Abstract
The Open Geospatial Consortium standard CityGML is an application schema of GML 3.1.1 for the representation, storage and exchange of semantic-rich virtual 3D city models. Here we assess the feasibility of storing, querying and updating CityGML models in the native XML database system BaseX. The features and performance of BaseX are compared with the implementation of the 3DCityDatabase which stores CityGML models in a relational database system. The results show that BaseX is a fast, flexible and intuitive tool to store and query even large CityGML documents. Its main advantage is the schema-oblivious storage mechanism that allows schema changes without changes to the database layout and the fast import and export of CityGML models. Using the 3DCityDatabase to manage CityGML data on the other hand is a better choice when spatial analysis and integration with third party software are demanded.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Almendros-Jiménez, J., Becerra-Terón, A., & García-García, F. (2010). Development of a query language for GML based on XPath. In Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on automated specification and verification of web system, 2010, pp. 51–64.
Amirian, P., & Alesheikh, A. A. (2008). Publishing geospatial data through geospatial web service and XML database system. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(10), 1358–1368.
Bächle, S., & Härder, T. (2008). Realizing fine-granular and scalable transaction isolation in native XML databases. In Proceedings of the SYRCODIS 2008 colloquium on databases and information systems, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, May 29–30, 2008.
BaseX Team. (2014). BaseX documentation version 7.9. Publication date 2014-06-27.
Behrend, E., Fritzen, O., & May, W. (2006). Querying along XLinks in XPath/XQuery: Situation, applications, perspectives. Presentaion at QLQP- Query Languages and Query Processing Munchen, 31(3), 2006.
Benner, J., Geiger, A., Gröger, G., Häfele, K. H. & Löwner, M.-O. (2013). Enhanced LoD concepts for virtual 3D city models. In ISPRS annals of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences (Vol. II-2/W1, pp. 51–61).
Bourret, R. (2005). Going native: Making the case for XML databases. Retrieved Jan 17, 2015, from http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2005/03/30/native.html.
Bourret, R. (2010). XML database products—native XML database. Retrieved Aoril 10, 2015, from http://www.rpbourret.com/xml/ProdsNative.htm.
Córcoles, J. E., & González, P. (2009). GML as database: Present and future. In Handbook of research on geoinformatics. Chapter 1.
Freire, S. M., Sundvall, E., Karlsson, D., & Lambrix, P. (2012). Performance of XML databases for epidemiological queries in archetype-based EHRs. In Scandinavian conference on health informatics 2012, October 2–3, Linköping, Sweden.
Goldman, R., & Widom, J. (1997). DataGuides: enabling query formulation and optimization in semistructured databases.
Gröger, G., Kolbe, T. H., Nagel, C., Häfele, K.-H. (2012). OGC city geography markup language (CityGML) encoding standard, version 2.0, OGC Doc No. 12-019, Open Geospatial Consortium.
Grün, C. (2010). Storing and querying large XML instances. Dissertation an der Universität Konstanz.
Harms, J. (2008). Räumliche datenbanken und GML. Bachelorarbeit an der technischen universität Wien. Ausgeführt am Institut für Rechnergestützte Automation Forschungsgruppe Industrial Software. Wien, February 2008.
Johnson, B., & Shneidermann, B. (1991). Tree-maps: A space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures. In Proceedings of the 2nd conference on visualization ‘91, pp. 284–291.
Kramis, M., Gabathuler, C., Fabrikant, S. O., & Waldvogel, M. (2009). An XML-based infrastructure to enhance collaborative geographic visual analysis. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 36(3), 281–293.
Kudrass, T., & Conrad, M. (2002). XML-based data management and multimedia engineering. In EDBT 2002 workshops lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 2490, pp. 210–227).
Löwner, M-O., Benner, J. & Gröger, G. (2015). Aktuelle trends in der entwicklung von CityGML3.0. Recent trends in the development of CityGML 3.0 In Seyfert, E. et al. (Eds.), Geoinformationen öffnen das Tor zur Welt, 34. Wissenschaftlich-Technische Jahrestagung der DGPF. 26.-28.03.2014, DGPF-Tagungsband 23, Hamburg.
Löwner, M-O., Benner, J., Gröger, G. & Häfele, K. H. (2013). New concepts for structuring 3D city models—an extended level of detail concept for CityGML buildings. In MURGANTE, B. et al. (Eds.), 13th international conference on computational science and its applications, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, June 24–27, 2013, Part III, LNCS (Vol. 7973, pp. 466–480). Berlin: Springer.
Löwner, M.-O., Casper, E., Becker, T., Benner, J., Gröger, G., Gruber, U., Häfele, K.-H., Kaden, R., & Schlüter, S. (2013). CityGML 2.0—ein internationaler standard für 3D-stadtmodelle, Teil 2: CityGML in der Praxis. CityGML 2.0—an international standard for 3D city models, part 2: CityGML in practice. Zeitschrift für Geodäsie, Geoinformation und Landmanagement, 2, 131–143.
Mao, B., Harrie, L., Cao, J., Wu, Z., & Shen, J. (2014). NoSQL based 3D city model management system. In The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences, volume XL-4, 2014. ISPRS technical commission IV symposium, 14–16 May 2014, Suzhou, China.
Nagel, C., Stadler, A. (2008). Die oracle-schnittstelle des Berliner 3D-stadtmodells. In Entwicklerforum Geoinformationstechnik.
Pavlovic-Lažetic, G. (2006). Native XML databases vs. relational databases in dealing with XML documents. Kragujevac Journal of Mathematics, 30, 181–199.
Retter, A., & Grün, C. (2015). RESTXQ 1.0: RESTful annotations for XQuery. An EXQuery project. Unofficial draft 23 February 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2015, from http://exquery.github.io/exquery/exquery-restxq-specification/restxq-1.0-specification.html.
Risse, J. E, & Leunissen, J. A. M. (2010). A comparison of database systems for XML-type data. In Silico biology (Vol. 10, pp. 193–205). IOS Press.
Ross, L. (2010). Virtual 3DCMs in ULM. Dissertation. TU Berlin.
Staken, K. (2001). Introduction to native XML databases. Retrieved Oct 31, 2001, from http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2001/10/31/nativexmldb.html. [Last updated:31/10/2001].
Zhang, S., Gan, J., Xu, J., & Lv, G. (2008). Study on NXD based GML storage model. In The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information science (Vol. 37, Part B4). Beijing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Koch, S., Löwner, MO. (2017). Representation of CityGML Instance Models in BaseX. In: Abdul-Rahman, A. (eds) Advances in 3D Geoinformation. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25691-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25691-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25689-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25691-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)