Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Personal Communications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Scientific Communication Across the Iron Curtain

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology ((BRIEFSHIST))

  • 338 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, we provide a general discussion of communications between scientists in East and West from the 1920s, up to around the 1980s, with the focus being upon personal contacts between scientists: correspondence and face-to-face meetings. We will see that the initially quite easy contacts of the 1920s became rather more difficult under Stalin, before picking up again slightly during the Second World War, and then more dramatically following Stalin’s death.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For a general overview of this growth in international scientific activities, see Rosenzweig (2000, Chap. 2); see also Crawford (1992, pp. 38–43).

  2. 2.

    For succinct overviews of Russian science in this period, see Krementsov (1997, 2006); for a comprehensive account, see Vucinich (1970).

  3. 3.

    On Mendeleev, see Hargittai et al. (2007); on Pavlov, see Graham (1993, p. 239). For comments on Mendeleev’s foreign contacts, and for a discussion of the status of 19th-century Russian chemistry, see Gordin (2015, Chaps. 2 and 3).

  4. 4.

    Levels of Russian/Soviet attendance at the ICMs, as recorded in Table 2.1, will be used for illustrative purposes throughout this chapter. I have compiled these figures by using the various congress proceedings and other sources, and some of the numbers given differ from those that appear in previous books and articles on the ICMs. In the interests of saving space, I do not explain these figures here, but I hope to do so elsewhere.

  5. 5.

    On Russian attendance of the early ICMs, see Demidov and Tokareva (2005, pp. 144–145).

  6. 6.

    On this congress, see also Milt (1951) and Ihde (1961).

  7. 7.

    For a list of late-19th- and early-20th-century scientific conferences, see Baskerville (1910).

  8. 8.

    To take some arbitrary examples: the American physiologist Francis Gano Benedict (see Neswald 2011, 2013), and a number of Spanish physicists (Sánchez-Ron 2002).

  9. 9.

    Baskerville (1910) lists over 150 international congresses in the sciences, humanities and arts, but only two that took place in Russia.

  10. 10.

    Indeed, Russian delegates regularly attended the early International Archaeological Congresses; Marton (2009).

  11. 11.

    See Greenaway (1996, p. 18) or Schroeder-Gudehus (1973, p. 115).

  12. 12.

    See Solomon and Krementsov (2001, pp. 276–277, 287), Forman (1973, pp. 167–168) and Schroeder-Gudehus (1973, p. 115). On the scientific ostracism of Germany (and the other Central Powers) more generally, see Cock (1983) or Crawford (1988).

  13. 13.

    See Solomon and Krementsov (2001), Kojevnikov (1993) or Kojevnikov (2004, Sect. 4.2). For more on the Rockefeller Foundation’s sponsorship of European scientists during this period (with a particular focus on mathematicians), see Siegmund-Schultze (2001).

  14. 14.

    The references given in note 8 on p. 10 are again relevant here.

  15. 15.

    See Solomon and Krementsov (2001, p. 287), David-Fox (2012, Chap. 1) or, for an older source, Kameneva (1928).

  16. 16.

    Solomon and Krementsov (2001, p. 287); on the bulletin, see also David-Fox (2012, p. 90).

  17. 17.

    On Soviet-French ties, see also Ivanovskaya (1976), Plaud (1980) and Fedorov (1984).

  18. 18.

    For a quite critical history of this society, see Nemzer (1949, pp. 275–279).

  19. 19.

    See Lygo (2013), and also King (1967) and Todd (1967).

  20. 20.

    See Lear (1997, p. 262) or Lygo (2013, p. 584); on the American-Soviet Science Society (established in 1944), see Krementsov (1996, p. 240).

  21. 21.

    Including German delegates, at a time when German scientists were largely excluded from international meetings; see Forman (1973, p. 168). Indeed, the Germans formed the largest foreign contingent (Sorokina 2006, p. 64); for a list of countries who sent delegates, see Sorokina (2006, p. 85).

  22. 22.

    Korneyev’s initials are given as S.C. on the title page of Korneyev (1977), but as S.G. in the article Korneyev and Timofeyev (1977). One of these sets of initials is certainly wrong, but I do not know which.

  23. 23.

    Korneyev and Timofeyev (1977, p. 10). Similar comments in the Soviet/American context can be found in Furaev (1974). Such accusations continued to be made even until the final years of the Soviet era; see Sapsai (1984) and Medvedev (1984).

  24. 24.

    With regard to British-Soviet scientific relations, many more examples of exchanges may be found in Korneyev and Timofeyev (1977). Other (slightly uncritical) reviews of British-Soviet relations may be found in Topchiev (1956) and Romanovsky (1967).

  25. 25.

    See also Tokareva (2001, pp. 219–222).

  26. 26.

    On Marxist philosophy of science, see Graham (1972), Graham (1993, Chap. 5) and Todes and Krementsov (2010); see also the summary in Gordin et al. (2003, pp. 39–43). In the case of mathematics, see Vucinich (1999, 2000, 2002) or Hollings (2013).

  27. 27.

    There is an enormous literature on the ‘Luzin affair’. See, for example, Demidov and Esakov (1999), Demidov and Levshin (1999), Kutateladze (2007, 2012, 2013), Levin (1990), Lorentz (2001, 2002), and Yushkevich (1989).

  28. 28.

    For further details on this and other such survey volumes published in the USSR, see the references in note 37 on p. 68, and also Hollings (2015).

  29. 29.

    In connection with Luzin, see Graham and Kantor (2009, pp. 149–150), Kutateladze (2007), and Lorentz (2001). For another example of an ‘ideological’ attack which appears to have involved personal rivalries (namely, that on A.F. Ioffe in 1936), see Levin (1990, p. 97–8). The ambitions of younger researchers may also have played a role in the downfall of the geneticist N.I. Vavilov (Kolchinsky 2014). See also the case of the astronomer Boris Gerasimovich: (1936).

  30. 30.

    I take Aleksandrov as an example of a figure who was regarded as ‘politically sound’, and Bernstein as an individual who was more often at odds with the Soviet regime (see, for example, Vucinich 2000).

  31. 31.

    Further data of this type, for some other Soviet mathematicians, may be found in Table 2.1 in Hollings (2014, p. 18), from which Figs. 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 were also constructed. A similar, though slightly narrower, analysis appears in Levin (1990, p. 96).

  32. 32.

    A Pravda article of 9th July 1936 (quoted by Lorentz 2001, p. 205) condemned Luzin’s foreign publications as “sabotage”, but counted those of Aleksandrov (amongst others) as mere lapses in judgement. Thus, we see that the issue of foreign publication was merely pretext in the ‘Luzin affair’.

  33. 33.

    (Anon 1931).

  34. 34.

    (Anon 1931).

  35. 35.

    It is interesting to contrast this situation with that of several decades later: after the fall of the Soviet Union, Russian scientists came increasingly to the realisation that their work had a poor visibility at the international level. Their conclusion was that they ought therefore to return to the old tradition and begin once more to publish much of their work abroad (and, moreover, in English): see Kirchik et al. (2012).

  36. 36.

    See also the report of that (American) delegate: (1934).

  37. 37.

    See Huxley (1932); see also Kuznick (1987, p. 118).

  38. 38.

    See Kuznick (1987, pp. 119–125), and also Carlson (1981, 2011).

  39. 39.

    Doel et al. (2005, p. 59). See this source also for other examples of international congresses held in the USSR during the 1930s.

  40. 40.

    See Krementsov (2005, p. 8), and also Gordon (1937) and Case et al. (1938).

  41. 41.

    See Franklin (1938, pp. 314–320) and Kuznick (1987, pp.153–162); see also Anon (1935b) and Ivy (1935).

  42. 42.

    For reports of the congress from both sides of the East/West divide, see Aleksandrov (1936) and Tucker (1935).

  43. 43.

    Indeed, prior to this, there had been greater cultural ties between the USSR and Nazi Germany, during the years of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact; David-Fox (2012, p. 310–311).

  44. 44.

    I am confining my attention here to ‘civilian science’—the type of science found in freely published papers, and also the type that we have been concerned with implicitly from the start of this book. The exchange of military technology and of secret materials is not something that I attempt to cover here—see instead, for example, Beardsley (1977) and Avery (1993).

  45. 45.

    There is a wide range of letters to cite in this instance: see, for example, Anon (1941c, 1942d, 1943c); see also Korneyev and Timofeyev (1977, p. 34).

  46. 46.

    See Anon (1942a, e, g).

  47. 47.

    See Anon (1942h), and also Anon (1942b, c).

  48. 48.

    See, for example, Needham and Davies (1942) or Anon (1944).

  49. 49.

    See, for example, Bernal (1944) and de Andrada (1944).

  50. 50.

    See Johnston (2011, pp. 86–87) or Pechatnov (1998).

  51. 51.

    See, for example, Anon (1941d, f, h, i), and Frumkin (1941).

  52. 52.

    See, for example, Anon (1941e, 1945e), Rostov (1945), and Zhukovsky (1945).

  53. 53.

    See Carling (1944) or Lear (1997, pp. 259–260).

  54. 54.

    See Anon (1941g, j, 1942i), Dawson et al. (1941a, b), and Bunbury (1942).

  55. 55.

    See, for example, Watson-Jones (1943a, b) and Hastings and Shimkin (1946). On UK-USSR medical exchanges in later decades, see Rich (1975).

  56. 56.

    See Lear (1997) or Krementsov (2007, pp. 44–48).

  57. 57.

    See Lear (1997, pp. 267–270) or Kerber (2012).

  58. 58.

    See, for example, Oakes (1946) and Bu (1999).

  59. 59.

    See Lear (1997, pp. 274–276), Sigerist (1948) or Anon (1948). Interestingly, however, other similar journals were being launched elsewhere around this time: the Spanish-language Revista cubana de medicina sovietica, for example, was founded in 1945, whilst the French Cahiers de médicine soviétique ran from 1953 to 1957; see Kerber (2012, pp. 233–234). The French journal can perhaps be seen as a successor to an earlier Soviet-French medical copublication: see Ivanovskaya (1976, pp. 201–202).

  60. 60.

    See Krementsov (1996, p. 237), Krementsov (2002, pp. 75–78) or Anon (1945a, d, b); see also Korneyev and Timofeyev (1977, pp. 38–39). Soviet War News had much to say about this conference, its international character in particular; see, for example, Anon (1945f, g, h, i).

  61. 61.

    See Dale (1946, p. 157); see also Korneyev and Timofeyev (1977, p. 40).

  62. 62.

    See Krementsov (2005, p. 142). Zhebrak’s publication of an article in Science (Zhebrak 1945) was, for example, held against him. See also the comments of Medvedev (1979, p. 119), not only on Zhebrak, but also on Roskin and Klyueva.

  63. 63.

    See Gerovitch (2002, pp. 34–35) and Hollings (2012).

  64. 64.

    The closest I have come is a state-by-state directory of the Russian culture and language courses offered by US higher educational institutions: Coleman (1948). See also Strakhovsky (1947). Much more generally, a US State Department report of 1950, Science and Foreign Relations, stressed that awareness of foreign scientific developments was crucial to the progress of US science; see Krige (2006, p. 166).

  65. 65.

    http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=russianreview (last accessed 26th May 2015).

  66. 66.

    On the international standing of Soviet mathematics, see Graham (1993, pp. 213–220) or Dalmedico (1997).

  67. 67.

    In the case of mathematics, for example, see Vucinich (2002).

  68. 68.

    Indeed, this matter is the main theme of Gerovitch (2002).

  69. 69.

    See Schweitzer (2004, Chap. 1); the text of the formal agreement is reproduced in Schweitzer’s Appendix B.

  70. 70.

    See, for example, Anon (1963a, 1972a).

  71. 71.

    On US-USSR cooperation in medicine, see Raymond (1973); on UK-USSR cooperation, see Rich (1974).

  72. 72.

    See Schweitzer (2004, p. 7) or Medvedev (1971, pp. 155–161).

  73. 73.

    Hamblin (2000a, p. 393). On this subject, see also Wolfe (2013). For similar attitudes in a different context, see Wang (1999). On the use of science in US foreign policy more generally, see Miller (2006).

  74. 74.

    Quoted in Richmond (2003, p. 18).

  75. 75.

    See Schweitzer (2004, p. 8). Indeed, such behaviour was nothing new: German scientists had attempted to exert some influence over the trials of suspected German terrorists in the USSR by threatening to boycott the 1925 conference to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Forman (1973, p. 168). In the later US-Soviet context, the treatment of both dissidents and refusenik scientists became a major reason for postponing exchanges; see, for example, Rich (1979), Anon (1980), and Lubrano (1981).

  76. 76.

    See Greenberg (1962) and Harvey and Ciccoritti (1974). On cooperation in later decades, see Edelson and Townsend (1989).

  77. 77.

    See Byrnes (1976, p. 64), Richmond (2003, p. 15) or Nygren (1980).

  78. 78.

    See Smith (2012, p. 550); see also the references in note 24 on p. 14.

  79. 79.

    See, for example, Zavyalskii (1973), Kirillov (1977), Semenov (1979), and Isaev (1979).

  80. 80.

    See, for example, Novikov (1973) and Aver’yanov and Korotkevich (1978).

  81. 81.

    See Krige (2006, pp. 174–180) or Schroeder-Gudehus (2012, pp. 31–32).

  82. 82.

    See Struve (1953) or Blaauw (1994, p. 113).

  83. 83.

    See Blaauw (1994, Sect. 8.d) or Doel et al. (2005, p. 67).

  84. 84.

    See Krementsov (2002, p. 204) or Anon (1962b).

  85. 85.

    See, respectively: Hodgson (1955), Waddington (1956), Nonweiler (1956), Seligman and Russell (1957), Deacon (1959), and Houssay (1968).

  86. 86.

    See, respectively: Dyer (1962), Anon (1964), and Kato (1968).

  87. 87.

    See, for example, Kline (1952, p. 83); see also the comments in Siegmund-Schultze (2014, p. 1245). Contrast this with a situation sometimes encountered in the post-Soviet world: Eastern European speakers who are fluent in Russian nevertheless insisting upon delivering their conference talks in broken English (Kryuchkova 2001, p. 413).

  88. 88.

    Extracts from the first essay also appeared in Medvedev (1970). Medvedev’s more general critique of Soviet science (Medvedev 1979) contains further details of the communications difficulties of scientists across the Iron Curtain.

  89. 89.

    See Medvedev (1971, pp. 13, 195–208) or Hollings (2014, p. 23). This application procedure is also described in Levich (1976).

  90. 90.

    For an example from metallurgy, for instance, see Cahn (1970); for one concerning nuclear desalination, see Anon (1968b). On geophysics, see Hamblin (2000b, p. 304). For mathematical examples, see Lehto (1998, pp. 174, 189, 206). For a typical example of the general remarks that were made on this subject, see Holliday (1973). See also Krementsov (2005, pp. 70–71). A further (particularly entertaining) source in this connection is the letter Ziman (1968), on which see Hollings (2014, pp. 24–25).

  91. 91.

    See, for example, Lehto (1998, Sect. 9.3).

  92. 92.

    See, for example, Abelson (1971, p. 797). In his discussion of the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (Geneva, 1955), Josephson (2000, p. 174) notes the presence of “the usual KGB staffers”. See also the comments in Krementsov (2007, p. 61).

  93. 93.

    See Medvedev (1971, pp. 189–190); see also Anon (1972b).

  94. 94.

    See, respectively: Smith (1960), Brilla and Balaš (1966), Wooster (1964), Medvedev (1971, pp. 74–80), Fiedler (1964), and Hollings (2014, Sect. 12.3).

  95. 95.

    See, for example, the remarks in Anon (1968a); see also Hamblin (2000b, p. 308).

  96. 96.

    Medvedev (1971, p. 54). On such excuses, see also Byrnes (1976, pp. 179–180).

  97. 97.

    Graves et al. (1952, vol. 1, p. 122); see also Lehto (1998, p. 89) and Kline (1952, p. 84).

  98. 98.

    Such contradictory behaviour on the part of the Soviet authorities was subsequently seized upon by the dissident movement, which called simply for the USSR to obey its own laws. As Gessen (2011 ) has commented, the dissidents “demanded logic and consistency” (p. 7), so “it is perhaps no accident that the founders of the dissident movement in the Soviet Union were mathematicians and physicists” (p. 178). In this connection, see also Rich (1976).

  99. 99.

    See, respectively: Anon (1969), Anon (1966a, b), Ingram and Roberts (1967), Charlier and Dietz (1966), Malkov (1967), Kamminga (1989, p. 599), and Rosenzweig (2000, Chap. 9).

  100. 100.

    See, for example, Anon (1963b). It was observed, however, that there was not necessarily any need to travel extensively within the USSR, since most of the scientific facilities were concentrated in Moscow and Leningrad.

  101. 101.

    See Byrnes (1976, pp. 122–123) and DuS (1961a, b, 1962).

  102. 102.

    See, for example, Schweitzer (1989, Chap. 7). Indeed, these concerns may not have been entirely unfounded: see the brief comment on p. 29.

  103. 103.

    See, for example, the comment that officials at the US State Department “often regarded the efforts of scientists to maintain international contacts as synonymous with communist sympathies” in Doel and Needell (1997, p. 69); see also Doel et al. (2005, p. 67). For such suspicions within the context of the Manhattan Project, Schrecker (1986, p. 133ff). Moving away from the United States, we have the obscurely-referenced “retrospectively amusing difficulties with the authorities” apparently experienced by the British mathematician G.B. Preston in his efforts to establish contacts with Eastern-bloc colleagues (Howie 1995, p. 269). Niels Bohr was at one point considered a security risk because of his contacts with Soviet physicists (Nielsen and Knudsen 2013, p. 322); see also Aaserud (1999, pp. 32–33) and Knudsen and Nielsen (2012).

  104. 104.

    One shudders to contemplate, for example, the impression created by the failure to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee of the US mathematician Stephen Smale by reason of his attendance of the 1966 Moscow ICM; see Greenberg (1966) and Smale (1984).

  105. 105.

    Examples are provided by the FBI surveillance of certain scientists with Soviet or communist-bloc contacts: see Krementsov (2002, p. 109) and Kerber (2012, p. 234). These included US-based German rocket scientists with connections in the newly-created East Germany (Cadbury 2005, pp. 132–133). Even if the US authorities rarely acted against academics with foreign contacts, this did not stop some scientists fearing the backlash that communications even with other Western nations might bring: for example, Ellsworth Dougherty, biophysicist with interests in atomic science, refused to share work with a British colleague in order to avoid any appearance of creating a security breach; see Manzione (2000, p. 40).

  106. 106.

    Roberts (2013, p. 251); see also Heymann and Martin-Nielsen (2013, p. 232).

  107. 107.

    Paul Dirac was another prominent scientist who was denied a visa to visit the USA, probably because of his several pre-war visits to the USSR; see Dalitz and Peierls (1986, p. 158).

  108. 108.

    See, for example, Manzione (2000, p. 40). On the USA’s visa restrictions, see Bok (1955), and also the articles in vol. 8, no. 7 (October 1952) of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

  109. 109.

    See the various instances cited by Schrecker (1986, pp. 145, 147, 168, 197, 278, 296–297).

  110. 110.

    See also the similar comments in Gordin et al. (2003, pp. 50–53).

  111. 111.

    See the various sources cited in the first paragraph of Chap.1, which deal also with the new exchange programmes that continued to be negotiated right up until the end of the Soviet era; on these, see also Korneyev (1977, pp. 320–326). On post-Soviet US-Russian scientific exchanges, see Schweitzer (1997).

  112. 112.

    See, for example, Medvedev (1979, pp. 152–153) or Reid (1977).

  113. 113.

    See Nathanson (1986). As we see from Table 2.1, the congress was attended by a further 38 Soviet delegates who had not been specifically invited.

  114. 114.

    See Byrnes (1976, pp. 192–198). Indeed, even from the early years of the USSR, had aided the Soviet secret police in keeping track of foreign visitors; see David-Fox (2012, pp. 58–59). Conversely, Soviet visitors to the USA had sometimes been kept under surveillance by the FBI; see Richmond (2003, p. 28).

  115. 115.

    See Byrnes (1976, p. 115); for reports (mostly) of a more positive nature, see Kuznick (1987, pp. 112–143).

  116. 116.

    See the references in note 75 on p. 30.

  117. 117.

    See, for example, Lubrano (1981), Katz et al. (1980, p. 6), and Anon (1984).

  118. 118.

    For instance, Kassof (1995), Graham (1998, Chap. 2), and Richmond (2003, Chaps. 4 and 5).

References

  • Aaserud, F.: The scientist and the statesmen: Niels Bohr’s political crusade during World War II. Hist. Stud. Phys. Biol. Sci. 30(1), 1–47 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Abelson, P.H.: International meetings. Science 154(3747), 21 Oct, 341 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Abelson, P.H.: Geophysicists in Moscow: signs of easier relations. Science 173(3999), 27 Aug, 797–800 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleksandrov, D.A.: Why Soviet scientists stopped published abroad: the establishment of the self-sufficiency and isolation of Soviet science 1914–1940. Voprosy istor. estest. tekhn. 3, 4–24 (1996) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleksandrov, P.S.: First International Topological Congress in Moscow. Uspekhi mat. nauk, no. 1, 260–262 (1936) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleksandrov, P.S.: Pages from an autobiography. Uspekhi mat. nauk 34(6), 219–249 (1979); ibid. 35(3), 241–278 (1979) (both in Russian); English trans.: Russian Math. Surveys 34(6), 267–302 (1979); ibid. 35(3), 315–358 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: The International Geological Congress. Nature 38(986), 20 Sept, 503–506 (1888)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Scientific news. Amer. Naturalist 27(320), Aug, 764–767 (1893)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Physical science at the British Association. Nature 108(2718), 1 Dec, 448–450 (1921)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: The Russian Academy of Sciences. Nature 116(2916), 19 Sept, 448–449 (1925)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Soviet mathematicians, support your journal! Mat. sb. 38(3–4), 1 (1931) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Notes. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 40(9), 648–651 (1934)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Proceedings of the Second All-Union Mathematical Congress, Leningrad, 24–30 June 1934. Izdat. Akad. nauk SSSR, Moscow/Leningrad (1935a) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: International Physiological Congress in Moscow and Leningrad. Lancet 226(5843), 24 Aug, 446–448 (1935b); ibid. 226(5845), 7 Sept, 575–576 (1935b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Proceedings of the First All-Union Congress of Mathematicians (Kharkov, 1930). Glav. Red. Obshchetekhn. Lit. Nomogr., Moscow/Leningrad (1936) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: The Warsaw Conference on Modern Physics. Science 88(2273), 22 Jul 1938, 76

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: American mathematicians and the U.S.S.R. Nature 148(3758), 8 Nov, 560 (1941a); also appeared in print as: The mathematicians of America and of Soviet Russia. Science 94(2441), 10 Oct, 340 (1941a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: American mathematicians and the U.S.S.R. Nature 148(3761), 29 Nov, 657 (1941b); also appeared in print as: Greetings of Soviet mathematicians to American mathematicians. Science 94(2444), 31 Oct, 409 (1941b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Great Britain and the U.S.S.R. Nature 148(3744), 2 Aug, 135–136 (1941c); ibid., 9 Aug, 160 (1941)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: War communique [sic] from Leningrad scientists. Soviet War News, no. 28, 12 Aug, 3 (1941d)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: New discoveries by Soviet astronomers. Soviet War News, no. 28, 12 Aug, 3 (1941e)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Soviet scientists — a part of the armed forces. Soviet War News, no. 42, 28 Aug, 2 (1941f)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Anglo-Soviet Medical Committee. Soviet War News, no. 49, 5 Sept, 4 (1941g)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Professors with hand grenades. Soviet War News, no. 53, 10 Sept, 3 (1941h)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: What Leningrad scientists are doing. Soviet War News, no. 80, 12 Oct, 4 (1941i)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Anglo-Russian alliance in medicine. Lancet 238(6160), 20 Sept, 344 (1941j)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Anglo-Soviet Medical Committee. Brit. Med. J. 2(4216), 25 Oct, 590 (1941k)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Scientific co-operation between Great Britain and the U.S.S.R. Nature 149(3776), 14 Mar, 297 (1942a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Race and fascism. Nature 149(3781), 18 Apr, 426–427 (1942b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Science and technology in the Soviet Union. Nature 149(3785), 16 May, 545–547 (1942c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: The U.S.S.R. Academy of Science and the Royal Society. Nature 149(3789), 13 Jun, 663 (1942d)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Exchange of scientific information with the U.S.S.R. Nature 149(3789), 13 Jun, 663 (1942e)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: British and Russian naturalists. Nature 150(3795), 25 Jul, 117 (1942f)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Anglo-Soviet Scientific Collaboration Committee. Nature 150(3801), 5 Sept, 285–286 (1942g)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Science and Technology in the Soviet Union. Papers Read at the Symposium at Easter, 1942, held under the Auspices of The Faculty of Science of Marx House. Science Services Ltd. (1942h)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Russian interchange. Lancet 239(6183), 28 Feb, 263 (1942i)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: A book for Russian colleagues. Lancet 240(6223), 5 Dec, 674 (1942j)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Message received by the American Association of Scientific Workers from the Soviet Scientists [sic] Antifascist Committee. Science 97(2511), 12 Feb, 162–163 (1943a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: The work of Soviet astronomers at Leningrad during the siege. Science 97(2515), 12 Mar, 237 (1943b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: British and Russian men of science: exchange of greetings. Nature 152(3846), 17 Jul, 70 (1943c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Science in Soviet Russia: Papers presented at Congress [sic] of American-Soviet Friendship, New York City, November 7, 1943, under the auspices of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship. Jaques Cattell Press, Lancaster, PA (1944)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. Science 101(2633), 15 Jun, 603 (1945a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. Science 102(2638), 20 Jul, 58 (1945b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Science in Peace. Nature 155(3931), 3 Mar, 260–262 (1945c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: British representatives at Soviet Academy celebrations. Nature 155(3946), 16 Jun, 721 (1945d)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Solar energy for Soviet economy: first ‘solar kitchens’ and ‘solar laundries’. Soviet War News, no. 1114, 20 Mar, 4 (1945e)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: 220th anniversary of Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.: jubilee session in June. Soviet War News, no. 1163, 24 May, 1 (1945f)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Jubilee of Soviet Academy of Sciences: 44 British scientists invited. Soviet War News, no. 1166, 28 May, 2 (1945g)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: British scientists arrive in Moscow. Soviet War News, no. 1183, 16 Jun, 1 (1945h)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Scientists in session. Soviet War News, no. 1185, 19 Jun, 1 (1945i)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Medical exchange with Russia ends. NY Times, 19 Nov, 19 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Iron Curtain breaks. Science Newsl. 65(22), 29 May, 351 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Visa problems of scientists. Science Newsl. 68(25), 17 Dec, 386 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Biochemistry in Russia: impressions gained at the Fifth International Congress of Biochemistry in Moscow. Brit. Med. J. 2(5253), 9 Sept, 701–703 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: US-USSR scholarly exchange program. ACLS Newsl. 13(4), 1–4 (1962a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: The largest cancer congress. Brit. Med. J. 2(5301), 11 Aug, 405–406 (1962b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: ACLS exchange program with the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. ACLS Newsl. 14(2), 15 (1963a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Program of exchanges of scholars between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. ACLS Newsl. 14(7), 8–11 (1963b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: A British view of Soviet research administration. New Scientist, no. 368, 5 Dec, 586–587 (1963c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Sixth International Congress of Biochemistry, July 16 to August 1, 1964, New York City. Proceedings of the Plenary Sessions and the Program. International Union of Biochemistry (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Microbiologists in Moscow. Nature 211(5052), 27 Aug, 900–901 (1966a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: International Association of Microbiological Societies, 9th International Congress for Microbiology, Moscow, 1966. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1966b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Czechoslovak conference: biology of bats. Nature 220(5163), 12 Oct, 117 (1968a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Water: nuclear desalination. Nature 220(5174), 28 Dec, 1274 (1968b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Metallic Corrosion, Moscow, 1966. Mir, Moscow (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Sanity restored. Nature 226(5252), 27 Jun, 1188 (1970a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Clear voice from the East. Nature 227(5264), 19 Sept, 1177–1178 (1970b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Scientific accord in Moscow. Nature 237(5353), 2 Jun, 247–248 (1972a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Zhores Medvedev and the reputation of Russian science. Nature 238(5359), 14 Jul, 61–62 (1972b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Medvedev given two year passport. Times (London), 27 Nov, 14 (1972c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Dr Medvedev in London. Nature 241(5386), 19 Jan, 154 (1973a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Sad case of Dr Zhores Medvedev. Nature 244(5416), 17 Aug, 379 (1973b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: Scientific exchanges must serve science, not the Soviet government. Nature 283(5746), 31 Jan, 415 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon: How to order an East-West thaw. Nature 309(5971), 28 Jun, 735–736 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery, D.: Allied scientific co-operation and Soviet espionage in Canada, 1941–45. Intell. Nat. Security 8(3), 100–128 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aver’yanov, A.G., Korotkevich, Ye.S.: Glaciation of Antarctica (study results and prospects). Polar Geogr. 2(3), 154–163 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Babes, M., Kaeser, M.-A. (eds.): Archaeologists Without Boundaries: Towards a History of International Archaeological Congresses (1866–2006). Archaeopress, Oxford (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville, C.: International congresses. Science 32(828), 11 Nov, 652–659 (1910)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, W.: Science in Russia. Nature 116(2923), 7 Nov, 681–683 (1925)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beardsley, E.H.: Secrets between friends: applied science exchange between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union during World War II. Social Stud. Sci. 7, 447–473 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beeston, N., McEwan, A.: Soviet exile gets back his citizenship. Times (London), 2 Jul, 9 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, J.D.: Scientists at the front. Brit. soyuzn., no. 2(74), 9 Jan, 6 (1944) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaauw, A.: History of the IAU: The Birth and First Half-Century of the International Astronomical Union. Springer (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bok, B.J.: Science in international cooperation. Science 121(3155), 17 Jun, 843–847 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brilla, J., Balaš, J. (eds.): Theory of Plates and Shells: Selected Papers Presented to the Conference on the Theory of Two- and Three-dimensional Structures held at Smolenice (Slovakia), October 1st–5th, 1963. Slovak Acad. Sci., Bratislava (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, J.L.: VIIth International Congress of the International Society for Cell Biology. Science 112(2921), 22 Dec, 769–770 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bu, L.: Educational exchange and cultural diplomacy in the Cold War. J. Amer. Studies 33(3), 393–415 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunbury, D.E.: The formation of the Anglo-Soviet Medical Committee. Postgrad. Med. J. 18(194), 6–7 (1942)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D.T., Deelstra, H.: The origins and impact of the International Congresses of Applied Chemistry, 1894–1912. Microchim. Acta 172, 277–283 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes, R.F.: Soviet-American Academic Exchanges, 1958–1975. Indiana Univ. Press (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadbury, D.: Space Race: The Untold Story of Two Rivals and Their Struggle for the Moon. Fourth Estate, London (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahn, R.W.: Restrictions on Soviet scientists. Nature 228(5270), 31 Oct, 485 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W.B.: Foreword. Amer. Rev. Soviet Med. 1(1), 5–6 (1943)

    Google Scholar 

  • Carling, E.R.: Medical and surgical achievement in the U.S.S.R. during the war. Nature 153(3884), 8 Apr, 419–424 (1944)

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, E.A.: Genes, Radiation and Society: The Life and Work of H. J. Muller. Cornell Univ. Press (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, E.A.: Speaking out about the social implications of science: the uneven legacy of H. J. Muller. Genetics 187(1), 1–7 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Case, C.C., Dunbar, C.O., Howe, H.V., Howell, B.F.: International Paleontological Union. J. Paleontology 12(3), 303–304 (1938)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlin, W.H.: Foreword. Russian Rev. 1(1), 1–5 (1941)

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlier, R.H., Dietz, R.S.: Oceanography: two reports on the recent International Congress in Moscow. Science 153(3742), 16 Sept, 1421–1428 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cock, A.G.: Chauvinism and internationalism in science: the International Research Council, 1919–1926. Notes Records Roy. Soc. London 37(2), 249–288 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, A.P.: A Report on the Status of Russian and Other Slavic and East European Languages in the Educational Institutions of the United States, its Territories, Possessions and Mandates, with Additional Data on Similar Studies in Canada and Latin America. American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages, Columbia Univ., New York (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  • Congrès: XI\(^\text{ me }\) Congrès international de navigation, Saint-Pétersbourg 1908. Compte rendu des travaux du congrès. Imprimerie des travaux publics, Bruxelles (1908)

    Google Scholar 

  • Congrès: XI International Navigation Congress, Saint Petersburg, 1908. Proceedings of the congress. Lectures and communications by foreign members of the congress on issues relating to maritime navigation. Saint Petersburg (1910) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, E.: Internationalism in science as a casualty of the First World War: relations between German and Allied scientists as reected in nominations for the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry. Social Sci. Inform. 27(2), 163–201 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, E.: Nationalism and Internationalism in Science, 1880–1939: Four Studies of the Nobel Population. Cambridge Univ. Press (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crew, F.A.E.: Seventh International Genetical Congress. Nature 144(3646), 16 Sept, 496–498 (1939)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale, H.: Isaac Newton, 1642–1727. Notes Records Roy. Soc. London 4(2), 146–161 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalitz, R.H., Peierls, R.: Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac. 8 August 1902–20 October 1984. Biogr. Mem. Fellows Roy. Soc. 32, 138–185 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalmedico, A.D.: Mathematics in the twentieth century. In: Krige and Pestre (1997), pp. 651–667

    Google Scholar 

  • David-Fox, M.: From illusory ‘society’ to intellectual ‘public’: VOKS, international travel and party-intelligentsia relations in the interwar period. Contemp. Europ. Hist. 11(1), 7–32 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • David-Fox, M.: Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921–1941. Oxford Univ. Press (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson of Penn, Gye, W.E., Hopkins, F.G., Manson-Bahr, P., Ryle, J.A., Shaw, W.F., Webb-Johnson, A., Wilson, C.M.: Medical coöperation with Russia. Lancet 238(6160), 20 Sept, 352 (1941a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson of Penn, Gye, W.E., Hopkins, F.G., Manson-Bahr, P., Ryle, J.A., Shaw, W.F., Webb-Johnson, A., Wilson, C.M.: Anglo-Soviet Medical Committee. Brit. Med. J. 2(4211), 20 Sept, 424 (1941b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deacon, G.E.R.: International Oceanographic Conference. Nature 184(4699), 21 Nov, 1605–1606 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • de Andrada, E.N.: Science serves at the front. Brit. soyuzn., no. 11(83), 12 Mar, 7 (1944) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Debru, C.: Postwar science in divided Europe: a continuing cooperation. Centaurus 55(1), 62–69 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deemer, R.B., Dawson, P.R., Merz, A.R. (eds.): Proceedings and Papers of the First International Congress of Soil Science, June 13–22, 1927, Washington. American Organizing Committee of the First International Congress of Soil Science (1928)

    Google Scholar 

  • Demidov, S.S., Esakov, V.D.: The ‘case of Academician N. N. Luzin’ in light of the Stalinist reform of Soviet science. Istor.-mat. issled., no. 4(39), 156–171 (1999) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Demidov, S.S., Levshin, B.V. (eds.): The Case of Academician Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin. Russian Christian Humanitarian Institute, Saint Petersburg (1999) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Demidov, S.S., Tokareva, T.A.: The formation of the Soviet mathematical school. Istor.-mat. issled., no. 10(45), 142–159 (2005) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • de Milt, C.: The congress at Karlsruhe. J. Chem. Ed. 28(8), 421–425 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  • Denny, H.: Russian astronomer is accused of ‘servility’ to foreign science. NY Times, 20 Jul, 1 (1936)

    Google Scholar 

  • Doel, R.E., Hoffmann, D., Krementsov, K.: National states and international Science: a comparative history of international science congresses in Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’s Russia, and ColdWar United States. Osiris 20, 49–76 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Doel, R.E., Needell, A.A.: Science, scientists, and the CIA: balancing international ideals, national needs, and professional opportunities. Intell. Nat. Security 12(1), 59–81 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, L.C.: Soviet biology. Science 99(2561), 28 Jan, 65–67 (1944)

    Google Scholar 

  • DuS., G.: ‘Neither Snow Nor Rain Nor \(\ldots \)’. Science 133(3452), 24 Feb, 549 (1961a)

    Google Scholar 

  • DuS., G.: The reluctant dragon. Science 133(3465), 26 May, 1677 (1961b)

    Google Scholar 

  • DuS., G.: Postal censorship. Science 135(3507), 16 March, 877 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, E.R., Jr.: International co-operation in space research (I). Nature 195(4840), 4 Aug, 420–423 (1962); (II). ibid. 195(4841), 11 Aug, 532–537 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelson, B.I., Townsend, A.: U.S.-Soviet cooperation: opportunities in space. SAIS Rev. 9(1), 183–197 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedorov, K.A.: Soviet-French scientifico-technical connections. Voprosy istor. estest. tekhn., no. 1, 124–130 (1984) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, W.O., Franklin, K.J., Zotterman, Y. (eds.): History of the International Congresses of Physiological Sciences 1889–1968. Amer. Physiol. Soc., Baltimore, MD (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, M. (ed.): Theory of Graphs and its Application. Proceedings of the Symposium held in Smolenice in June 1963. Czechoslovak Acad. Sci., Prague (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Foreign Office (UK): Report of the Interdepartmental Commission of Enquiry on Oriental, Slavonic East European and African Studies. HMSO, London (1947)

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, P.: Scientific internationalism and the Weimar physicists: the ideology and its manipulation in Germany after World War I. Isis 64(2), 150–180 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, W.L.: The handling of scientific and technical information in the USSR: a report on the DSIR-Aslib visit. Aslib Proc. 15(12), 364–373 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, K.J.: A short history of the International Congresses of Physiologists. Ann. Sci. 3(3), 241–335 (1938); reproduced in Fenn et al. (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frumkin, A.N.: Chemistry versus fascism. Soviet War News, no. 89, 22 Aug, 3 (1941)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frye, R.N.: Review: Report of the Interdepartmental Commission of Enquiry on Oriental, Slavonic, East European and African Studies. J. Amer. Oriental Soc. 67(4), 333–334 (1947)

    Google Scholar 

  • Furaev, V.K.: Soviet-American scientific and cultural relations (1924–1933). Voprosy istorii, no. 3, 41–57 (1974) (in Russian); English trans.: Soviet Stud. Hist. 14(3), 46–75 (1975–1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.B.: International Conference on Topology. Science 82(2134), 22 Nov, 483 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerard, R.W.: The Eighteenth International Physiological Congress. Science 112(2921), 22 Dec, 767 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerovitch, S.: From Newpeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics. MIT Press (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gessen, M.: Perfect Rigour: A Genius and the Mathematical Breakthrough of the Century. Icon Books (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordin, M.D.: The Heidelberg Circle: German inections on the professionalization of Russian chemistry in the 1860s. Osiris 23(1), 23–49 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordin, M.D.: The Soviet science system. The Point, no. 8, 118–127 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordin, M.D.: Scientific Babel: The Language of Science from the Fall of Latin to the Rise of English. Profile Books (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordin, M., Grunden, W., Walker, M., Wang, Z.: "Ideologically correct" science. In: Walker, M. (ed.) Science and Ideology: A Comparative History, pp. 38–65. Routledge, London and New York (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, W.T.: The Seventeenth International Geological Congress. Nature 140(3549), 6 Nov, 789–791 (1937)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L.R.: Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union. Alfred A. Knopf, New York (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L.R.: Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History. Cambridge Univ. Press (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L.R.: What Have We Learned About Science and Technology from the Russian Experience? Stanford Univ. Press (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L., Kantor, J.-M.: Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity. The Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, L.M., Hille, E., Smith, P.A., Zariski, O. (eds.): Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., August 30-September 6, 1950. Amer. Math. Soc. (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenaway, F.: Science International: A History of the International Council of Scientific Unions. Cambridge Univ. Press (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, D.S.: Space cooperation: U.S., Soviets agree to do up there what they have not done down here. Science 135(3509), 30 Mar, 1115–1117 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, D.S.: The Smale Case: NSF and Berkeley pass through a case of jitters. Science 154(3745), 7 Oct, 130–133 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, C.S.: Academic freedom under pressure. Book review: ‘No Ivory Tower’ by Ellen W. Schrecker. Science 235(4786), 16 Jan, 371–372 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, J.D.: The Second International Forestry Congress at Budapest. Science 84(2190), 18 Dec, 554–556 (1936)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamblin, J.D.: Visions of international scientific cooperation: the case of oceanic science, 1920–1955. Minerva 38, 393–423 (2000a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamblin, J.D.: Science in isolation: American marine geophysics research, 1950–1968. Physics in Perspective 2(3), 293–312 (2000b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargittai, B., Hargittai, I.: Dmitri I. Mendeleev: a centennial. Structural Chem. 18, 253–255 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D.L., Ciccoritti, L.C.: US-Soviet cooperation in space. Center for Advanced International Studies, Univ. Miami (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, A.B., Shimkin, M.B.: Medical research mission to the Soviet Union. Science 103(2681), 17 May, 605–608 (1946); ibid. 103(2682), 24 May, 637–644 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  • H.E.S.: Editor’s note. Amer. Rev. Soviet Med. 1(1), 94 (1943)

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, M., Martin-Nielsen, J.: Introduction: perspectives on Cold War science in small European states. Centaurus 55(3), 221–242 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, R.: Russian and Soviet studies in France: teaching, research, libraries, archives, and publications. Russian Rev. 38(1), 52–79 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, P.E.: Conference on the Effects of Nuclear Weapons. Nature 176(4476), 13 Aug, 289–290 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, P.: The Man Who Loved Only Numbers: The Story of Paul Erdős and the Search for Mathematical Truth. Hyperion (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, R.: Conferences in Russia? Nature 245(5424), 12 Oct, 343 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollings, C.: The case of Evgenii Sergeevich Lyapin. Math. Today 48(4), 184–186 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollings, C.: The struggle against idealism: Soviet ideology and mathematics. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 60(11), 1448–1458 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollings, C.: Mathematics across the Iron Curtain: A History of the Algebraic Theory of Semigroups. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, Rhode Island (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollings, C.: The acceptance of abstract algebra in the USSR, as viewed through periodic surveys of the progress of Soviet mathematical science. Historia Math. 42(2), 193–222 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Houssay, B.A.: Twenty-First Congress, Buenos Aires—1959. In Fenn et al. (1968), pp. 50–54 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Howie, J.M.: Gordon Bamford Preston. Semigroup Forum 51, 269–271 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, J.: A Scientist among the Soviets. Chatto and Windus, London (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ihde, A.J.: The Karlsruhe congress: a centennial retrospective. J. Chem. Ed. 38(2), 83–86 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, M., Roberts, T.A. (eds.): Botulism 1966: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Food Microbiology, Moscow, July 1966. Chapman & Hall, London (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ipatieff, V.N.: Modern science in Russia. Russian Rev. 2(2), 68–80 (1943)

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaev, A.N.: Soviet-French Seminar on Safety of Atomic Power Plants withWater-Moderated-Water-Cooled Reactors. Atomnaya energiya 46(5), 366–367 (1979) (in Russian); English trans.: Soviet Atomic Energy 46(5), 424–426 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanovskaya, A.A.: The origins of Soviet-French scientific-technical ties. Voprosy istorii, no. 1, 196–203 (1976) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivy, A.C.: The Fifteenth International Physiological Congress, Leningrad and Moscow, August 8–18, 1935. Amer. J. Digestive Diseases 2(11), 692–695 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffe, A.: The main problems of physics in the U.S.S.R. Sci. Monthly 61(2), 154–156 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, T.: Being Soviet: Identity, Rumour, and Everyday Life under Stalin 1939–1953. Oxford Univ. Press (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Joravsky, D.: The Lysenko Affair. Univ. Chicago Press (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Josephson, P.R.: Soviet scientists and the state: politics, ideology, and fundamental research from Stalin to Gorbachev. Social Research 59(3), 589–614 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • Josephson, P.: Red Atom: Russia’s Nuclear Power Program from Stalin to Today. Univ. Pittsburg Press (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kameneva, O.D.: Cultural rapprochement: the U.S.S.R. Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. Pacific Affairs 1(5), 6–8 (1928)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamminga, H.: The International Union of Crystallography: its formation and early development. Acta Crystallogr. A 45, 581–601 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassof, A.H.: Scholarly exchange and the collapse of communism. Soviet Post-Soviet Rev. 22(3), 263–274 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, G.: Twenty-Third Congress, Tokyo-1965. In Fenn et al. (1968), pp. 59–68 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, M., Mac Lane, S., Adams, R.McC., Wilson, R.R.: Scientific exchanges with the Soviet Union. Bull. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 34(1), 6–19 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kautzleben, H., Müller, A.: Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945) | from mineral to noosphere. J. Geochem. Exploration 147, 4–10 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Keltie, J.S., Mill, H.R. (eds.): Report of the Sixth International Geographical Congress, held in London, 1895. John Murray, London (1896)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerber, R.E.: A USA-USSR experiment in medical journalism: The American Review of Soviet Medicine. Amer. Communist Hist. 11(2), 229–235 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kevles, D.J.: ‘Into hostile political camps’: the reorganization of international science in World War I. Isis 62(1), 47–60 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • King, B.: SCR The Early Years. Anglo-Soviet J., Oct, 23–27 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchik, O., Gingras, Y., Larivière, V.: Changes in publication languages and citation practices and their effect on the scientific impact of Russian science (1993–2010). J. Amer. Soc. Inform. Sci. Tech. 63(7), 1411–1419 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirillov, P.L.: Soviet-French Seminar on Fast Reactors. Atomnaya energiya 42(1), 64–65 (1977) (in Russian); English trans.: Soviet Atomic Energy 42(1), 73–75 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, J.R.: Soviet Mathematics. In: Christman, R.C. (ed.) Soviet Science: A Symposium Presented on December 27, 1951, at the Philadelphia Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 80–84. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen, H., Nielsen, H.: Pursuing common cultural ideals: Niels Bohr, neutrality, and international scientific collaboration during the interwar period. In: Lettevall et al. (2012), pp. 115–139 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojevnikov, A.B.: Rockefeller philanthropy and Soviet science. Voprosy istor. estest. tekhn., no. 3, 80–111 (1993) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojevnikov, A.B.: Stalin’s Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists. Imperial College Press (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolchinsky, E.I.: Nikolai Vavilov in the years of Stalin’s ‘Revolution from Above’ (1929–1932). Centaurus 56, 330–358 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Korneyev, S.C. (ed.): USSR Academy of Sciences: Scientific Relations with Great Britain. Nauka, Moscow (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Korneyev, S.G., Timofeyev, I.A.: U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences: relations with research institutions, scientists and scholars of Britain (1917–1975). In: Korneyev (1977), pp. 8–69 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krementsov, N.A.: "Second front" in Soviet genetics: the international dimension of the Lysenko controversy, 1944–1947. J. Hist. Biol. 29(2), 229–250 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krementsov, N.: Russian science in the twentieth century. In: Krige and Pestre (1997), pp. 777–794

    Google Scholar 

  • Krementsov, N.: The Cure: A Story of Cancer and Politics from the Annals of the Cold War. Univ. Chicago Press (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krementsov, N.: International Science between the World Wars: The Case of Genetics. Routledge, New York and London (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krementsov, N.: Big revolution, little revolution: science and politics in Bolshevik Russia. Social Research 73(4), 1173–1204 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krementsov, N.: In the shadow of the bomb: U.S.-Soviet biomedical relations in the early Cold War, 1944–1948. J. Cold War Stud. 9(4), 41–67 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krige, J.: NATO and the strengthening of Western science in the post-Sputnik era. Minerva 38, 81–108 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krige, J.: Atoms for peace, scientific internationalism, and scientific intelligence. Osiris 21(1), 161–181 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krige, J., Pestre, D. (eds.): Science in the Twentieth Century. Harwood Academic, Amsterdam (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kryuchkova, T.: English as a language of science in Russia. In: Ammon, U. (ed.) The Dominance of English as a Language of Science: Effects on Other Languages and Language Communities, pp. 405–423. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurosh, A.G., Bityutskov, V.I., Boltyanskii, V.G., Dynkin, E.B., Shilov, G.E., Yushkevich, A.P. (eds.): Mathematics in the USSR after Forty Years, 1917–1957. 2 vols., Gos. Izdat. Fiz.-Mat. Lit., Moscow (1959) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutateladze, S.S.: Roots of Luzin’s case. J. Appl. Ind. Math. 1(3), 261–267 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutateladze, S.S.: The tragedy of mathematics in Russia. Siberian Electronic Math. Rep. 9, A85–A100 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutateladze, S.S.: An epilog to the Luzin case. Siberian Electronic Math. Rep. 10, A1–A6 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuznick, P.J.: Beyond the Laboratory: Scientists as Political Activists in 1930s America. Univ. Chicago Press (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, E.: Soviet genetics: first Russian visit since 1930’s offers a glimpse. Science 157(3793), 8 Sept, 1153 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lear, W.J.: Hot war creation, Cold War casualty: The American-Soviet Medical Society, 1943–1948. In: Fee, E., Brown, T.M. (eds.) Making Medical History: The Life and Times of Henry E. Sigerist, pp. 259–287. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefschetz, S.: The Second All-Soviet Mathematical Congress. Science 80(2082), 23 Nov, 479–480 (1934)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehto, O.: Mathematics without Borders: A History of the International Mathematical Union. Springer (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lettevall, R., Somsen, G., Widmalm, S. (eds.): Neutrality in Twentieth-Century Europe: Intersections of Science, Culture, and Politics after the First World War. Routledge, London and New York (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levering, R.B. (ed.): Debating the Origins of the Cold War: American and Russian Perspectives. Rowman & Littlefield (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levich, Y.: Trying to keep in touch. Nature 263(5576), 30 Sept, 366 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, A.E.: Anatomy of a public campaign: “Academician Luzin’s Case” in Soviet political history. Slavic Rev. 49(1), 90–108 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorentz, G.G.: Who discovered analytic sets? Math. Intelligencer 23(4), 28–32 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorentz, G.G.: Mathematics and politics in the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. J. Approx. Theory 116, 169–223 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubrano, L.L.: National and international politics in US-USSR scientific cooperation. Social Stud. Sci. 11(4), 451–480 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lygo, E.: Promoting Soviet culture in Britain: the history of the Society for Cultural Relations between the Peoples of the British Commonwealth and the USSR, 1924–1945. Modern Lang. Rev. 108(2), 571–596 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Malkov, M.P. (ed.): Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics: Moscow, USSR, 31 August – 6 September 1966. VINITI, Moscow (1967) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzione, J.: ‘Amusing and amazing and practical and military’: the legacy of scientific internationalism in American foreign policy, 1945–1963. Diplomatic Hist. 24(1), 21–55 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marton, E.: A portrait of Flóris Rómer in the frame of Budapest-Lisbon CIAAPS 1876–1880 congresses. In: Babes and Kaeser (2009), pp. 11–16 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazon, A.: Slavonic studies in France. Slavon. East Europ. Rev. 25(64), 206–213 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  • Medvedev, Zh.A.: The Rise and Fall of T. D. Lysenko. Columbia Univ. Press (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Medvedev, Zh.A.: The closed circuit - a record of Soviet scientific life. Nature 227(5264), 19 Sept, 1197–1202 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Medvedev, Zh.A.: The Medvedev Papers: The Plight of Soviet Science Today. Macmillan, London (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Medvedev, Zh.A.: Soviet Science. Oxford Univ. Press (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Medvedev, Zh.A.: East-West relations. Nature 310(5980), 30 Aug, 722 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Milanovsky, E.E.: Three sessions of the International Geological Congress held in Russia and the USSR (1897, 1937, 1984). Episodes: J. Internat. Geoscience 27(2), 101–106 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C.A.: ‘An effective instrument of peace’: scientific cooperation as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy, 1938–1950. Osiris 21(2), 133–160 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nassau, J.J.: International relations in science and problems of visas. Science 124(3212), 20 Jul, 127 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathanson, M.B.: Math flows poorly from East to West. NY Times, 20 Sept (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, J., Davies, J.S. (eds.): Science in Soviet Russia. Watts and Co., London (1942)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemzer, L.: The Soviet Friendship Societies. Public Opinion Quarterly 13(2), 265–284 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Neswald, E.: Francis Gano Benedict’s reports of visits to foreign laboratories and the Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory. Actes hist. cièn. tècn. 4, 11–32 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Neswald, E.: Strategies of international community-building in early twentieth century metabolism research: the foreign laboratory visits of Francis Gano Benedict. Hist. Stud. Nat. Sci. 43(1), 1–40 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, H., Knudsen, H.: Too hot to handle: the controversial hunt for uranium in Greenland in the early Cold War. Centaurus 55(3), 319–343 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nonweiler, T.: Seventh International Astronautical Congress. Nature 178(4538), 20 Oct, 832–833 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Novikov, Yu.M.: Soviet-French scientific-technical cooperation in the field of metrology. Izmeritelnaya tekhnika, no. 3, 80–81 (1973) (in Russian); English trans.: Measurement Techniques 16(3), 443–444 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nygren, B.: The development of cooperation between the Soviet Union and three Western Great Powers, 1950–75. Cooperation and Conict 15(3), 117–140 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, M.E.: Science education and international understanding. Sci. Ed. 30(3), 136–148 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  • Palache, C.: The Geological Congress in Russia. Amer. Naturalist 31(371), 951–960 (1897)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pechatnov, V.O.: The rise and fall of Britansky Soyuznik: a case study in Soviet response to British propaganda of the mid-1940s. Hist. J. 41(1), 293–301 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickavance, T.G., Skyrme, T.H.R.: High energy nuclear physics: Moscow conference. Nature 178(4525), 21 Jul, 115–116 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaud, R.: From the history of Franco-Russian and Franco-Soviet scientific ties. Voprosy istor. estest. tekhn., nos. 67–68, 91–98 (1980) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, E.A.: US-USSR cooperation in medicine and health. Russian Rev. 32(3), 229–240 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Redman, R.O.: International Astronomical Union: General Assembly in Dublin. Nature 176(4483), 1 Oct, 626–627 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, M.: Keeping in touch with Soviet colleagues. Nature 265(5594), 10 Feb, 484–485 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, V.: Russia’s curtained window on the West. Nature 249(5457), 7 Jun, 502–504 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, V.: Tbilisi: a conference with problems. Nature 257(5521), 4 Sept, 5–6 (1975a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, V.: Healthy exchanges. Nature 257(5526), 9 Oct, 441 (1975b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, V.: He who would dissident be. Nature 263(5576), 30 Sept, 361 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, V.: US at sixes and sevens over Soviet exchanges. Nature 277(5697), 8 Feb, 424 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, Y.: Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain. Pennsylvia State Univ. Press (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, P.: Intelligence and internationalism: the Cold War career of Anton Bruun. Centaurus 55(3), 243–263 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanovsky, S.K.: Cultural and scientific ties between the Soviet Union and Great Britain. Anglo-Soviet J., Oct, 11–13 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig, M.R.: History of the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS). Psychology Press, Hove (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rostov, S.: The professor who transplants hearts. Soviet War News, no. 1159, 18 May, 3 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudio, F. (ed.): Verhandlungen des ersten Internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Zurich vom 9. bis 11. August 1897. Druck und Verlag von B. G. Teubner, Leipzig (1897)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagdeev, R.Z. (Eisenhower, S., ed.): The Making of a Soviet Scientist: My Adventures in Nuclear Fusion and Space from Stalin to Star Wars. Wiley (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Ron, J.M.: International relations in Spanish physics from 1900 to the Cold War. Hist. Stud. Phys. Bio. Sci. 33(1), 3–31 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapsai, A.: East-West relations. Nature 310(5977), 9 Aug, 446 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, B.: ‘My Brain is Open’: The Mathematical Journeys of Paul. Oxford Univ, Press. Oxford Univ. Press (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrecker, E.W.: No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities. Oxford Univ. Press. (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrecker, E.: Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Princeton Univ. Press (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder-Gudehus, B.: Challenge to transnational loyalties: international scientific organizations after the First World War. Sci. Stud. 3(2), 93–118 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder-Gudehus, B.: Probing the master narrative of scientific internationalism: nationals and neutrals in the 1920s. In: Lettevall et al. (2012), pp. 19–42 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer, G.E.: Techno-diplomacy: US–Soviet Confrontations in Science and Technology. Plenum Press, New York and London (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer, G.E.: Experiments in Cooperation: Assessing U.S.-Russian Programs in Science and Technology. The Twentieth Century Fund Press, New York. (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer, G.E.: Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation. Nat. Acad. Press, Washington DC (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, H., Russell, R.S.: Radioisotopes in scientific research: UNESCO conference. Nature 180(4594), 16 Nov, 1029–1031 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Semenov, B.A.: Soviet-French collaboration in the field of the peaceful utilisation of atomic energy. Atomnaya energiya 46(3), 201–203 (1979) (in Russian); English trans.: Soviet Atomic Energy 46(3), 236–238 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapley, D.: Détente: travel curbs hinder U.S.-U.S.S.R. exchanges. Science 186(4165), 22 Nov, 712–715 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shishkin, B.: The work of Soviet botanists. Science 97(2520), 16 Apr, 354–355 (1943)

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegmund-Schultze, R.: Rockefeller and the Internationalization of Mathematics between the Two World Wars: Documents and Studies for the Social History of Mathematics in the 20th Century. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Boston (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegmund-Schultze, R.: One hundred years after the Great War (1914–2014): a century of breakdowns, resumptions and fundamental changes in international mathematical communication. In: Jang, S.Y., Kim, Y.R., Lee, D.-W., Yie, I. (eds.) Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians Seoul 2014, vol. IV, pp. 1231–1253. Gyeong Munsa (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigerist, H.E.: Editorial: on American-Soviet medical relations. Amer. Rev. Soviet Med. 5(1), 4–8 (1948a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigerist, H.E.: Editorial. Amer. Rev. Soviet Med. 5(4), 162 (1948b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smale, S.: On the steps of Moscow University. Math. Intelligencer 6(2), 21–27 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.B.: Peaceful coexistence at all costs: Cold War exchanges between Britain and the Soviet Union in 1956. Cold War Hist. 12(3), 537–558 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.A.: Physics of semiconductors. Nature 188(4751), 19 Nov, 632–633 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S.G., Krementsov, N.: Giving and taking across borders: the Rockefeller Foundation and Russia, 1919–1928. Minerva 39, 265–298 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, U.: The International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and Archaeology and German Archaeology. In: Babes and Kaeser (2009), pp. 17–31 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorokina, M.: Partners of choice/Faute de mieux? Russians and Germans at the 200th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences, 1925. In: Solomon, S.G. (ed.) Doing Medicine Together: Germany and Russia Between the Wars, pp. 61–102. Univ. Toronto Press (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, L.: The background history of creation of the French Rapprochement Society: The New Russia (based on the unpublished VOKS documents). Austral. Slavon. East Europ. Stud. 11(1–2), 143–160 (1997) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, L.: The All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and French Intellectuals, 1925–29. Austral. J. Politics Hist. 45(1), 99–109 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Strakhovsky, L.I.: On understanding Russia: a review article. Amer. Slavic East Europ. Rev. 6(1/2), 181–199 (1947)

    Google Scholar 

  • Strekopytov, S.P.: International scientifico-technical connections in the first years of Soviet power. Voprosy istor. estest. tekhn., no. 2(59), 74–78 (1977) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Struve, O.: The International Astronomical Union. Science 117(3039), 27 Mar, 315–318 (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, C.: Soviet scientist is made an exile. Times (London), 9 Aug, 5 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, J.: The SCR 1937–1952. Anglo-Soviet J., Oct, 28–32 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Todes, D., Krementsov, N.: Dialectical materialism and Soviet science in the 1920s and 1930s. In: Leatherbarrow, W.J., Offord, D. (eds.) A History of Russian Thought, pp. 340–367. Cambridge Univ. Press (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tokareva, T.A.: The first congresses of domestic mathematicians: the prehistory and formation of the Soviet mathematical school. Istor.-mat. issled., no. 6(41), 213–231 (2001) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Topchiev, A.V.: The USSR Academy of Sciences and its scientific links with Britain. Anglo-Soviet J., Mar, 26–29 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Trostnikov, V.N.: Worldwide Congress of Mathematicians in Moscow. Izdat. Znanie, Moscow (1967) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, A.W.: The Topological Congress in Moscow. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 4(11), 764 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  • Villat, H. (ed.): Comptes rendus du Congrès international des mathématiciens (Strasbourg, 22–30 Septembre 1920). Imprimerie et Librairie Édouard Privat, Toulouse (1921)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradov, I.: Mathematics in the U.S.S.R. Nature 150(3815), 12 Dec, 677–678 (1942)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vucinich, A.: Science in Russian Culture 1861–1917. Stanford Univ. Press (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vucinich, A.: Mathematics and dialectics in the Soviet Union: the pre-Stalin period. Historia Math. 26, 107–124 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vucinich, A.: Soviet mathematics and dialectics in the Stalin era. Historia Math. 27, 54–76 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vucinich, A.: Soviet mathematics and dialectics in the post-Stalin era: new horizons. Historia Math. 29, 13–39 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Waddington, C.H.: International Genetics Symposia in Japan. Nature 178(4546),15 Dec, 1329–1330 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z.: U.S.-China scientific exchange: a case study of state-sponsored scientific internationalism during the Cold War and beyond. Hist. Studies Phys. Biol. Sci. 30(1), 30, 249–277 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson-Jones, R.: Russian surgeons and Russian surgery. Bull. War Med. 4(3), 121–123 (1943a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson-Jones, R.: Surgical mission to Moscow. Brit. Med. J. 2(4312), 28th August, 276–277 (1943b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb-Johnson, A.E.: Surgical instruments for Russia. Brit. Med. J. 2(4222), 6 Dec, 830 (1941); ibid. 1(4235), 7 Mar, 335 (1942); Lancet 239(6183), 28 Feb, 275 (1942)

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, H.: Moscow 1935: topology moving toward America. In: Duren, P.L. (ed.) A Century of Mathematics in America, vol. 1, pp. 97–117. Amer. Math. Soc. (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, H.W.: Second International Congress of Applied Chemistry. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 18, 923–940 (1896)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, A.J.: Competing with the Soviets: Science, Technology, and the State in Cold War America. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooster, W.A.: Order-disorder structures. Nature 202(4393), 27 Jun, 1273–1274 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurtz, C.-A.: Account of the sessions of the International Congress of Chemists in Karlsruhe, on 3, 4, and 5 September 1860. In Kekulé, A. (ed.) Richard Anschütz, vol. 1, pp. 671–688. Verlag Chemie, Berlin (1929); English trans. in Nye, M.J.: The Question of the Atom. Tomash, Los Angeles (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yushkevich, A.P.: The case of Academician N. N. Luzin. Vremya. Idei. Sudby, 12 Apr (1989) (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavyalskii, L.P.: Soviet-French Symposium on Fuel Elements of Fast Reactors. Atomnaya energiya 35(1), 73–75 (1973) (in Russian); English trans.: Soviet Atomic Energy 35(1), 695–696 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhebrak, A.R.: Soviet biology. Science 102(2649), 5 Oct, 357–358 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhukovsky [sic]: The cosmic rays mystery. Soviet War News, no. 1313, 29 Nov, 3 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziman, J.: Letter to an imaginary Soviet scientist. Nature 217(5124), 13 Jan, 123–124 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Christopher D. Hollings

Authors
  1. Christopher D. Hollings
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher D. Hollings .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hollings, C.D. (2016). Personal Communications. In: Scientific Communication Across the Iron Curtain. SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25346-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25346-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25344-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25346-6

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation