Skip to main content

Postoperative Complications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery

Abstract

Postoperative complications are a common occurrence in colon and rectal surgery. Prevention of postoperative complications requires adequate preoperative assessment of risk along with meticulous intraoperative and postoperative care. Standardizing preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative care will decrease unnecessary variation and likely improve outcomes. Once a complication has occurred, good judgment enables the patient to recover in spite of the complication. Poor planning, an inept system, and poor judgment can lead to post-complication mortality. It is the surgeon’s responsibility to stay vigilant in the management of patients and to be intimately involved in all aspects of care. Vigilance and attention to details will lead to improved outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Dahlke AR, Merkow RP, Chung JW, et al. Comparison of postoperative complication risk prediction approaches based on factors known preoperatively to surgeons versus patients. Surgery. 2014;156(1):39–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sherman SK, Hrabe JE, Charlton ME, Cromwell JW, Byrn JC. Development of an improved risk calculator for complications in proctectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18(5):986–94.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Fischer JP, Wes AM, Tuggle CT, Serletti JM, Wu LC. Risk analysis and stratification of surgical morbidity after immediate breast reconstruction. J Am Coll Surg. 2013;217(5):780–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Nelson MT, Greenblatt DY, Soma G, Rajimanickam V, Greenberg CC, Kent KC. Preoperative factors predict mortality after major lower-extremity amputation. Surgery. 2012;152(4):685–94. discussion 694–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Greenblatt DY, Kelly KJ, Rajamanickam V, et al. Preoperative factors predict perioperative morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(8):2126–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Davenport DL, Henderson WG, Khuri SF, Mentzer Jr RM. Preoperative risk factors and surgical complexity are more predictive of costs than postoperative complications: a case study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Ann Surg. 2005;242(4):463–8. discussion 468–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. New ACS NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator offers personalized estimates of surgical complications. Bull Am Coll Surg. 2013;98(10):72–3.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bilimoria KY, Liu Y, Paruch JL, et al. Development and evaluation of the universal ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator: a decision aid and informed consent tool for patients and surgeons. J Am Coll Surg. 2013;217(5):833–42 e831–33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Schwarze ML, Brasel KJ, Mosenthal AC. Beyond 30-day mortality: aligning surgical quality with outcomes that patients value. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(7):631–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Paruch JL, Ko CY, Bilimoria KY. An opportunity to improve informed consent and shared decision making: the role of the ACS NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator in oncology. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(1):5–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cologne KG, Keller DS, Liwanag L, Devaraj B, Senagore AJ. Use of the American College of Surgeons NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator for laparoscopic colectomy: how good is it and how can we improve it? J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220(3):281–6.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ehlenbach CC, Tevis SE, Kennedy GD, Oltmann SC. Preoperative impairment is associated with a higher postdischarge level of care. J Surg Res. 2015;193(1):1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Robinson TN, Wu DS, Pointer LF, Dunn CL, Moss M. Preoperative cognitive dysfunction is related to adverse postoperative outcomes in the elderly. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;215(1):12–7. discussion 17–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Bouillon K, Kivimaki M, Hamer M, et al. Measures of frailty in population-based studies: an overview. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:64.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Robinson TN, Wallace JI, Wu DS, et al. Accumulated frailty characteristics predict postoperative discharge institutionalization in the geriatric patient. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;213(1):37–42. discussion 42–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Robinson TN, Wu DS, Pointer L, Dunn CL, Cleveland Jr JC, Moss M. Simple frailty score predicts postoperative complications across surgical specialties. Am J Surg. 2013;206(4):544–50.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Chow WB, Rosenthal RA, Merkow RP, Ko CY, Esnaola NF. Optimal preoperative assessment of the geriatric surgical patient: a best practices guideline from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;215(4):453–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mavros MN, Athanasiou S, Gkegkes ID, Polyzos KA, Peppas G, Falagas ME. Do psychological variables affect early surgical recovery? PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20306.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Okkonen E, Vanhanen H. Family support, living alone, and subjective health of a patient in connection with a coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Lung. 2006;35(4):234–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kulik JA, Mahler HI. Social support and recovery from surgery. Health Psychol. 1989;8(2):221–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mitchinson AR, Kim HM, Geisser M, Rosenberg JM, Hinshaw DB. Social connectedness and patient recovery after major operations. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(2):292–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ferry M, Sidobre B, Lambertin A, Barberger-Gateau P. The SOLINUT study: analysis of the interaction between nutrition and loneliness in persons aged over 70 years. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005;9(4):261–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Jacobs M, Verdeja JC, Goldstein HS. Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy). Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1991;1(3):144–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wexner SD, Cohen SM, Johansen OB, Nogueras JJ, Jagelman DG. Laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a prospective assessment and current perspective. Br J Surg. 1993;80(12):1602–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wexner SD, Johansen OB, Nogueras JJ, Jagelman DG. Laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy. A prospective trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;35(7):651–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Beck DE, Opelka FG, Bailey HR, Rauh SM, Pashos CL. Incidence of small-bowel obstruction and adhesiolysis after open colorectal and general surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42(2):241–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. ten Broek RP, Issa Y, van Santbrink EJ, et al. Burden of adhesions in abdominal and pelvic surgery: systematic review and met-analysis. BMJ. 2013;347:f5588.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Duepree HJ, Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Fazio VW. Does means of access affect the incidence of small bowel obstruction and ventral hernia after bowel resection? Laparoscopy versus laparotomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197(2):177–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dolejs S, Kennedy G, Heise CP. Small bowel obstruction following restorative proctocolectomy: affected by a laparoscopic approach? J Surg Res. 2011;170(2):202–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group. A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(20):2050–9.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Guillou PJ, Quirke P, Thorpe H, et al. Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9472):1718–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Yang W, Zilov A, Soewondo P, Bech OM, Sekkal F, Home PD. Observational studies: going beyond the boundaries of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;88 Suppl 1:S3–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kennedy GD, Heise C, Rajamanickam V, Harms B, Foley EF. Laparoscopy decreases postoperative complication rates after abdominal colectomy: results from the national surgical quality improvement program. Ann Surg. 2009;249(4):596–601.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Merkow RP, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted vs. open colectomy for cancer: comparison of short-term outcomes from 121 hospitals. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(11):2001–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Nelson H, et al. Use and outcomes of laparoscopic-assisted colectomy for cancer in the United States. Arch Surg. 2008;143(9):832–9. discussion 839–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wilson MZ, Hollenbeak CS, Stewart DB. Laparoscopic colectomy is associated with a lower incidence of postoperative complications than open colectomy: a propensity score-matched cohort analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16(5):382–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Speicher PJ, Englum BR, Jiang B, Pietrobon R, Mantyh CR, Migaly J. The impact of laparoscopic versus open approach on reoperation rate after segmental colectomy: a propensity analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18(2):378–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Causey MW, Stoddard D, Johnson EK, et al. Laparoscopy impacts outcomes favorably following colectomy for ulcerative colitis: a critical analysis of the ACS-NSQIP database. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(2):603–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Aimaq R, Akopian G, Kaufman HS. Surgical site infection rates in laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery. Am Surg. 2011;77(10):1290–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Stefanou AJ, Reickert CA, Velanovich V, Falvo A, Rubinfeld I. Laparoscopic colectomy significantly decreases length of stay compared with open operation. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(1):144–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kiran RP, El-Gazzaz GH, Vogel JD, Remzi FH. Laparoscopic approach significantly reduces surgical site infections after colorectal surgery: data from national surgical quality improvement program. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;211(2):232–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Silber JH, Williams SV, Krakauer H, Schwartz JS. Hospital and patient characteristics associated with death after surgery. A study of adverse occurrence and failure to rescue. Med Care. 1992;30(7):615–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Ghaferi AA, Osborne NH, Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB. Hospital characteristics associated with failure to rescue from complications after pancreatectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;211(3):325–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ghaferi AA, Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB. Complications, failure to rescue, and mortality with major inpatient surgery in medicare patients. Ann Surg. 2009;250(6):1029–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ghaferi AA, Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB. Variation in hospital mortality associated with inpatient surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(14):1368–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. AHRQ Patient Safety Indicators, Technical Specifications, PSI#15 Accidental Puncture or Laceration. Provider-Level Indicator. Version 4.1. 2009: 1–2. Available at: http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/Downloads/Modules/PSI/V41/TechSpecs/PSI%2015%20Accidental%20Puncture%20or%20Laceration.pdf

  48. Kaafarani HM, Borzecki AM, Itani KM, et al. Validity of selected Patient Safety Indicators: opportunities and concerns. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;212(6):924–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kin C, Snyder K, Kiran RP, Remzi FH, Vogel JD. Accidental puncture or laceration in colorectal surgery: a quality indicator or a complexity measure? Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56(2):219–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi F, Kiran RP. Factors associated with postoperative morbidity, reoperation and readmission rates after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15(9):1123–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sun RC, Button AM, Smith BJ, Leblond RF, Howe JR, Mezhir JJ. A comprehensive assessment of transfusion in elective pancreatectomy: risk factors and complications. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(4):627–35.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Greenblatt DY, Rajamanickam V, Mell MW. Predictors of surgical site infection after open lower extremity revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(2):433–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Greenblatt DY, Rajamanickam V, Pugely AJ, Heise CP, Foley EF, Kennedy GD. Short-term outcomes after laparoscopic-assisted proctectomy for rectal cancer: results from the ACS NSQIP. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;212(5):844–54.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Halabi WJ, Jafari MD, Nguyen VQ, et al. Blood transfusions in colorectal cancer surgery: incidence, outcomes, and predictive factors: an American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis. Am J Surg. 2013;206(6):1024–32. discussion 1032–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Meraney AM, Samee AA, Gill IS. Vascular and bowel complications during retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery. J Urol. 2002;168(5):1941–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bhoyrul S, Vierra MA, Nezhat CR, Krummel TM, Way LW. Trocar injuries in laparoscopic surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192(6):677–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Larobina M, Nottle P. Complete evidence regarding major vascular injuries during laparoscopic access. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2005;15(3):119–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Tou S, Malik AI, Wexner SD, Nelson RL. Energy source instruments for laparoscopic colectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;5, CD007886.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Adamina M, Champagne BJ, Hoffman L, Ermlich MB, Delaney CP. Randomized clinical trial comparing the cost and effectiveness of bipolar vessel sealers versus clips and vascular staplers for laparoscopic colorectal resection. Br J Surg. 2011;98(12):1703–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Marcello PW, Roberts PL, Rusin LC, Holubkov R, Schoetz DJ. Vascular pedicle ligation techniques during laparoscopic colectomy. A prospective randomized trial. Surg Endosc. 2006;20(2):263–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Halabi WJ, Jafari MD, Nguyen VQ, et al. Ureteral injuries in colorectal surgery: an analysis of trends, outcomes, and risk factors over a 10-year period in the United States. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(2):179–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Palaniappa NC, Telem DA, Ranasinghe NE, Divino CM. Incidence of iatrogenic ureteral injury after laparoscopic colectomy. Arch Surg. 2012;147(3):267–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Larach SW, Patankar SK, Ferrara A, Williamson PR, Perozo SE, Lord AS. Complications of laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Analysis and comparison of early vs. latter experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40(5):592–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Delacroix SE, Winters JC. Urinary tract injures: recognition and management. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2010;23(2):104–12.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Speicher PJ, Goldsmith ZG, Nussbaum DP, Turley RS, Peterson AC, Mantyh CR. Ureteral stenting in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. J Surg Res. 2014;190(1):98–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Delacroix SE, Winters JC. Bladder reconstruction and diversion during colorectal surgery. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2010;23(2):113–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Kashefi C, Messer K, Barden R, Sexton C, Parsons JK. Incidence and prevention of iatrogenic urethral injuries. J Urol. 2008;179(6):2254–7. discussion 2257–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rivera R, Barboglio PG, Hellinger M, Gousse AE. Staging rectourinary fistulas to guide surgical treatment. J Urol. 2007;177(2):586–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Spahn M, Vergho D, Riedmiller H. Iatrogenic recto-urethral fistula: perineal repair and buccal mucosa interposition. BJU Int. 2009;103(2):242–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Fengler SA, Abcarian H. The York Mason approach to repair of iatrogenic rectourinary fistulae. Am J Surg. 1997;173(3):213–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Dreznik Z, Alper D, Vishne TH, Ramadan E. Rectal flap advancement—a simple and effective approach for the treatment of rectourethral fistula. Colorectal Dis. 2003;5(1):53–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Visser BC, McAninch JW, Welton ML. Rectourethral fistulae: the perineal approach. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;195(1):138–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Culkin DJ, Ramsey CE. Urethrorectal fistula: transanal, transsphincteric approach with locally based pedicle interposition flaps. J Urol. 2003;169(6):2181–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Bruce RG, El-Galley RE, Galloway NT. Use of rectus abdominis muscle flap for the treatment of complex and refractory urethrovaginal fistulas. J Urol. 2000;163(4):1212–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Wexner SD, Ruiz DE, Genua J, Nogueras JJ, Weiss EG, Zmora O. Gracilis muscle interposition for the treatment of rectourethral, rectovaginal, and pouch-vaginal fistulas: results in 53 patients. Ann Surg. 2008;248(1):39–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Remzi FH, El Gazzaz G, Kiran RP, Kirat HT, Fazio VW. Outcomes following Turnbull-Cutait abdominoperineal pull-through compared with coloanal anastomosis. Br J Surg. 2009;96(4):424–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lobo DN, Bostock KA, Neal KR, Perkins AC, Rowlands BJ, Allison SP. Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9320):1812–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Muller S, Zalunardo MP, Hubner M, Clavien PA, Demartines N. A fast-track program reduces complications and length of hospital stay after open colonic surgery. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(3):842–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Adamina M, Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Kehlet H. A systematic review of economic evaluations of enhanced recovery pathways for colorectal surgery. Ann Surg. 2015;261(5):e138.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Adamina M, Kehlet H, Tomlinson GA, Senagore AJ, Delaney CP. Enhanced recovery pathways optimize health outcomes and resource utilization: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in colorectal surgery. Surgery. 2011;149(6):830–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Senagore AJ, Emery T, Luchtefeld M, Kim D, Dujovny N, Hoedema R. Fluid management for laparoscopic colectomy: a prospective, randomized assessment of goal-directed administration of balanced salt solution or hetastarch coupled with an enhanced recovery program. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(12):1935–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Allen SJ. Fluid therapy and outcome: balance is best. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2014;46(1):28–32.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. MacKay G, Fearon K, McConnachie A, Serpell MG, Molloy RG, O’Dwyer PJ. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of postoperative intravenous fluid restriction on recovery after elective colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2006;93(12):1469–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Dumville JC, Gray TA, Walter CJ, Sharp CA, Page T. Dressings for the prevention of surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;9, CD003091.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Horch RE. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy for high-risk wounds. J Wound Care. 2015;24(Suppl 4b):21–8.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Anglim B, O’Connor H, Daly S. Prevena, negative pressure wound therapy applied to closed Pfannenstiel incisions at time of caesarean section in patients deemed at high risk for wound infection. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;10:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Scalise A, Tartaglione C, Bolletta E, et al. The enhanced healing of a high-risk, clean, sutured surgical incision by prophylactic negative pressure wound therapy as delivered by Prevena Customizable: cosmetic and therapeutic results. Int Wound J. 2015;12(2):218–23.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Towfigh S, Clarke T, Yacoub W, et al. Significant reduction of wound infections with daily probing of contaminated wounds: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Arch Surg. 2011;146(4):448–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Leaper DJ, Tanner J, Kiernan M, Assadian O, Edmiston Jr CE. Surgical site infection: poor compliance with guidelines and care bundles. Int Wound J. 2015;12(3):357–62.

    Google Scholar 

  90. van der Slegt J, van der Laan L, Veen EJ, Hendriks Y, Romme J, Kluytmans J. Implementation of a bundle of care to reduce surgical site infections in patients undergoing vascular surgery. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71566.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Johnson B, Starks I, Bancroft G, Roberts PJ. The effect of care bundle development on surgical site infection after hemiarthroplasty: an 8-year review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(5):1375–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Cima R, Dankbar E, Lovely J, et al. Colorectal surgery surgical site infection reduction program: a national surgical quality improvement program—driven multidisciplinary single-institution experience. J Am Coll Surg. 2013;216(1):23–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Crolla RM, van der Laan L, Veen EJ, Hendriks Y, van Schendel C, Kluytmans J. Reduction of surgical site infections after implementation of a bundle of care. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44599.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Regenbogen SE, Read TE, Roberts PL, Marcello PW, Schoetz DJ, Ricciardi R. Urinary tract infection after colon and rectal resections: more common than predicted by risk-adjustment models. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;213(6):784–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Pronovost PJ, Goeschel CA, Wachter RM. The wisdom and justice of not paying for “preventable complications”. JAMA. 2008;299(18):2197–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Saint S, Meddings JA, Calfee D, Kowalski CP, Krein SL. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection and the Medicare rule changes. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(12):877–84.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS. Medicare program; hospital inpatient prospective payment systems for acute care hospitals and the long-term care hospital prospective payment system and fiscal year 2015 rates; quality reporting requirements for specific providers; reasonable compensation equivalents for physician services in excluded hospitals and certain teaching hospitals; provider administrative appeals and judicial review; enforcement provisions for organ transplant centers; and electronic health record (EHR) incentive program. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2014;79(163):49853–50536.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Purvis S, Gion T, Kennedy G, et al. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: a successful prevention effort employing a multipronged initiative at an academic medical center. J Nurs Care Qual. 2014;29(2):141–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Lo E, Nicolle LE, Coffin SE, et al. Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(5):464–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(5):643–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Tambyah PA, Maki DG. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is rarely symptomatic: a prospective study of 1,497 catheterized patients. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(5):678–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Kwaan MR, Lee JT, Rothenberger DA, Melton GB, Madoff RD. Early removal of urinary catheters after rectal surgery is associated with increased urinary retention. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015;58(4):401–5.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Wu AK, Auerbach AD, Aaronson DS. National incidence and outcomes of postoperative urinary retention in the Surgical Care Improvement Project. Am J Surg. 2012;204(2):167–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Coyle D, Joyce KM, Garvin JT, et al. Early post-operative removal of urethral catheter in patients undergoing colorectal surgery with epidural analgesia—a prospective pilot clinical study. Int J Surg. 2015;16(Pt A):94–8.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Kennedy GD, Tevis SE, Kent KC. Is there a relationship between patient satisfaction and favorable outcomes? Ann Surg. 2014;260(4):592–8. discussion 598–600.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Katz J, Jackson M, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN. Acute pain after thoracic surgery predicts long-term post-thoracotomy pain. Clin J Pain. 1996;12(1):50–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Lynch EP, Lazor MA, Gellis JE, Orav J, Goldman L, Marcantonio ER. The impact of postoperative pain on the development of postoperative delirium. Anesth Analg. 1998;86(4):781–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, et al. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008;11(2 Suppl):S105–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Werawatganon T, Charuluxanun S. Patient controlled intravenous opioid analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia for pain after intra-abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;1, CD004088.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Rudin A, Flisberg P, Johansson J, Walther B, Lundberg CJ. Thoracic epidural analgesia or intravenous morphine analgesia after thoracoabdominal esophagectomy: a prospective follow-up of 201 patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005;19(3):350–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Mekhail N, Dugan A, Fazio VW. Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy. Br J Surg. 2003;90(10):1195–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Morimoto H, Cullen JJ, Messick Jr JM, Kelly KA. Epidural analgesia shortens postoperative ileus after ileal pouch-anal canal anastomosis. Am J Surg. 1995;169(1):79–82. discussion 82–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Scott AM, Starling JR, Ruscher AE, DeLessio ST, Harms BA. Thoracic versus lumbar epidural anesthesia’s effect on pain control and ileus resolution after restorative proctocolectomy. Surgery. 1996;120(4):688–95. discussion 695–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Weeks JC, Nelson H, Gelber S, Sargent D, Schroeder G. Short-term quality-of-life outcomes following laparoscopic-assisted colectomy vs open colectomy for colon cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2002;287(3):321–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Liu H, Hu X, Duan X, Wu J. Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) vs. patient controlled analgesia (PCA) in laparoscopic colectomy: a meta-analysis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2014;61(133):1213–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Levy BF, Tilney HS, Dowson HM, Rockall TA. A systematic review of postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12(1):5–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Kuruba R, Fayard N, Snyder D. Epidural analgesia and laparoscopic technique do not reduce incidence of prolonged ileus in elective colon resections. Am J Surg. 2012;204(5):613–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Day A, Smith R, Jourdan I, Fawcett W, Scott M, Rockall T. Retrospective analysis of the effect of postoperative analgesia on survival in patients after laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(2):185–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Keller DS, Stulberg JJ, Lawrence JK, Delaney CP. Process control to measure process improvement in colorectal surgery: modifications to an established enhanced recovery pathway. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(2):194–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Favuzza J, Brady K, Delaney CP. Transversus abdominis plane blocks and enhanced recovery pathways: making the 23-h hospital stay a realistic goal after laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(7):2481–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kiran RP, Ahmed Ali U, Coffey JC, Vogel JD, Pokala N, Fazio VW. Impact of resident participation in surgical operations on postoperative outcomes: National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Ann Surg. 2012;256(3):469–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Castleberry AW, Clary BM, Migaly J, et al. Resident education in the era of patient safety: a nationwide analysis of outcomes and complications in resident-assisted oncologic surgery. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(12):3715–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Davis Jr SS, Husain FA, Lin E, Nandipati KC, Perez S, Sweeney JF. Resident participation in index laparoscopic general surgical cases: impact of the learning environment on surgical outcomes. J Am Coll Surg. 2013;216(1):96–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Gorgun E, Benlice C, Corrao E, et al. Outcomes associated with resident involvement in laparoscopic colorectal surgery suggest a need for earlier and more intensive resident training. Surgery. 2014;156(4):825–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Englesbe MJ, Pelletier SJ, Magee JC, et al. Seasonal variation in surgical outcomes as measured by the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Ann Surg. 2007;246(3):456–62. discussion 463–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Gopaldas RR, Overbey DM, Dao TK, Markley JG. The impact of academic calendar cycle on coronary artery bypass outcomes: a comparison of teaching and non-teaching hospitals. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;8:191.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, Goodney PP, Wennberg DE, Lucas FL. Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(22):2117–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, et al. Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(15):1128–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Sutton JM, Wima K, Wilson GC, et al. Factors associated with 30-day readmission after restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA: a national study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(12):1371–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Leonard D, Penninckx F, Kartheuser A, Laenen A, Van Eycken E. Effect of hospital volume on quality of care and outcome after rectal cancer surgery. Br J Surg. 2014;101(11):1475–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Osler M, Iversen LH, Borglykke A, et al. Hospital variation in 30-day mortality after colorectal cancer surgery in Denmark: the contribution of hospital volume and patient characteristics. Ann Surg. 2011;253(4):733–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Finks JF, Osborne NH, Birkmeyer JD. Trends in hospital volume and operative mortality for high-risk surgery. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(22):2128–37.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Drolet S, MacLean AR, Myers RP, Shaheen AA, Dixon E, Buie WD. Elective resection of colon cancer by high-volume surgeons is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15(4):541–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kirchhoff P, Clavien PA, Hahnloser D. Complications in colorectal surgery: risk factors and preventive strategies. Patient Saf Surg. 2010;4(1):5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. Kuwabara K, Matsuda S, Fushimi K, Ishikawa KB, Horiguchi H, Fujimori K. Impact of hospital case volume on the quality of laparoscopic colectomy in Japan. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13(9):1619–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Reames BN, Ghaferi AA, Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB. Hospital volume and operative mortality in the modern era. Ann Surg. 2014;260(2):244–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Zhan C, Miller MR. Excess length of stay, charges, and mortality attributable to medical injuries during hospitalization. JAMA. 2003;290(14):1868–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Dimick JB, Chen SL, Taheri PA, Henderson WG, Khuri SF, Campbell DA. Hospital costs associated with surgical complications: a report from the private-sector National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;199(4):531–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Tang R, Chen HH, Wang YL, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection after elective resection of the colon and rectum: a single-center prospective study of 2,809 consecutive patients. Ann Surg. 2001;234(2):181–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Anderson DJ, Kirkland KB, Kaye KS, et al. Underresourced hospital infection control and prevention programs: penny wise, pound foolish? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(7):767–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Gibson A, Tevis S, Kennedy G. Readmission after delayed diagnosis of surgical site infection: a focus on prevention using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Am J Surg. 2014;207(6):832–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309(1):71–82.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Amri R, Bordeianou LG, Sylla P, Berger DL. Obesity, outcomes and quality of care: body mass index increases the risk of wound-related complications in colon cancer surgery. Am J Surg. 2014;207(1):17–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Dindo D, Muller MK, Weber M, Clavien PA. Obesity in general elective surgery. Lancet. 2003;361(9374):2032–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Makino T, Shukla PJ, Rubino F, Milsom JW. The impact of obesity on perioperative outcomes after laparoscopic colorectal resection. Ann Surg. 2012;255(2):228–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Hourigan JS. Impact of obesity on surgical site infection in colon and rectal surgery. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2011;24(4):283–90.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. Gervaz P, Bandiera-Clerc C, Buchs NC, et al. Scoring system to predict the risk of surgical-site infection after colorectal resection. Br J Surg. 2012;99(4):589–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Merkow RP, Bilimoria KY, McCarter MD, Bentrem DJ. Effect of body mass index on short-term outcomes after colectomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(1):53–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Kartheuser AH, Leonard DF, Penninckx F, et al. Waist circumference and waist/hip ratio are better predictive risk factors for mortality and morbidity after colorectal surgery than body mass index and body surface area. Ann Surg. 2013;258(5):722–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Dionigi G, Rovera F, Boni L, et al. The impact of perioperative blood transfusion on clinical outcomes in colorectal surgery. Surg Oncol. 2007;16 Suppl 1:S177–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Benoist S. [Perioperative transfusion in colorectal surgery]. Ann Chir. 2005;130(6–7):365–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Tartter PI. The association of perioperative blood transfusion with colorectal cancer recurrence. Ann Surg. 1992;216(6):633–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Guenaga KF, Matos D, Castro AA, Atallah AN, Wille-Jørgensen P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;1, CD001544.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Guenaga KK, Matos D, Wille-Jørgensen P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1, CD001544.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Slim K, Vicaut E, Launay-Savary MV, Contant C, Chipponi J. Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials on the role of mechanical bowel preparation before colorectal surgery. Ann Surg. 2009;249(2):203–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Cannon JA, Altom LK, Deierhoi RJ, et al. Preoperative oral antibiotics reduce surgical site infection following elective colorectal resections. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55(11):1160–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Darouiche RO, Wall MJ, Itani KM, et al. Chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(1):18–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Swenson BR, Hedrick TL, Metzger R, Bonatti H, Pruett TL, Sawyer RG. Effects of preoperative skin preparation on postoperative wound infection rates: a prospective study of 3 skin preparation protocols. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(10):964–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. Redick EL. Applying FOCUS-PDCA to solve clinical problems. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 1999;18(6):30–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Gerard JC, Arnold FL. Performance improvement with a hybrid FOCUS-PDCA methodology. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 1996;22(10):660–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Plsek PE. Tutorial: quality improvement project models. Qual Manag Health Care. 1993;1(2):69–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Reid K, Pockney P, Draganic B, Smith SR. Barrier wound protection decreases surgical site infection in open elective colorectal surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53(10):1374–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Edwards JP, Ho AL, Tee MC, Dixon E, Ball CG. Wound protectors reduce surgical site infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Surg. 2012;256(1):53–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Murray BW, Huerta S, Dineen S, Anthony T. Surgical site infection in colorectal surgery: a review of the nonpharmacologic tools of prevention. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;211(6):812–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Belda FJ, Aguilera L, García de la Asunción J, et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen and the risk of surgical wound infection: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294(16):2035–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Greif R, Akça O, Horn EP, Kurz A, Sessler DI, Group OR. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):161–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Pryor KO, Fahey TJ, Lien CA, Goldstein PA. Surgical site infection and the routine use of perioperative hyperoxia in a general surgical population: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(1):79–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Meyhoff CS, Wetterslev J, Jorgensen LN, et al. Effect of high perioperative oxygen fraction on surgical site infection and pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery: the PROXI randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2009;302(14):1543–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(19):1209–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Melling AC, Ali B, Scott EM, Leaper DJ. Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;358(9285):876–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Israelsson LA, Jonsson T, Knutsson A. Suture technique and wound healing in midline laparotomy incisions. Eur J Surg. 1996;162(8):605–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Millbourn D, Cengiz Y, Israelsson LA. Effect of stitch length on wound complications after closure of midline incisions: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg. 2009;144(11):1056–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Reid K, Pockney P, Pollitt T, Draganic B, Smith SR. Randomized clinical trial of short-term outcomes following purse-string versus conventional closure of ileostomy wounds. Br J Surg. 2010;97(10):1511–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Sajid MS, Bhatti MI, Miles WF. Systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials comparing purse-string vs conventional linear closure of the wound following ileostomy (stoma) closure. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2014;3(2):156–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Waits SA, Fritze D, Banerjee M, et al. Developing an argument for bundled interventions to reduce surgical site infection in colorectal surgery. Surgery. 2014;155(4):602–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):e10–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):147–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Nichols RL, Florman S. Clinical presentations of soft-tissue infections and surgical site infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33 Suppl 2:S84–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Russ AJ, Obma KL, Rajamanickam V, et al. Laparoscopy improves short-term outcomes after surgery for diverticular disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(7):2267–274, 2274.e2261.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Buchberg B, Masoomi H, Lusby K, et al. Incidence and risk factors of venous thromboembolism in colorectal surgery: does laparoscopy impart an advantage? Arch Surg. 2011;146(6):739–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Anderson Jr FA, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, et al. A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Worcester DVT Study. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151(5):933–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Shapiro R, Vogel JD, Kiran RP. Risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism after laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery: an additional benefit of the minimally invasive approach? Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54(12):1496–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Moghadamyeghaneh Z, Hanna MH, Carmichael JC, Nguyen NT, Stamos MJ. A nationwide analysis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in colon and rectal surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18(12):2169–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Vedovati MC, Becattini C, Rondelli F, et al. A randomized study on 1-week versus 4-week prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism after laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2014;259(4):665–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Kennedy GD, Rajamanickam V, O’Connor ES, et al. Optimizing surgical care of colon cancer in the older adult population. Ann Surg. 2011;253(3):508–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. McDonald KM, Romano PS, University of California San Francisco-Stanford Evidence-Based Practice Center, United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Measures of patient safety based on hospital administrative data—the patient safety indicators. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Sheetz KH, Waits SA, Krell RW, Campbell Jr DA, Englesbe MJ, Ghaferi AA. Improving mortality following emergent surgery in older patients requires focus on complication rescue. Ann Surg. 2013;258(4):614–7. discussion 617–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Chaudhri S, Maruthachalam K, Kaiser A, Robson W, Pickard RS, Horgan AF. Successful voiding after trial without catheter is not synonymous with recovery of bladder function after colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49(7):1066–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Delacroix SE, Winters JC. Voiding dysfunction after pelvic colorectal surgery. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2010;23(2):119–27.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  190. Waljee A, Waljee J, Morris AM, Higgins PD. Threefold increased risk of infertility: a meta-analysis of infertility after ileal pouch anal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2006;55(11):1575–80.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  191. Cornish JA, Tan E, Teare J, et al. The effect of restorative proctocolectomy on sexual function, urinary function, fertility, pregnancy and delivery: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50(8):1128–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Nieuwenhuis MH, Douma KF, Bleiker EM, Bemelman WA, Aaronson NK, Vasen HF. Female fertility after colorectal surgery for familial adenomatous polyposis: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Ann Surg. 2010;252(2):341–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Juul T, Ahlberg M, Biondo S, et al. Low anterior resection syndrome and quality of life: an international multicenter study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(5):585–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. How P, Stelzner S, Branagan G, et al. Comparative quality of life in patients following abdominoperineal excision and low anterior resection for low rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55(4):400–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Pachler J, Wille-Jørgensen P. Quality of life after rectal resection for cancer, with or without permanent colostomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12, CD004323.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Bryant CL, Lunniss PJ, Knowles CH, Thaha MA, Chan CL. Anterior resection syndrome. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(9):e403–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Emmertsen KJ, Laurberg S. Bowel dysfunction after treatment for rectal cancer. Acta Oncol. 2008;47(6):994–1003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Juul T, Ahlberg M, Biondo S, et al. International validation of the low anterior resection syndrome score. Ann Surg. 2014;259(4):728–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Emmertsen KJ, Laurberg S. Low anterior resection syndrome score: development and validation of a symptom-based scoring system for bowel dysfunction after low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2012;255(5):922–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Marijnen CA, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, et al. Impact of short-term preoperative radiotherapy on health-related quality of life and sexual functioning in primary rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(9):1847–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Stephens RJ, Thompson LC, Quirke P, et al. Impact of short-course preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer on patients’ quality of life: data from the Medical Research Council CR07/National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group C016 randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(27):4233–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Tevis SE, Kohlnhofer BM, Stringfield S, et al. Postoperative complications in patients with rectal cancer are associated with delays in chemotherapy that lead to worse disease-free and overall survival. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56(12):1339–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Hendren S, Birkmeyer JD, Yin H, Banerjee M, Sonnenday C, Morris AM. Surgical complications are associated with omission of chemotherapy for stage III colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53(12):1587–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew Russ MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 ASCRS (American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Russ, A., Kennedy, G.D. (2016). Postoperative Complications. In: Steele, S.R., Hull, T.L., Read, T.E., Saclarides, T.J., Senagore, A.J., Whitlow, C.B. (eds) The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25970-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25970-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25968-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25970-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics