Abstract
Soft biometric systems have spread among recent years, both for powering classical biometrics, as well as stand alone solutions with several application scopes ranging from digital signage to human-robot interaction. Among all, in the recent years emerged the possibility to consider as a soft biometrics also the temporal evolution of the human gaze and some recent works in the literature explored this exciting research line by using expensive and (perhaps) unsafe devices which, moreover, require user cooperation to be calibrated. By our knowledge the use of a low-cost, non-invasive, safe and calibration-free gaze estimator to get soft-biometrics data has not been investigated yet. This paper fills this gap by analyzing the soft-biometrics performances obtained by modeling the series of gaze estimated by exploiting the combination of head poses and eyes’ pupil locations on data acquired by an off-the-shelf RGB-D device.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bekios-Calfa, J., Buenaposada, J.M., Baumela, L.: Robust gender recognition by exploiting facial attributes dependencies. Pattern Recognition Letters 36, 228–234 (2014)
Busjahn, T., Schulte, C., Sharif, B., Begel, A., Hansen, M., Bednarik, R., Orlov, P., Ihantola, P., Shchekotova, G., Antropova, M., et al.: Eye tracking in computing education. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference on International Computing Education Research, pp. 3–10. ACM (2014)
Campisi, P.: Security and Privacy in Biometrics. Springer (2013)
Cantoni, V., Galdi, C., Nappi, M., Porta, M., Riccio, D.: Gant: Gaze analysis technique for human identification. Pattern Recognition 48(4), 1027–1038 (2015)
Cazzato, D., Leo, M., Distante, C.: An investigation on the feasibility of uncalibrated and unconstrained gaze tracking for human assistive applications by using head pose estimation. Sensors 14(5), 8363–8379 (2014)
Deravi, F., Guness, S.P.: Gaze trajectory as a biometric modality. In: BIOSIGNALS, pp. 335–341 (2011)
Fernández, C., Huerta, I., Prati, A.: A comparative evaluation of regression learning algorithms for facial age estimation. In: Ji, Q., B. Moeslund, T., Hua, G., Nasrollahi, K. (eds.) FFER 2014. LNCS, vol. 8912, pp. 133–144. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)
Guo, G., Mu, G.: Joint estimation of age, gender and ethnicity: CCA vs. PLS. In: 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2013)
Hong, L., Jain, A.K., Pankanti, S.: Can multibiometrics improve performance? In: Proceedings AutoID, vol. 99, pp. 59–64. Citeseer (1999)
Jain, A.K., Dass, S.C., Nandakumar, K.: Soft biometric traits for personal recognition systems. In: Zhang, D., Jain, A.K. (eds.) ICBA 2004. LNCS, vol. 3072, pp. 731–738. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Jain, A.K., Ross, A., Prabhakar, S.: An introduction to biometric recognition. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 14(1), 4–20 (2004)
Kalman, R.E.: A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Journal of Fluids Engineering 82(1), 35–45 (1960)
Kasprowski, P., Komogortsev, O.V., Karpov, A.: First eye movement verification and identification competition at BTAS 2012. In: 2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), pp. 195–202. IEEE (2012)
Kumar, A., Wong, D.C., Shen, H.C., Jain, A.K.: Personal verification using palmprint and hand geometry biometric. In: Kittler, J., Nixon, M.S. (eds.) AVBPA 2003. LNCS, vol. 2688, pp. 668–678. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Leo, M., Cazzato, D., De Marco, T., Distante, C.: Unsupervised eye pupil localization through differential geometry and local self-similarity matching. PloS one 9(8), e102829 (2014)
Parris, E.S., Carey, M.J.: Language independent gender identification. In: Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. ICASSP 1996, vol. 2, pp. 685–688. IEEE (1996)
Rabiner, L.: A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE 77(2), 257–286 (1989)
Roy, A., Halevi, T., Memon, N.: An HMM-based behavior modeling approach for continuous mobile authentication. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 3789–3793. IEEE (2014)
Stiefelhagen, R., Zhu, J.: Head orientation and gaze direction in meetings. In: CHI 2002 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 858–859. ACM (2002)
Sun, L., Liu, Z., Sun, M.T.: Real time gaze estimation with a consumer depth camera. Information Sciences (2015)
Wang, X., Ly, V., Lu, G., Kambhamettu, C.: Can we minimize the influence due to gender and race in age estimation? In: 2013 12th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), vol. 2, pp. 309–314. IEEE (2013)
Wildes, R.P.: Iris recognition: an emerging biometric technology. Proceedings of the IEEE 85(9), 1348–1363 (1997)
Xiong, X., Cai, Q., Liu, Z., Zhang, Z.: Eye gaze tracking using an RGBD camera: a comparison with a RGB solution. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication, pp. 1113–1121. ACM (2014)
Ye, Z., Mohamadian, H., Ye, Y.: Information measures for biometric identification via 2d discrete wavelet transform. In: IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering. CASE 2007, pp. 835–840. IEEE (2007)
Yoon, H.J., Carmichael, T.R., Tourassi, G.: Gaze as a biometric. In: SPIE Medical Imaging, pp. 903707–903707. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2014)
YouTube: Video (2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnJtsZzMJ8Y
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cazzato, D., Leo, M., Evangelista, A., Distante, C. (2015). Soft Biometrics by Modeling Temporal Series of Gaze Cues Extracted in the Wild. In: Battiato, S., Blanc-Talon, J., Gallo, G., Philips, W., Popescu, D., Scheunders, P. (eds) Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems. ACIVS 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9386. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25903-1_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25903-1_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25902-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25903-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)