Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Scientific Communication Across the Iron Curtain pp 55–73Cite as

Physical Access to Publications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 308 Accesses

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology ((BRIEFSHIST))

Abstract

In this chapter, we address issues surrounding physical access to publications. We consider the matter of censorship, and the tendency of Soviet scientists to publish much of their work in ‘local’ journals, which often did not find their way into Western libraries. We deal with efforts to gain broad impressions of the work of ‘the other side’: for instance, abstracting services, and the many published Western surveys of Soviet scientific advances.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See also the comments of Demidov (1996, p. 136).

  2. 2.

    Kline (1952, p. 83) remarked, for example, that “[i]t is possible to secure Russian mathematical journals with comparative ease”; similar remarks concerning the Soviet archaeology literature may also be found in Chard (1969, p. 774).

  3. 3.

    See, for example, Kellogg (1922), Razran (1942), and Anon (1943).

  4. 4.

    See Montagu et al. (1921), Schuster (1921), Anon (1921), and Gregory and Wright (1922).

  5. 5.

    See Solomon and Krementsov (2001, pp. 271, 277, 287). On efforts to supply Soviet scientists with German publications, see also Forman (1973, p. 167).

  6. 6.

    Zhores Medvedev, for example, subscribed to Science: see Medvedev (1971, p. 343).

  7. 7.

    See Medvedev (1971, pp. 124–125, 361–362) or Rich (1974, p. 504).

  8. 8.

    In the case of the US Library of Congress, we have, for example, Horecky (1964) and Kraus (1976, 1979).

  9. 9.

    See, for example, Kuhterina (1980).

  10. 10.

    See Medvedev (1971, p. 360) or Hollings (2014, pp. 30–31).

  11. 11.

    Medvedev (1971, p. 124). Even when they had offprints to send, some Soviet scientists would probably have thought twice about doing so, for fear of being accused of ‘collaborating with the enemy’: see Josephson (1992, p. 598).

  12. 12.

    See, for example, various pieces in vol. 70, no. 2 (1970) of Uspekhi matematicheskii nauk: Anon (1970), Gnedenko (1970), and Lapko and Lyusternik (1970).

  13. 13.

    See Greenberg (1982), Boffey (1982), Shapley (1982), and Kolata (1982).

  14. 14.

    See, for example, Peterson (1982a, c) and Park (1986).

  15. 15.

    Indeed, the journal is now more widely available in the West than ever, with all back issues freely accessible (along with those of many other former Soviet mathematical journals) on the site ‘Math-Net.ru’, which, see Chebukov et al. (2013).

  16. 16.

    In Russian (under which title this journal is often cited):

  17. 17.

    There were also irregular and occasional abstracting services, such as those provided by The American Review of Soviet Medicine (see Sect. 2.4), those attempted by the SCR (Lygo 2013, pp. 589–590), and, somewhat earlier, the occasional abstracts of relevant Russian papers that were produced by the US Department of Agriculture (Benedict 1909).

  18. 18.

    See note 40 on p. 87.

  19. 19.

    On the chemical section of Referativnyi zhurnal, see Serpinsky (1956).

  20. 20.

    The current Mathematical Reviews ‘Guide for Reviewers’ states, for example, that “[a] review should primarily help the reader decide whether or not to read the original item”, and that “critical remarks should be objective, precise, documented and expressed in good taste[: v]ague criticism offends authors and fails to enlighten the reader” (http://www.ams.org/mresubs/guide-reviewers.html — last accessed 26th May 2015).

  21. 21.

    See Beyerly (1956, p. 139) or Tareev (1962, p. 341).

  22. 22.

    For example, Beyerly (1956); see also DuS (1956).

  23. 23.

    Similar fears had been expressed decades earlier concerning German science: that extensive German abstracting activities might lead to German scientific dominance, even in the wake of the defeat of the First World War (Siegmund-Schultze 1994, pp. 306–307, 311).

  24. 24.

    Such as Ashby (1947), Gerard (1950), Anon (1954), Penfield (1955), Piaget (1956), Lohwater (1957), Bockris (1958), Anon (1959b), Armstrong (1961), Anon (1961), Charlier and Dietz (1966), Thwaites (1968), Abelson (1966), and Danckwerts (1983).

  25. 25.

    See Richmond (2003, p. 73) or Gerovitch (2002, p. 156).

  26. 26.

    See vol. 14, no. 2 of Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk for 1959 for reports both of a general character, and also on the treatment of specific branches of mathematics at the congress. Further examples of reports are provided by Aleksandrov (1977) and Gelfond (1977), although these were written decades after the trips that they describe.

  27. 27.

    The figure of 13 for Soviet attendance comes from Gerard (1950).

  28. 28.

    See, for example, Leontief (1945), Oster (1949), Turkevich (1956), Rabinowitch (1958), Anon (1969a), and White (1971). Such accounts, which in many cases were written merely as technical guides to Soviet scientific organisation, stand alongside works of a more academic nature; we have, for example, Joravsky (1961), Lewis (1972), National Council (1975), Berry (1988), and Holloway (1994, 1999). See also the resources on Soviet science that have already been cited: those in note 2 on p. 1, together with Gerovitch (2002), Kojevnikov (2004), and Medvedev (1979).

  29. 29.

    See, for example, Vinogradov (1947), Kline (1952), London (1954), Küng (1961), Spitsyn (1961), and Arkhimovich (1962).

  30. 30.

    Recall from Sect. 2.4 that another (more propagandistic) conference on Soviet science had been held in London a few years earlier: see p. 21 and the references thereupon.

  31. 31.

    See, for example, Anisimov (1950), Apanasewicz and Rosen (1964), Bernstein (1948), Kline (1957), Joravsky (1983), Litchfield et al. (1958), and Thwaites (1968). Further sources, published in the West, but written by Soviet authors, are Gnedenko (1957) and Petrovskii (1964).

  32. 32.

    Vol. 1 appeared in 1940 as the Slavonic Yearbook. American Series. Vols. 2 and 3, of 1943 and 1944, were published under the name Slavonic and East European Review. American Series, which subsequently became the American Slavic and East European Review. The title Slavic Review was adopted from vol. 20, no. 3 (1961) onwards; see Byrnes (1976, p. 22).

  33. 33.

    See Lygo (2013, p. 590). Scientific articles in the journal include Betenov (1946), Vavilov (1947), Morton (1948), Bernal (1950), Ambartsumyan (1955), and Anon (1969b).

  34. 34.

    See, for example, Kowalewski (1963) and Anon (1964a, b, c).

  35. 35.

    See, for example, Adams and Rogers (1958), Barker (1954), Berry (1988, Chap. 12), Chard (1969), Hoseh (1961), Lieberman (1987), Mackay (1954), Stubbs (1957), and Zhavoronkov (1956).

  36. 36.

    See, for example, Gorokhoff (1962) and Wiggins (1972).

  37. 37.

    Indeed, we might add to these two further articles, written specifically for historians of Soviet science: Demidov (1993), and the ‘Bibliographic Essay’ in Graham (1993, pp. 293–306).

References

  • Abelson, P.H.: International meetings. Science 154(3747), 21 Oct, 341 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, S., Rogers, F.B. (eds.): Guide to Russian Medical Literature. US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleksandrov, P.S.: Memories of Göttingen. Istor.mat. issled., no. 22, 242–245 (1977) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambartsumyan, V.A.: The problem of the origin of stars. Anglo-Soviet J., Sept, 7–16 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anisimov, O.: The Soviet system of education. Russian Rev. 9(2), 87–97 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Periodicals received by the Moscow Mathematical Society. Mat. sb. 21(4), 779–781 (1901a) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: List of individuals and institutions to whom were sent volume XXI of ‘Matematicheskii sbornik’. Mat. sb. 21(4), 782–785 (1901b) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Scientific publications for Russia. Nature 107(2697), 7 Jul, 594–594 (1921)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Soviet medical and scientific men. Nature 151(3833), 17 Apr, 444 (1943)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: British doctors in Russia: experiences and impressions. Brit. Med. J. 2(4892), 9 Oct, 863–865 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Foreign Technical Information Center. Science 127(3294), 14 Feb, 332–333 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Survey of Soviet science literature. Science 130(3371), 7 Aug, 324 (1959a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: The Report of the United States Public Health Mission to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Including Impressions of Medicine and Public Health in Several Soviet Republics, August 13 to September 14, 1957. US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC (1959b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Biochemistry in Russia: impressions gained at the Fifth International Congress of Biochemistry in Moscow. Brit. Med. J. 2(5253), 9 Sept, 701–703 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: The Cunningham Amendment. ACLS Newsl. 13(4), 13–16 (1962a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Part I: a general appraisal of mathematics in the USSR. In: LaSalle and Lefschetz (1962), pp. 3–13 (1962b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Decoding Russian titles and sentences. Russian Tech. Lit., no. 12, Oct, 25–27 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Research on corrosion in Russia. Science East to West, no. 14, Apr, 13–14 (1964a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Technical education in the U.S.S.R. Science East to West, no. 15, Jul, 1–8 (1964b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Scientific and technical information in the Soviet Union. Science East to West, no. 15, Jul, 9–11 (1964c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Russian science policy. Nature 221(5178), 25 Jan, 307–308 (1969a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Anglo-Soviet J., Sept, 6–8 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: On the occasion of the centenary of the birth of Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Uspekhi mat. nauk 70(2), 3–4 (1970) (in Russian); English trans.: Russian Math. Surveys 25(2), 1–2 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Soviet science not quoted. Nature 299(5884), 14 Oct, 568 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Apanasewicz, N., Rosen, S.M.: Soviet Education: A Bibliography of English-language Materials. Report no. BULL-1964-29; 0E-14101. Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arkhimovich, A.: A survey of Soviet agriculture. Studies on the Soviet Union 2(3), 51–63 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, J.A.: The Soviet intellectuals: observations from two journeys. Stud. Soviet Union 1(1), 25–37 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arutjunov, N.B.: The system of international exchange of scientific and technological information: the USSR’s participation. UNESCO J. Inform. Sci. Librarianship Archives Admin. 1(3), 210–214 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashby, E.: Scientist in Russia. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth (1947)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D.B., Horiszny, J.W., Metanomski, W.V.: History of abstracting at Chemical Abstracts Service. J. Chemical Inform. Comp. Sci. 20(4), 193–201 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, G.R.: Sources of Russian economic information. Aslib Proc. 6(2), 101–110 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, W.: Science in Russia. Nature 116(2923), 7 Nov, 681–683 (1925)

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedict, F.G.: Russian research in metabolism. Science 29(740), 5 Mar, 394–395 (1909)

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, L.T., Jr., VandenBos, G.R.: The window on psychology’s literature: a history of Psychological Abstracts. Amer. Psychol. 61(9), 941–954 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, J.D.: Science in the USSR to-day. Anglo-Soviet J., Sept, 4–17 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, M.: Higher education in the USSR during and after the war. Educational Forum 12(2), 209–212 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, M.J. (ed.): Science and Technology in the USSR. Longman (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Betenov, C.: Azerbaidjan Academy of Sciences. Anglo-Soviet J., Jun, 15–18 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, R.T.: Hurdling the language barrier. Physics Today 18(1), 46–52 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyerly, E.: A Russian abstracting service in the field of sciences: Referativnyĭ zhurnal. Aslib Proc. 8(1), 135–140 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, H.: The end of samizdat? The Soviet Union signs the Universal Copyright Convention. Index on Censorship 2(2), 3–18 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bockris, J.O’M.: A scientist’s impressions of Russian research. The Reporter 18(14), 20 Feb, 15–17 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Boffey, P.M.: Censorship angers scientists: Pentagon security move bars 100 technological papers. NY Times, 5 Sept, 1, 16 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bykov, C.: Soviet physiologists at the International Congress. Izvestiya, 23 Sept (1950) (in Russian); English trans.: Science 112(2921), 22 Dec, 768–769 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes, R.F.: Soviet-American Academic Exchanges, 1958–1975. Indiana Univ. Press (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadbury, D.: Space Race: The Untold Story of Two Rivals and Their Struggle for the Moon. Fourth Estate, London (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, W.D.: Censorship, Soviet style. Science 219(4587), 25 Feb, 911 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chard, C.C: Archeology in the Soviet Union. Science 163(3869), 21 Feb, 774–779 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlier, R.H., Dietz, R.S.: Oceanography: two reports on the recent International Congress in Moscow. Science 153(3742), 16 Sept, 1421–1428 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chebukov, D.E., Izaak, A.D., Misyurina, O.G., Pupyrev, Yu.A., Zhizhchenko, A.B.: Math-Net.Ru as a digital archive of the Russian mathematical knowledge from the XIX century to today. In: Carette, J., Aspinall, D., Lange, C., Sojka, P., Windsteiger, W. (eds.) Intelligent Computer Mathematics, pp. 344–348. Springer (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Christman, R.C. (ed.): Soviet Science: A Symposium Presented on December 27, 1951, at the Philadelphia Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  • Danckwerts, P.: To Russia with science. New Scientist 100(1389–1390), 22–29 Dec, 943 (1983); ibid. 101(1391), 5 Jan, 39 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • David-Fox, M.: Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921–1941. Oxford Univ. Press (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Demidov, S.S.: A brief survey of literature on the development of mathematics in the USSR. In: Zdravkovska, S., Duren, P.L. (eds.) Golden Years of Moscow Mathematics, pp. 245–262. Amer. Math. Soc./London Math. Soc. (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Demidov, S.S.: ‘Matematicheskii sbornik’ in 1866–1935. Istor.-mat. issled., no. 1(36), 127–145 (1996) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • DuS., G.: Scientific information in the U.S.S.R. Science 124(3223), 5 Oct, 609 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernberger, S.W.: Publications, politics and economics. Psychol. Bull. 35(2), 84–90 (1938)

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, P.: Scientific internationalism and the Weimar physicists: the ideology and its manipulation in Germany after World War I. Isis 64(2), 150–180 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, M.: Soviet amasses scientific data; special institute prepares digests of technical publications of world. NY Times, 15 May, 9 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M.D.: On procuring Russian literature. Science 155(3761), 27 Jan, 400 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Furaev, V.K.: Soviet-American scientific and cultural relations (1924–1933). Voprosy istorii, no. 3, 41–57 (1974) (in Russian); English trans.: Soviet Stud. Hist. 14(3), 46–75 (1975–1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gak, A.M.: V. I. Lenin and the development of the international cultural and scientific ties of Soviet Russia in 1920–1924. Voprosy istorii, no. 4, 196–204 (1963) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfield, E.: Some implications of the Soviet Union’s becoming party to the Universal Copyright Convention. Current Contents, no. 15, 11 Apr, 5–7 (1973); (also in: Essays of an Information Scientist, vol. 1, pp. 428–430. ISI Press, Philadelphia (1962–73))

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelfond, A.O.: Some impressions of a scientific trip to Germany in 1930. Istor.-mat. issled., no. 22, 246–251 (1977) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerard, R.W.: The Eighteenth International Physiological Congress. Science 112(2921), 22 Dec, 767 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerovitch, S.: From Newpeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics. MIT Press (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gnedenko, B.V.: Mathematical education in the U.S.S.R. Amer. Math. Monthly 64(6), 389–408 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gnedenko, B.V.: V. I. Lenin and methodological questions of mathematics. Uspekhi mat. nauk 70(2), 5–14 (1970) in Russian; English trans. Russian Math. Surveys 25(2), 3–12 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordin, M.D.: Scientific Babel: The Language of Science from the Fall of Latin to the Rise of English. Profile Books (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorokhoff, B.I.: Providing U.S. Scientists with Soviet Scientific Information. National Science Foundation Washington DC (1959); revised ed. (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L.R.: Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History. Cambridge Univ. Press (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J.: ‘Remote censoring’: DOD blocks symposium papers. Science News 122(10), 4 Sept, 148–149 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R.A., Wright, C.H.: Scientific literature for Russia. Nature 109(2729), 16 Feb, 208 (1922)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamblin, J.D.: Science in isolation: American marine geophysics research, 1950–1968. Physics in Perspective 2(3), 293–312 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollings, C.: Mathematics across the Iron Curtain: A History of the Algebraic Theory of Semigroups. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, Rhode Island (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, D.: Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956. Yale Univ. Press (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, D.: Physics, the state, and civil society in the Soviet Union. Hist. Stud. Phys. Biol. Sci. 30(1), 173–192 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Horecky, P.L.: Libraries and Bibliographic Centers in the Soviet Union. Indiana Univ. Publ., Bloomington IN (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Horecky, P.L.: Soviet library literature: a general survey of some recent trends and examples. Library J. 87(4), 715–719 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Horecky, P.L.: The Slavic and East European resources and facilities of the Library of Congress. Slavic Rev. 23(2), 309–327 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoseh, M.: Scientific and technical literature of the USSR. In: Gould, R.F. (ed.) Searching the Chemical Literature, pp. 144–171. American Chemical Society, Washington DC (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, J.: A Scientist among the Soviets. Chatto and Windus, London (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  • Joravsky, D.: Soviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917–1932. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Joravsky, D.: The Stalinist mentality and the higher learning. Slavic Rev. 42(4), 575–600 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Josephson, P.R.: Soviet scientists and the state: politics, ideology, and fundamental research from Stalin to Gorbachev. Social Research 59(3), 589–614 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kameneva, O.D.: Cultural rapprochement: the U.S.S.R. Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. Pacific Affairs 1(5), 6–8 (1928)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, V.: Russian scientific literature. Science 56(1437), 14 Jul, 45 (1922)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, J.R.: Soviet Mathematics. In: Christman (1952), pp. 80–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, G.L. (ed.): Soviet Education. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojevnikov, A.B.: Stalin’s Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists. Imperial College Press (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolata, G.: Export control threat disrupts meeting. Science 217(4566), 24 Sept, 1233–1234 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalewski, J.: Low-grade ore beneficiation in the Soviet Union. Russian Tech. Lit., no. 11, Jul, 1–13 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, D.H.: The Slavic and Central European Division and the Slavic Collections of the Library of Congress. Federal Linguist 7(1–4), 4–11 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, D.H.: The Slavic Collections of the U.S. Library of Congress. UNESCO J. Inform. Sci. Librarianship Archives Admin. 1(3), 184–190 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krementsov, N.: International Science between the World Wars: The Case of Genetics. Routledge, New York and London (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhterina, P.P.: Reference services in the All-Union State Library of Foreign Literature, USSR. UNESCO J. Inform. Sci. Librarianship Archives Adm. 2(1), 42–49 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Küng, G.: Mathematical logic in the Soviet Union (1917–1947 and 1947–1957). Studies in Soviet Thought 1, 39–43 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapko, A.F., Lyusternik, L.A.: Lenin, science and education. Uspekhi mat. nauk 70(2), 15–60 (1970) (in Russian); English trans.: Russian Math. Surveys 25(2), 13–76 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • LaSalle, P., Lefschetz, S. (eds.): Recent Soviet Contributions to Mathematics. Macmillan (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmer, D.H.: A half century of reviewing. In: Duren, P.L. (ed.) A Century of Mathematics in America, vol. 1, pp. 265–266. Amer. Math. Soc. (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leontief, W.W., Sr.: Scientific and technological research in Russia. Amer. Slavic East Europ. Rev. 4(3/4), 70–79 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levich, Y.: Trying to keep in touch. Nature 263(5576), 30 Sept, 366 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R.A.: Some aspects of the research and development effort of the Soviet Union, 1924–35. Social Studies of Science 2, 153–179 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, E.R.: Where to look for Soviet MS/OR articles: a guide to English language sources and abstracts. Interfaces 17(4), 85–89 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Litchfield, E.H., Mettger, H.P., Gideonse, H.D., Glennan, T.K., Harnwell, G.P., Malott, D.W., Murphy, F.D., Scaife, A.M., Sparks, F.H., Wells, H.B.: Report on Higher Education in the Soviet Union. Univ. Pittsburgh Press (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohwater, A.J.: Mathematics in the Soviet Union. Science 125(3255), 17 May, 974–978 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • London, I.D.: Research on sensory interaction in the Soviet Union. Psychol. Bull. 51(6), 531–568 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lygo, E.: Promoting Soviet culture in Britain: the history of the Society for Cultural Relations between the Peoples of the British Commonwealth and the USSR, 1924–1945. Modern Lang. Rev. 108(2), 571–596 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, A.L.: Sources of Russian scientific information. Aslib Proc. 6(2), 101–110 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Medvedev, Zh.A.: The Medvedev Papers: The Plight of Soviet Science Today. Macmillan, London (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Medvedev, Zh.A.: Soviet Science. Oxford Univ. Press (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Menschutkin, B.: Co-operation in Russian and British scientific undertakings. Nature 99(2478), 26 Apr, 168–169 (1917)

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagu of Beaulieu, Barker, E., Cathcart, E.P., Eddington, A.S., Gollancz, I., Gregory, R.A., Mitchell, P.C., Pares, B., Schuster, A., Sherrington, C.S., Shipley, A.E., Wells, H.G., Woodward, A.S., Wright, C.H.: The British Committee for Aiding Men of Letters and Science in Russia. Nature 106(2671), 6 Jan, 598–599 (1921)

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, A.G.: Biology in the Soviet Union. Anglo-Soviet J., Dec, 5–8 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  • National Council of American-Soviet Friendship: Science in Soviet Russia. Arno Press (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Oster, G.: Scientific research in the U.S.S.R: organization and planning. Ann. Amer. Acad. Political Social Sci. 263, 134–139 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, Institute of Medicine, Policy and Global Affairs, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering: Scientific Communication and National Security. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Panov, D.: Scientific abstracting in the U.S.S.R. Science 121(3148), 29 Apr, 627–628 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Panov, D.: Institute of Scientific Information of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. J. Documentation 12(2), 94–100 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, R.L.: The muzzling of American science. Academe 72(5), 19–23 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfield, W.: A glimpse of neurophysiology in the Soviet Union. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 73, 891–899 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, I.: Silencing science for security. Science News 121(3), 16 Jan, 35 (1982a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, I: Hearing considers impact of secrecy proposals on science. Science News 121(14), 3 Apr, 229 (1982b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, I.: A question of scientific free speech. Science News 122(25/26), 18–25 Dec, 396–397 (1982c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrovskii, I.G.: Higher education in Moscow. Internat. Sci. Tech., no. 29, 33–37 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J.: Some impressions of a visit to Soviet psychologists. Acta Psychol. 12, 216–230 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitcher, E.: A history of the second fifty years. In: American Mathematical Society, 1939–1988, vol. I, pp. 69–89. Amer. Math. Soc. (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitch, E.: Soviet science — a survey. Problems and Communism 7(2), 1–9 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Razran, G.S.: Offprints for the scientific men of Soviet Russia. Science 96(2488), 4 Sept, 231 (1942)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, V.: Russia’s curtained window on the West. Nature 249(5457), 7 Jun, 502–504 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, V.: Soviet meetings, great and small. Nature 256(5514), 17 Jul, 160–161 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Richert, N.: Mathematical Reviews celebrates 75 Years. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 61(11), 1355–1356 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, Y.: Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain. Pennsylvia State Univ. Press (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, E.J.: Science in the U.S.S.R.: an American survey. Nature 154(3915), 11 Nov, 590–591 (1944)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, L.F.: Literature for men of letters and science in Russia. Nature 106(2675), 3 Feb, 728 (1921)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, H.: A Soviet ‘curtain’ hung over science. NY Times, 9 Oct (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  • Serpinsky, V.V.: Referativny zhurnal Khimiya (Abstracts Journal Chemistry) of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. J. Documentation 12(2), 100–106 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapley, D.: Pentagon blocks open exchange: Weinberger in optics meeting censorship. Nature 299(5881), 23 Sept, 289–290 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrod, J.: The Library of Congress. Science 127(3304), 25 Apr, 958–959 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegmund-Schultze, R.: “Scientific control” in mathematical reviewing and German–U.S.-American relations between the two world wars. Historia Math. 21, 306–329 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegmund-Schultze, R.: One hundred years after the Great War (1914–2014): a century of breakdowns, resumptions and fundamental changes in international mathematical communication. In: Jang, S.Y., Kim, Y.R., Lee, D.-W., Yie, I. (eds.) Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians Seoul 2014, vol. IV, pp. 1231–1253. Gyeong Munsa (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, G.W.: A report on Biological Abstracts. J. Paleontology 27(2), 297 (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S.G., Krementsov, N.: Giving and taking across borders: the Rockefeller Foundation and Russia, 1919–1928. Minerva 39, 265–298 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitsyn, V.I.: Soviet Chemistry Today: Its Present State and Outlook for the Future. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington DC (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Steeves, H.A.: Part X: Russian journals of mathematics. In: LaSalle and Lefschetz (1962), pp. 303–315 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stubbs, A.E.: The dissemination of the knowledge of Soviet scientific work in Western countries. Aslib Proc. 9(11), 333–340 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tareev, B.M.: Methods of disseminating scientific information, and science information activities in the USSR. Amer. Documentation 13(3), 338–343 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thwaites, B.: Mathematical education in Russian schools: a report on a visit to Russia in August 1966. Math. Gaz. 52(382), 319–327 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkevich, J.: Soviet science in the post-Stalin era. Ann. Amer. Acad. Political Social Sci. 303, 139–151 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vavilov [sic]: Soviet science in the new five-year plan. Anglo-Soviet J., Dec, 5–11, 45–8 (1947)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradov, I.: Soviet mathematicians. Synthese 5(11/12), 501–503 (1947)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlachý, J.: Publication output of Soviet physics. Czechoslovak J. Phys. B 29(3), 357–360 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Volin, L.: Science and intellectual freedom in Russia. In: Christman (1952), pp. 85–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, W.B.: Some judgments on Soviet science. Russian Rev. 19(3), 277–285 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • White, S. (ed.): Guide to Science and Technology in the USSR: A Reference Guide to Science and Technology in the Soviet Union. Francis Hodgson (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, G.: English-language Sources for Reference Questions Related to Soviet Science (With an Emphasis on Chemistry). Univ. Illinois Grad. School of Library Science Occasional Papers, no. 102, Jun (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhavoronkov, N.M.: Publication of literature on applied chemistry in the Soviet Union. J. Documentation 12(2), 106–113 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Christopher D. Hollings

Authors
  1. Christopher D. Hollings
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher D. Hollings .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hollings, C.D. (2016). Physical Access to Publications. In: Scientific Communication Across the Iron Curtain. SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25346-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25346-6_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25344-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25346-6

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation