Skip to main content

Fracture Epidemiology Among Individuals 75+

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Fractures contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality of older individuals. Approximately 75 % of all osteoporotic fractures occur among seniors age 65 and older [1], and 1 in 2 women and 1 in 5 men age 50 are expected to sustain a fracture in their remaining life time [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Melton 3rd LJ, Crowson CS, O’Fallon WM. Fracture incidence in Olmsted County, Minnesota: comparison of urban with rural rates and changes in urban rates over time. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9:29–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Nguyen ND, Ahlborg HG, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Residual lifetime risk of fractures in women and men. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;12:12.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Magaziner J, Hawkes W, Hebel JR, et al. Recovery from hip fracture in eight areas of function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55:M498–507.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Tinetti ME, Williams CS. Falls, injuries due to falls, and the risk of admission to a nursing home. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1279–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cummings SR, Kelsey JL, Nevitt MC, O’Dowd KJ. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Epidemiol Rev. 1985;7:178–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Platz A, et al. Effect of high-dosage cholecalciferol and extended physiotherapy on complications after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:813–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Heyes GJ, Tucker A, Marley D, Foster A. Predictors for readmission up to 1 year following hip fracture. Arch Trauma Res. 2015;4, e27123.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Bischoff HA, Solomon DH, Dawson-Hughes B. Repeat hip fractures in a population-based sample of medicare recipi- ents in the US: rates, timing and gender differences. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16 Suppl 1:291.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Birge SJ, Morrow-Howell N, Proctor EK. Hip fracture. Clin Geriatr Med. 1994;10:589–609.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cummings SR, Rubin SM, Black D. The future of hip fractures in the United States. Numbers, costs, and potential effects of postmenopausal estrogen. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;(252):163–6.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:767–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fatalities and injuries from falls among older adults--United States, 1993–2003 and 2001–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:1221–4.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Fall prevention. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. Clifford J Rosen (Editor-in-Chief), Roger Bouillon (Senior Associate Editor), Juliet E Compston (Senior Associate Editor), Vicki Rosen (Senior Associate Editor). 8th ed. 2013. p. 389.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Pluijm SM, Smit JH, Tromp EA, et al. A risk profile for identifying community-dwelling elderly with a high risk of recurrent falling: results of a 3-year prospective study. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:417–25. Epub 2006 Jan 17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. EC. European economy: Special Report n° 1/2006. European commission, directorate-general for economic and financial affairs. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication423_en.pdf

  16. Eberstadt N, Groth H. Europe’s coming demographic challenge: unlocking the value of health. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Health Policy Research; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Europe Co. Recent demographic developments in Europe 2005. Strasbourg: European population Committee of the Council of Europe; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Eurostat. First demographic estimates for 2005: statistics in focus. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-NK-06-001/EN/KS-NK-06-001-ENPDF. 2006.

  19. Lee RD. Global population aging and its economic consequences. Washington, DC: AEI Press; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1701–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tinetti ME, Doucette J, Claus E, Marottoli R. Risk factors for serious injury during falls by older persons in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:1214–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav JE, Kanis JA, et al. Comparative performance of current definitions of sarcopenia against the prospective incidence of falls among community-dwelling seniors age 65 and older. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26:2793–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Center JR, Bliuc D, Nguyen TV, Eisman JA. Risk of subsequent fracture after low-trauma fracture in men and women. JAMA. 2007;297:387–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tinetti ME, Williams CS. The effect of falls and fall injuries on functioning in community-dwelling older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53:M112–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Englander F, Hodson TJ, Terregrossa RA. Economic dimensions of slip and fall injuries. J Forensic Sci. 1996;41:733–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC. Non-skeletal determinants of fractures: the potential importance of the mechanics of falls. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4 Suppl 1:67–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Nguyen ND, Frost SA, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Development of a nomogram for individualizing hip fracture risk in men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2007;17:17.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Nevitt MC, Cummings SR. Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:1226–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nevitt MC, Cummings SR. Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42:909.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Carter SE, Campbell EM, Sanson-Fisher RW, Gillespie WJ. Accidents in older people living at home: a community-based study assessing prevalence, type, location and injuries. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2000;24:633–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF, Jackson SL, Brown JS, Fitzgerald JL. Circumstances and consequences of falls experienced by a community population 70 years and over during a prospective study. Age Ageing. 1990;19:136–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. O’Neill TW, Marsden D, Adams JE, Silman AJ. Risk factors, falls, and fracture of the distal forearm in Manchester, UK. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996;50:288–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Lips P. Different risk profiles for hip fractures and distal forearm fractures: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int. 1996;6:427–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Keegan TH, Kelsey JL, King AC, Quesenberry Jr CP, Sidney S. Characteristics of fallers who fracture at the foot, distal forearm, proximal humerus, pelvis, and shaft of the tibia/fibula compared with fallers who do not fracture. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:192–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Vellas BJ, Wayne SJ, Romero LJ, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ. Fear of falling and restriction of mobility in elderly fallers. Age Ageing. 1997;26:189–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Arfken CL, Lach HW, Birge SJ, et al. The prevalence and correlates of fear of falling in elderly persons living in the community. The relationship between fear of falling, activities of daily living and quality of life among elderly individuals. Fear of falling and restriction of mobility in elderly fallers. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:565–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Kidd S. Forgetting falls. The limited accuracy of recall of falls in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;36:613–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lewis CE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, et al. Predictors of non-spine fracture in elderly men: the MrOS study. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:211–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Stone KL, Ewing SK, Lui LY, et al. Self-reported sleep and nap habits and risk of falls and fractures in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1177–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bischoff-Ferrari HA. In three steps to unbreakable bones. IOF report World Osteoporosis Report 2011. 2011; http://www.iofbonehealth.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/WODReports/WOD11_Report.pdf.

  41. Barrett JA, Baron JA, Karagas MR, Beach ML. Fracture risk in the U.S. Medicare population. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52:243–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cooper C, Melton 3rd LJ. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1992;314:224–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Gullberg B, Johnell O, Kanis JA. World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7:407–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Jonsson B, Oden A, Ogelsby AK. International variations in hip fracture probabilities: implications for risk assessment. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:1237–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Finsterwald M, Sidelnikov E, Orav EJ, et al. Gender-specific hip fracture risk in community-dwelling and institutionalized seniors age 65 years and older. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25:167–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Looker AC, Harris TB, Madans JH, Sempos CT. Dietary calcium and hip fracture risk: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Osteoporos Int. 1993;3:177–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Samelson EJ, Zhang Y, Kiel DP, Hannan MT, Felson DT. Effect of birth cohort on risk of hip fracture: age-specific incidence rates in the Framingham Study. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:858–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Chang KP, Center JR, Nguyen TV, Eisman JA. Incidence of hip and other osteoporotic fractures in elderly men and women: Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:532–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, et al. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:756–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1809–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, et al. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:333–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998;280:2077–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:400–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1637–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:257–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett CW, et al. Effect of vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;291:1999–2006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326:469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293:2257–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Johnell O, Borgstrom F, Jonsson B, Kanis J. Latitude, socioeconomic prosperity, mobile phones and hip fracture risk. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18:333–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Stone KL, et al. Risk factors for a first-incident radiographic vertebral fracture in women > or = 65 years of age: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:131–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Amin S, Zhang Y, Felson DT, et al. Estradiol, testosterone, and the risk for hip fractures in elderly men from the Framingham Study. Am J Med. 2006;119:426–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav JE, Barrett JA, Baron JA. Effect of seasonality and weather on fracture risk in individuals 65 years and older. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18:1225–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Nevitt MC, Ettinger B, Black DM, et al. The association of radiographically detected vertebral fractures with back pain and function: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:793–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Silverman SL, Minshall ME, Shen W, Harper KD, Xie S. The relationship of health-related quality of life to prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:2611–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA. 2001;285:320–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Hasserius R, Karlsson MK, Jonsson B, Redlund-Johnell I, Johnell O. Long-term morbidity and mortality after a clinically diagnosed vertebral fracture in the elderly--a 12- and 22-year follow-up of 257 patients. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005;76:235–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Praemer A, Furner S, Rice DP. Musculoskeletal conditions in the United States. Rosemont: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; 1992. p. 145–70.

    Google Scholar 

  68. O’Neill TW, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Silman AJ. The prevalence of vertebral deformity in European men and women: the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11:1010–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Melton 3rd LJ, Lane AW, Cooper C, Eastell R, O’Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Prevalence and incidence of vertebral deformities. Osteoporos Int. 1993;3:113–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Mortality after osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15:38–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Melton 3rd LJ, Achenbach SJ, Atkinson EJ, Therneau TM, Amin S. Long-term mortality following fractures at different skeletal sites: a population-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:1689–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Melton 3rd LJ, Therneau TM, Larson DR. Long-term trends in hip fracture prevalence: the influence of hip fracture incidence and survival. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8:68–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Myers AH, Robinson EG, Van Natta ML, Michelson JD, Collins K, Baker SP. Hip fractures among the elderly: factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:1128–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wehren LE, Hawkes WG, Orwig DL, Hebel JR, Zimmerman SI, Magaziner J. Gender differences in mortality after hip fracture: the role of infection. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:2231–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lyons AR. Clinical outcomes and treatment of hip fractures. Am J Med. 1997;103:51S–63; discussion S-4S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Browner WS, Pressman AR, Nevitt MC, Cummings SR. Mortality following fractures in older women. The study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1521–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Douglas AS, Allan TM, Rawles JM. Composition of seasonality of disease. Scott Med J. 1991;36:76–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Wilkinson P, Pattenden S, Armstrong B, et al. Vulnerability to winter mortality in elderly people in Britain: population based study. BMJ. 2004;17:17.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Wilkinson P, Pattenden S, Armstrong B, et al. Vulnerability to winter mortality in elderly people in Britain: population based study. BMJ. 2004;329:647. Epub 2004 Aug 17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Lieberman D, Friger MD. Seasonal variation in hospital admissions for community-acquired pneumonia: a 5-year study. J Infect. 1999;39:134–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Vilkman S, Keistinen T, Tuuponen T, Kivela SL. Seasonal variation in hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Finland. Arctic Med Res. 1996;55:182–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Spencer FA, Goldberg RJ, Becker RC, Gore JM. Seasonal distribution of acute myocardial infarction in the second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1226–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Jacobsen SJ, Sargent DJ, Atkinson EJ, O’Fallon WM, Melton 3rd LJ. Population-based study of the contribution of weather to hip fracture seasonality. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:79–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Bulajic-Kopjar M. Seasonal variations in incidence of fractures among elderly people. Inj Prev. 2000;6:16–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Hemenway D, Colditz GA. The effect of climate on fractures and deaths due to falls among white women. Accid Anal Prev. 1990;22:59–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Jacobsen SJ, Goldberg J, Miles TP, Brody JA, Stiers W, Rimm AA. Seasonal variation in the incidence of hip fracture among white persons aged 65 years and older in the United States, 1984–1987. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:996–1004.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lau EM, Gillespie BG, Valenti L, O’Connell D. The seasonality of hip fracture and its relationship with weather conditions in New South Wales. Aust J Public Health. 1995;19:76–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Mannius S, Mellstrom D, Oden A, Rundgren A, Zetterberg C. Incidence of hip fracture in western Sweden 1974–1982. Comparison of rural and urban populations. Acta Orthop Scand. 1987;58:38–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Zetterberg C, Andersson GB. Fractures of the proximal end of the femur in Goteborg, Sweden, 1940–1979. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53:419–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Jacobsen SJ, Sargent DJ, Atkinson EJ, O’Fallon WM, Melton 3rd LJ. Contribution of weather to the seasonality of distal forearm fractures: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9:254–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Ralis ZA. Epidemic of fractures during period of snow and ice. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282:603–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav JE, Barrett JA, Baron JA. Effect of seasonality and weather on fracture risk in individuals 65 years and older. Osteoporos Int. 2007;24:24.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Holick MF. The photobiology of vitamin D and its consequences for humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1985;453:1–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Seasonal changes in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of young American black and white women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67:1232–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:670–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Zhang Y, Kiel DP, Felson DT. Positive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and bone density in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;53:821–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Karagas MR, Baron JA, Barrett JA, Jacobsen SJ. Patterns of fracture among the United States elderly: geographic and fluoride effects. Ann Epidemiol. 1996;6:209–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. van Geel TA, van Helden S, Geusens PP, Winkens B, Dinant GJ. Clinical subsequent fractures cluster in time after first fractures. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:99–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. van Geel TA, Huntjens KM, van den Bergh JP, Dinant GJ, Geusens PP. Timing of subsequent fractures after an initial fracture. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010;8:118–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari MD, DrPH .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A. (2016). Fracture Epidemiology Among Individuals 75+. In: Duque, G., Kiel, D. (eds) Osteoporosis in Older Persons. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25976-5_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25976-5_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25974-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25976-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics