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The Epigenetic Biomarker γH2AX: From Bench to Clinical Trials

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Epigenetics, the Environment, and Children’s Health Across Lifespans

Abstract

Epigenetic factors exert their function by means of three mechanisms: (1) DNA methylation, (2) noncoding RNAs, and (3) histone posttranslational modifications. In this chapter, we focus on a histone posttranslational modification, the γ-phosphorylation of the histone H2AX. H2AX is a mammalian variant that belongs to the H2A histone family. In contrast with the other members of the family, H2AX has a unique phosphorylation site on its amino-terminal tail. Posttranslational modification involves a biological amplification mechanism where one double-strand break induces the γ-phosphorylation of thousands of H2AX molecules along megabase-long domains of chromatin, which are adjusted to the sites of double-strand breaks. Ongoing translational research on the γH2AX epigenetic biomarker is very dynamic and is expected to develop further, in order to serve monitoring for diverse pathologies and the evaluation of their therapies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. First Department of Pediatrics “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Emmy P. Rogakou PhD & George P. Chrousos MD

  2. Department of Pediatric Hematology—Oncology, Marianna V. Vardinoyannis—ELPIDA Oncology Unit, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Vassilios Papadakis MD PhD

Authors
  1. Emmy P. Rogakou PhD
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  2. Vassilios Papadakis MD PhD
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  3. George P. Chrousos MD
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emmy P. Rogakou PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pfeiffer University, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA

    David Hollar

Abbreviations

Abbreviations

AID:

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase

ATM:

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated

CAD:

Caspase-activated DNase

CSR:

Class switch recombination

DSB:

Double-stranded break

dU:

Deoxy-uracil

HDAC:

Histone deacetylase

NHEJ:

Nonhomologous End-Joining

PARP:

ADP ribose polymerases

Topo I:

Topoisomerase I

Topo II:

Topoisomerase II

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Rogakou, E.P., Papadakis, V., Chrousos, G.P. (2016). The Epigenetic Biomarker γH2AX: From Bench to Clinical Trials. In: Hollar, D. (eds) Epigenetics, the Environment, and Children’s Health Across Lifespans. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25325-1_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25325-1_4

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25323-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25325-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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