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Small Estuarine and Non-Estuarine Mangrove Ecosystems of Tanzania: Overlooked Coastal Habitats?

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Estuaries: A Lifeline of Ecosystem Services in the Western Indian Ocean

Part of the book series: Estuaries of the World ((EOTW))

Abstract

Small estuaries and non-estuarine habitats harboring mangroves are very important ecosystems which provide important ecosystem goods and services; such as provision of ecological niches for juvenile fishes and invertebrates, enhances fisheries, and in biodiversity conservation. Similar to large estuaries, they are highly perturbed which threatens their existence. This chapter uses beach seine, underwater visual census, and stable isotope data to discuss the importance of and threats to small estuaries and non-estuarine mangroves found in Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo and Zanzibar, Tanzania. For example, mangroves of Kunduchi (Dar es Salaam) and Mbegani (Bagamoyo) which harbour predominantly higher densities of juveniles (≤10 cm) of two economically important species—Lutjanus fulviflamma and Lethrinus harak—than adjacent coral reefs. Evidence suggests further that the Kunduchi mangroves replenish fish populations on adjacent coral reefs; where over 90% and 29% of adult L. fulviflamma and L. harak individuals, respectively, have been identified to have lived in the mangroves as juveniles. In terms of habitat utilization by different size classes of fish, five of the 13 species (Lethrinus lentjan, L. variegatus, Pelates quadrilineatus, Siganus sutor and Sphyraena barracuda) found in Chwaka Bay (Zanzibar) were found as small-sized individuals in shallow and turbid mangrove areas with large juveniles and sub-adults in adjacent seagrass beds. The non-estuarine mangroves of Kunduchi and those of Mtoni estuary (Dar es Salaam) are subjected to pollution from urban activities. For example, stable isotope data of fishes indicate elevated levels of nitrogen in these mangroves with highest levels (δ15N = 15.2 ± 0.2) recorded in Mtoni estuary. In view of their importance and threats they face, these ecosystems require attention similar to large estuaries. If the current degradation rate of these ‘overlooked’ but equally important ecosystems continues, they may be declared ‘functionally disappeared’ in a few decades.

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Acknowledgments

This chapter has benefited tremendously from the constructive criticism and comments of an anonymous reviewer, whom we would like to thank very much.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Box 90, Kigoma, Tanzania

    I. A. Kimirei

  2. Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    M. M. Igulu

  3. Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania

    M. Semba

  4. College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CoNAS), University of Dar es Salaam, Box 35064, Dares salaam, Tanzania

    B. R. Lugendo

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  1. I. A. Kimirei
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  3. M. Semba
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  4. B. R. Lugendo
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Correspondence to I. A. Kimirei .

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  1. Academy of Sciences and Techniques – Section of Agricultural Sciences, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar,National Sciences and Techniques,Academy of,Senegal,, Dakar-Fann, Senegal

    Salif Diop

  2. WWF Coastal East Africa Initiative, Dares Salaam, Tanzania

    Peter Scheren

  3. College of Agricultural Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    John Ferdinand Machiwa

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Kimirei, I.A., Igulu, M.M., Semba, M., Lugendo, B.R. (2016). Small Estuarine and Non-Estuarine Mangrove Ecosystems of Tanzania: Overlooked Coastal Habitats?. In: Diop, S., Scheren, P., Ferdinand Machiwa, J. (eds) Estuaries: A Lifeline of Ecosystem Services in the Western Indian Ocean. Estuaries of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25370-1_13

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