cloud (Sect. 4.3.4) in which all features previously discussed are present. We close the chapter (Sect. 4.4) by describing the importance of synthetic observations and how these can be helpful towards our understanding of the observational data cubes.
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Notes
- 1.
On the contrary, very low temperatures—even lower than the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation—have been reproduced. The 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl E. Wieman for this achievement.
- 2.
Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, Arieh Warshel.
- 3.
Statement: the choice of this scheme (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) and the respective code (seren) were made due to the accessibility of the present author to these utilities. It is not intended to conclude that SPH is superior to any other available numerical schemes developed by the community.
- 4.
A general description of a fractal cloud is that there exists a repeating pattern at every possible scale—from the smallest possible to the largest including the entire size of the cloud.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. Thomas Haworth for the useful discussions regarding the computational methods followed in astrophysical hydrodynamics.
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Bisbas, T.G. (2016). Numerical Simulations. In: The Interstellar Medium, Expanding Nebulae and Triggered Star Formation. SpringerBriefs in Astronomy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26142-3_4
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