Skip to main content

Confidence Measure for Experimental Automatic Face Recognition System

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Book cover Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART 2014)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 8946))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 646 Accesses

Abstract

This paper deals with automatic face recognition in order to propose and implement an experimental face recognition system. It will be used to automatically annotate photographs taken in completely uncontrolled environment. Recognition accuracy of such a system can be improved by identification of incorrectly classified samples in the post-processing step. However, this step is usually missing in current systems. In this work, we would like to solve this issue by proposing and integrating a confidence measure module to identify incorrectly classified examples. We propose a novel confidence measure approach which combines four partial measures by a multi-layer perceptron. Two individual measures are based on the posterior probability and two other ones use the predictor features. The experimental results show that the proposed system is very efficient, because almost all erroneous examples are successfully detected.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.ctk.eu.

  2. 2.

    http://multimedia.ctk.cz/en/foto/.

References

  1. Ahonen, T., Hadid, A., Pietikäinen, M.: Face recognition with local binary patterns. In: Pajdla, T., Matas, J.G. (eds.) ECCV 2004. LNCS, vol. 3021, pp. 469–481. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24670-1_36

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Aly, M.: Face recognition using sift features (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bartlett, M.S., Movellan, J.R., Sejnowski, T.J.: Face recognition by independent component analysis. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 13, 1450–1464 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bay, H., Ess, A., Tuytelaars, T., Van Gool, L.: Speeded-up robust features (surf). Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 110(3), 346–359 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.cviu.2007.09.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Beham, M.P., Roomi, S.M.M.: A review of face recognition methods. Int. J. Pattern Recogn. Artif. Intell. 27(4), 1–35 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Belhumeur, P.N., Hespanha, J.A.P., Kriegman, D.J.: Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 19(7), 711–720 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bolme, D.S.: Elastic bunch graph matching. Ph.D. thesis, Colorado State University (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Brown, C.D., Davis, H.T.: Receiver operating characteristics curves and related decision measures: a tutorial. Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 80(1), 24–38 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Campadelli, P., Lanzarotti, R.: A face recognition system based on local feature characterization. In: Tistarelli, M., Bigun, J., Grosso, E. (eds.) Advanced Studies in Biometrics. LNCS, vol. 3161, pp. 147–152. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Deng, J., Schuller, B.: Confidence measures in speech emotion recognition based on semi-supervised learning. In: INTERSPEECH (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Eickeler, S., Jabs, M., Rigoll, G.: Comparison of confidence measures for face recognition. In: FG, pp. 257–263. IEEE Computer Society (2000). http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/fgr/fg2000.html#EickelerJR00

  12. Hu, X., Mordohai, P.: A quantitative evaluation of confidence measures for stereo vision. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34(11), 2121–2133 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Huang, K., Aviyente, S.: Sparse representation for signal classification. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 19, 609 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Jiang, H.: Confidence measures for speech recognition: a survey. Speech Commun. 45(4), 455–470 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kepenekci, B.: Face recognition using Gabor wavelet transform. Ph.D. thesis, The Middle East Technical University (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Križaj, J., Štruc, V., Pavešić, N.: Adaptation of SIFT features for robust face recognition. In: Campilho, A., Kamel, M. (eds.) ICIAR 2010. LNCS, vol. 6111, pp. 394–404. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Lenc, L., Král, P.: Confidence measure for automatic face recognition. In: International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Information Retrieval. Paris, France, 26–29 October 2011

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lenc, L., Král, P.: Novel matching methods for automatic face recognition using SIFT. In: Iliadis, L., Maglogiannis, I., Papadopoulos, H. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations. IFIP AICT, vol. 381, pp. 254–263. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Lenc, L., Král, P.: Face recognition under real-world conditions. In: International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. Barcelona, Spain, 14–18 February 2013

    Google Scholar 

  20. Li, F., Wechsler, H.: Open world face recognition with credibility and confidence measures. In: Kittler, J., Nixon, M.S. (eds.) AVBPA 2003. LNCS, vol. 2688, pp. 462–469. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Li, W., Fu, P., Zhou, L.: Face recognition method based on dynamic threshold local binary pattern. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service, pp. 20–24. ACM (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Martínez, A.M.: Recognizing imprecisely localized, partially occluded, and expression variant faces from a single sample per class. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(6), 748–763 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Marukatat, S., Artières, T., Gallinari, P., Dorizzi, B.: Rejection measures for handwriting sentence recognition. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, 2002, pp. 24–29. IEEE (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Poon, B., Amin, M.A., Yan, H.: Performance evaluation and comparison of pca based human face recognition methods for distorted images. Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybernet. 2(4), 245–259 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Powers, D.: Evaluation: from precision, recall and F-measure to ROC., informedness, markedness & correlation. J. Mach. Learn. Technol. 2(1), 37–63 (2011)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Proedrou, K., Nouretdinov, I., Vovk, V., Gammerman, A.J.: Transductive confidence machines for pattern recognition. In: Elomaa, T., Mannila, H., Toivonen, H. (eds.) ECML 2002. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2430, pp. 381–390. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Senay, G., Linares, G., Lecouteux, B.: A segment-level confidence measure for spoken document retrieval. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 5548–5551. IEEE (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Servin, B., de Givry, S., Faraut, T.: Statistical confidence measures for genome maps: application to the validation of genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 26(24), 3035–3042 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Shen, L.: Recognizing faces - an approach based on Gabor wavelets. Ph.D. thesis, University of Nottingham (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Shen, L., Bai, L.: A review on gabor wavelets for face recognition. Pattern Anal. Appl. 9, 273–292 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  31. Sukkar, R.A.: Rejection for connected digit recognition based on gpd segmental discrimination. In: 1994 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1994, ICASSP 1994, vol. 1, pp. I-393. IEEE (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Tan, X., Triggs, B.: Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 19(6), 1635–1650 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Timo, A., Hadid, A., Pietikinen, M.: Face description with local binary patterns: application to face recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28, 2037–2041 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Turk, M.A., Pentland, A.P.: Face recognition using eigenfaces. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Wagner, A., Wright, J., Ganesh, A., Zhou, Z., Mobahi, H., Ma, Y.: Toward a practical face recognition system: Robust alignment and illumination by sparse representation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34(2), 372–386 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Wessel, F., Schluter, R., Macherey, K., Ney, H.: Confidence measures for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition. IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. 9(3), 288–298 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang, B., Gao, Y., Zhao, S., Liu, J.: Local derivative pattern versus local binary pattern: face recognition with high-order local pattern descriptor. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 19(2), 533–544 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  38. Zhao, W., Chellappa, R., Phillips, P.J., Rosenfeld, A.: Face recognition: a literature survey. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 35(4), 399–458 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work has been partly supported by the UWB grant SGS-2013-029 Advanced Computer and Information Systems and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), project “NTIS - New Technologies for Information Society”, European Centre of Excellence, CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0090. We also would like to thank Czech New Agency (ČTK) for support and for providing the photographic data.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pavel Král .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Král, P., Lenc, L. (2015). Confidence Measure for Experimental Automatic Face Recognition System. In: Duval, B., van den Herik, J., Loiseau, S., Filipe, J. (eds) Agents and Artificial Intelligence. ICAART 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8946. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25210-0_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25210-0_22

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25209-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25210-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics