Abstract
The urethra is a vascular tube that conveys urine out from the bladder. A thorough understanding of basic anatomy and physiological function of the male and female urethra is essential to understand the impact of urethral disorders and their treatment. In this chapter we discuss the clinical anatomy of the male and female urethra as well as urethral disorders commonly encountered in urological practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Latini JM, McAninch JW, Brandes SB, Chung JY, Rosenstein D. SIU/ICUD consultation on urethral strictures: epidemiology, etiology, anatomy, and nomenclature of urethral stenosis, strictures and pelvic fracture urethral disruption injuries. Urology. 2014;83(3 Suppl):S1–7.
Fenton AS, Morey AF, Aviles R, et al. Anterior urethral strictures: etiology and characteristics. Urology. 2005;65(6):1055–8.
Jackson MJ, Chaudhury I, Mangera A, Brett A, Watkin N, Chapple CR, Andrich DE, Pickard RS, Mundy AR. A prospective patient-centred evaluation of urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture using a validated patient-reported outcome measure. Eur Urol. 2013;64(5):777–82.
Jackson MJ, Sciberras J, Mangera A, Brett A, Watkin N, N’Dow J, Chapple CR, Andrich DE, Pickard RS, Mundy AR. Defining a patient-reported outcome measure for urethral stricture disease. Eur Urol. 2011;60(1):60–8.
Angermeier KW, Rourke KF, Dubey D, Forsyth RJ, Gonzalez CM. SIU/ICUD consultation on urethral strictures: evaluation and follow-up. Urology. 2014;83(3 Suppl):S8–17.
Morey AF, McAninch JW. Sonographic staging of anterior urethral strictures. J Urol. 2000;163:1070–5.
Gupta N, Dubey D, Mandhani A, Srivastava A, Kapoor R, Kumar A. Urethral stricture assessment: a prospective study evaluating urethral ultrasonography and conventional radiological studies. BJU Int. 2006;98:149–53.
Heidenreich A, Derschum W, Bonfig R, Wilbert DM. Ultrasound in the evaluation of urethral stricture disease: a prospective study in 175 patients. Br J Urol. 1994;74:93–8.
Buckley JC, Wu AK, McAninch JW. Impact of urethral ultrasonography on decision-making in anterior urethroplasty. BJU Int. 2011;109:438–42.
Smith JC. Urethral resistance to micturition. Br J Urol. 1968;40:125–56.
Sachse H. Treatment of urethral stricture: transurethral slit in view using sharp section. Fortschr Med. 1974;92(1):12–5.
Bullock TL, Brandes SB. Adult anterior urethral strictures: a national practice patterns survey of board certified urologists in the United States. J Urol. 2007;177(2):685–90.
Steenkamp JW, Heyns CF, de Kock ML. Internal urethrotomy versus dilation as treatment for male urethral strictures: a prospective, randomized comparison. J Urol. 1997;157(1):96–101.
Buckley JC, Heyns C, Gilling P, Carney J. SIU/ICUD consultation on urethral strictures: dilation, internal urethrotomy and stenting of male anterior urethral strictures. Urology. 2014;83(3 Suppl):S18–22.
Heyns CF, Steenkamp JW, De Kock ML, Whitaker P. Treatment of male urethral strictures: is repeated dilation or internal urethrotomy useful? J Urol. 1998;160(2):356–8.
Chapple CR, Bhargava S. Management of the failure of a permanently implanted urethral stent – a therapeutic challenge. Eur Urol. 2008;54:665–70.
Morey A, Watkin N, Shenfield O, et al. SIU/ICUD consultation on urethral strictures: anterior urethra – primary anastomosis. Urology. 2014;83(3 Suppl):S23–6.
Mundy AR. Anastomotic urethroplasty. BJU Int. 2005;96:921–44.
Chapple C, Andrich D, Atala A, Barbagli G, Cavalcanti A, Kulkarni S, Mangera A, Nakajima Y. SIU/ICUD consultation on urethral strictures: the management of anterior urethral stricture disease using substitution urethroplasty. Urology. 2014;83(3 Suppl):S31–47.
Mangera A, Patterson JM, Chapple CR. A systematic review of graft augmentation urethroplasty techniques for the treatment of anterior urethral strictures. Eur Urol. 2011;59(5):797–814.
Bhargava S, Patterson JM, Inman RD, MacNeil S, Chapple CR. Tissue-engineered buccal mucosa urethroplasty – clinical outcomes. Eur Urol. 2008;53(6):1263–9.
Turner-Warwick RT. Principles of urethral reconstruction. In: Webster GD, Kirby RS, King L, et al., editors. Reconstructive urology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1993. p. 609–42.
Koraitim MM, Marzouk ME, Atta MA, Orabi SS. Risk factors and mechanism of urethral injury in pelvic fractures. Br J Urol. 1996;77(6):876–80.
Gomez RG, Mundy T, Dubey D, El-Kassaby AW, Firdaoessaleh, Kodoma R, Santucci R. SIU/ICUD consultation on urethral strictures: pelvic fracture urethral injuries. Urology. 2014;83(3 Suppl):S48–58.
Salchipour M, Khezri A, Askari R, et al. Primary realignment of posterior urethral rupture. J Urol. 2005;2:211–5.
Morey AF, McAninch JW. Reconstruction of the posterior urethral disruption injuries: outcome analysis in 82 patients. J Urol. 1997;157:506–10.
Koraitim MM. Assessment and management of an open bladder neck at posterior urethroplasty. Urology. 2010;76:476–9.
Kizer WS, Armenakas NA, Brandes SB, et al. Simplified reconstruction of the posterior urethral disruption defects: limited role with supracrural rerouting. J Urol. 2007;177:1378–81.
Lumen N, Hoebeke P, Troyer BD, et al. Perineal anastomotic urethroplasty for posttraumatic urethral stricture with or without previous urethral manipulations: a review of 61 cases with long term followup. J Urol. 2009;181:1196–200.
Anderson MJ. The incidence of diverticula in the female urethra. J Urol. 1967;98(1):96–8.
Stewart M, Bretland PM, Stidolph NE. Urethral diverticula in the adult female. Br J Urol. 1981;53(4):353–9.
Rovner ES. Urethral diverticula: a review and an update. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(7):972–7.
Handel LN, Leach GE. Current evaluation and management of female urethral diverticula. Curr Urol Rep. 2008;9(5):383–8.
Patel AK, Chapple CR. Female urethral diverticula. Curr Opin Urol. 2006;16(4):248–54.
Rufford J, Cardozo L. Urethral diverticula: a diagnostic dilemma. BJU Int. 2004;94(7):1044–7.
Saito S. Usefulness of diagnosis by the urethroscopy under anesthesia and effect of transurethral electrocoagulation in symptomatic female urethral diverticula. J Endourol. 2000;14(5):455–7.
Neitlich JD, Foster Jr HE, Glickman MG, et al. Detection of urethral diverticula in women: comparison of a high resolution fast spin echo technique with double balloon urethrography. J Urol. 1998;159(2):408–10.
Daneshgari F, Zimmern PE, Jacomides L. Magnetic resonance imaging detection of symptomatic noncommunicating intraurethral wall diverticula in women. J Urol. 1999;161(4):1259–61.
Leach GE, Sirls LT, Ganabathi K, et al. L N S C3: a proposed classification system for female urethral diverticula. Neurourol Urodyn. 1993;12(6):523–31.
Kuo HC. Videourodynamic characteristics and lower urinary tract symptoms of female bladder outlet obstruction. Urology. 2005;66(5):1005–9.
Reeves FA, Inman RD, Chapple CR. Management of symptomatic urethral diverticula in women: a single-centre experience. Eur Urol. 2014;66(1):164–72.
Pushkar DY, Dyakov VV, Kosko JW, et al. Management of urethrovaginal fistulas. Eur Urol. 2006;50(5):1000–5.
Zimmern PE, Hadley HR, Staskin D, et al. Genitourinary fistulas: vaginal approach for repair of vesicovaginal fistulas. Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;12(2):403–13.
Groutz A, Blaivas JG, Chaikin DC. Bladder outlet obstruction in women: definition and characteristics. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19(3):213–20.
Carr LK, Webster GD. Bladder outlet obstruction in women. Urol Clin North Am. 1996;23(3):385–91.
Osman NI, Mangera A, Chapple CR. A systematic review of surgical techniques used in the treatment of female urethral stricture. Eur Urol. 2013;64(6):965–73.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix A
Appendix A
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kuo, T.L.C., Osman, N., Chapple, C.R. (2016). Urethral Disorders. In: Heesakkers, J., Chapple, C., De Ridder, D., Farag, F. (eds) Practical Functional Urology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25430-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25430-2_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25428-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25430-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)