Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Factors Influencing the Photochemical Behavior of Multicomponent Polymeric Materials

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Photochemical Behavior of Multicomponent Polymeric-based Materials

Part of the book series: Advanced Structured Materials ((STRUCTMAT,volume 26))

Abstract

The study of photo-degradation and stabilization of polymers has an extremely importance from academic, economic and environmental point of view and a better understanding of the mechanism of degradation and correlation between weathering external factors, such as wavelength and irradiation dose, temperature and humidity, and chemical, physical and mechanical effects that they induce are the primary requisites to control the stability and ensure long life of the final product. Although the study on the chemistry of interactions between various constituents (including the polymer itself and the presence of impurities, fillers, antioxidants, photo-stabilizers, dyes, pigments, nucleating agents, flame retardants, and other additives such as catalyst residues) in polymer-based composites exposed to sunlight radiation has attracted a large scientific effort during the last few decades, the changes that occur at molecular level and the degradation kinetics have not been thoroughly elucidated. To predict the photo-damage to a certain formulation under solar UV radiation is still challenging because composite materials are typically exposed to multiple environmental variable during service. While individual degradation variables can lead to formation of chromophores and initiate the photo-degradation mechanism, their combinations may have unknown synergistic or antagonistic effects. This article review sets out to discuss the influence of the primary environmental parameters, i.e., light, heat and moisture, and the polymer structure and chemical make-up of the polymeric composites on fundamental photo-degradation processes. Each of the variables is briefly examined and examples of polymeric material degradation reported by scientific studies during the last two decades are given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

Φ R :

Reaction quantum yield

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

ATR-FTIR:

Attenuated total reflectance-FTIR

CB:

Carbon black

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CI:

Carbonyl index

CIRA:

Quartz with an IR reflecting coating

CL:

Chemiluminescence

CT:

Charge transfer

DSA:

Dielectric sorption analysis

DDS:

4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

EPDM:

Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer

EVA:

Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GC:

Gas chromatography

HALS:

Hindered amine light stabilizers

HDPE:

High density polyethylene

LDH:

Layered double hydroxide

LDPE:

Low density polyethylene

LLDPE:

Linear low density polyethylene

m-PE:

Metallocene polyethylene

MMT:

Montmorillonite

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotube

OMS:

Organically modified clay

OMMT:

Organically modified montmorillonite

PA:

Polyamide

PA FTIR:

Photo acoustic Fourier transformed infrared

PAM:

Polyacrylamide

PC:

Polycarbonate

PE:

Polyethylene

PET:

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

PGC-MS:

Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

PLA:

Polylactide

POSS:

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes

PP:

Polypropylene

PS:

Polystyrene

PU:

Polyurethane

PVA:

Poly(vinyl acetate)

PVC:

Poly(vinyl chloride)

RH:

Relative humidity

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SWCNT:

Single-walled carbon nanotube

TEM:

Tunnelling electron microscopy

TGDDM:

Tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane

TPE:

Thermoplastic elastomers

UV:

Ultraviolet

UVAb:

UV absorber

WF:

Wood-floor

WOM:

Weather-o-meter

WPC:

Wood-polymer composites

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

References

  1. Andrady, A.L., Hamid, H.S., Torikai, A.: Effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on materials damage. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 6, 311–318 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Andrady, A.L., Hamid, H., Torikai, A.: Effects of solar UV and climate change on materials. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 10, 292–300 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Pandey, J.K., Reddy, K.R., Kumar, A.P., Singh, R.P.: An overview on the degradability of polymer nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 88, 234–250 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Maxwell, A.S., Broughton, W.R., Dean, G., Sims. G.D.: Review of Accelerated Ageing Methods and Lifetime Prediction Techniques for Polymeric Materials. NPL report DEPC MPR 016 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Roylance, M., Roylance, D.: Forms of polymer degradation: overview. In: Hihara, L.H., Adler, R.P.I., Latanision, R.M. (eds.) Environmental Degradation of Advanced and Traditional Engineering Materials, p. 337. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bussière, P.-O., Peyroux, J., Chadeyron, G., Therias, S.: Influence of functional nanoparticles on the photostability of polymer materials: Recent progress and further applications. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 2411–2418 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Gugumus, F.: Light stabilizers. In: Zweifel, H., Maier, R.D., Schiller, M. (eds.) Plastic Additives Handbook, 6th edn, p. 139. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munchen (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hohenberger, W.: Fillers and reinforcements/coupling agents. In: Zweifel, H., Maier, R.D., Schiller, M. (eds.) Plastic Additives Handbook, 6th edn, p. 919. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munchen (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Pfandner, R.: Stabilisation of polymer nanocomposites. In: Beyer, G. (ed.) Industry Guide to Polymer Nanocomposites, p. 117. Plastics Information Direct, Bristol (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Tjong, S.C.: Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 53, 73–197 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Paul, D.R., Robeson, L.M.: Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites. Polymer 49, 3187–3204 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Pfandner, R.: Nanocomposites: industrial opportunity or challenge? Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 369–373 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Braun, U., Wachtendorf, V., Geburtig, A., Bahr, H., Schartel, B.: Weathering resistance of halogen-free flame retardance in thermoplastics. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 2421–2429 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Chantegraille, D., Morlat-Therias, S., Gardette, J.-L.: Photochemical behaviour of fire-retarded polymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 274–277 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pfandner, R.: (Photo)oxidative degradation and stabilization of flame retarded polymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 2430–2435 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sobkow, D., Barton, J., Czaja, K., Sudol, M., Mazon, B.: Studies of material resistance against natural environmental factors. CHEMIK 68, 347–354 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kumar, A.P., Depan, D., Tomer, N.S., Singh, R.P.: Nanoscale particles for polymer degradation and stabilization—trends and future perspectives. Prog. Polym. Sci. 34, 479–515 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Seentrakoon, B., Junhasavasdikul, B., Chavasiri, W.: Enhanced UV-protection and antibacterial properties of natural rubber/rutile TiO2 nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 566–578 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Egerton, T.A.: UV-absorption—the primary process in photocatalysis and some practical consequences. Molecules 19, 18192–18214 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Nakayama, N., Hayashi, T.: Preparation and characterization of poly(l-lactic acid)/TiO2 nanoparticle nanocomposite films with high transparency and efficient photo-degradability. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 1255–1264 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Fujishima, A., Zhang, X., Tryk, D.A.: TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf. Sci. Rep. 63, 515–582 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Man, C., Zhang, C., Liu, Y., Wang, W., Ren, W., Jiang, L., Reisdorffer, F., Nguyen, T.P., Dan, Y.: Poly(lactic acid)/titanium dioxide composites: preparation and performance under ultraviolet irradiation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 856–862 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang, W.-W., Man, C.-Z., Zhang, C.-M., Jiang, L., Dan, Y., Nguyen, T.-P.: Stability of poly(l-lactide)/TiO2 nanocomposite thin films under UV irradiation at 254 nm. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 885–893 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Shang, J., Chai, M., Zhu, Y.: Solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of polystyrene plastic with TiO2 as photocatalyst. J. Solid State Chem. 174, 104–110 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Zan, L., Tian, L., Liu, Z., Peng, Z.: A new polystyrene-TiO2 nanocomposite film and its photocatalytic degradation. Appl. Catal. A 264, 237–242 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Zan, L., Wang, S., Fa, W., Hu, Y., Tian, L., Deng, K.: Solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of polystyrene with modified nano-TiO2 catalyst. Polymer 47, 8155–8162 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Cho, S., Choi, W.: Solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of PVC-TiO2 polymer composites. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 143, 221–228 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Searle, J., Worsely, D.: Titanium dioxide photocatalysed oxidation of plasticizers in thin poly(vinyl chloride) films. Plast. Rubber. Compos. Macromol. Eng. 31, 329–335 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Gesenhues, U.: Influence of titanium dioxide pigments on the photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 68, 185–196 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim, S.H., Kwak, S.-Y., Suzuki, T.: Photocatalytic degradation of flexible PVC/TiO2 nanohybrid as an eco-friendly alternative to the current waste landfill and dioxin-emitting incineration of post-use PVC. Polymer 47, 3005–3016 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hwang, D.K., Shul, Y.G., Chu, Y.H.: Photodegradation behavior of the polycarbonate/TiO2 composite films under the UV irradiation in ambient air condition. Polym. Compos. 36, 1462–1468 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ammala, A., Bateman, S., Dean, K., Petinakis, E., Sangwan, P., Wong, S., Yuan, Q., Yu, L., Patrick, C., Leonh, K.H.: An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins. Prog. Polym. Sci. 36, 1015–1049 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhao, X., Li, Z., Chen, Y., Shi, L., Zhu, Y.: Enhanced of photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene with CuPc modified TiO2 photocatalyst under solar light irradiations. Appl. Surf. Sci. 254, 1825–1829 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Thomas, R.T., Sandhyarani, N.: Enhancement in the photocatalytic degradation of low density polyethylene-TiO2 nanocomposite films under solar irradiation. RSC Adv. 3, 14080–14088 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Thomas, T.R., Nair, V., Sandyarani, N.: TiO2 nanoparticles assisted solid phase photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene film: a mechanistic investigation. Colloids Surf. A 422, 1–9 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Liang, W., Luo, Y., Song, S., Dong, X., Yu, X.: High photocatalytic degradation activity of polyethylene containing polyacrylamide grafted TiO2. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 1754–1761 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Luo, Y., Dong, X.M., Liu, Y.J., You, J.E.: Solid-Phase photocatalytic degradation of PELDPE film filled with grafted nano-TiO2. China Plast. 23, 58–60 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  38. da Silva, K.I.M., Santos, M.J.L., Gil, M.P.: Dependence of the photodegradation rate on the crystalline portion of PE films obtained through in situ polymerization in the presence of TiO2 nanospheres, nanoribbons and microspheres. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 112, 78–85 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Allen, N.S., Edge, M., Corrales, T., Childs, A., Liauw, C.M., Catalina, F., Peinado, C., Minihan, A., Aldcroft, D.: Ageing and stabilisation of filled polymers: an overview. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 61, 183–199 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Allen, N.S., Edge, M., Ortega, A., Sandoval, G., Liauw, C.M., Verran, J., Stratton, J., McIntyre, R.B.: Degradation and stabilisation of polymers and coatings: nano versus pigmentary titania particles. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 85, 927–946 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gijsman, P., Meijers, G., Vitarelli, G.: Comparison of the UV-degradation chemistry of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide 6 and polybutylene terephthalate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 65, 433–441 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Zan, L., Fa, W., Wang, S.: Novel photodegradable low-density polyethylene-TiO2 nanocomposite film. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 1681–1685 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Kemp, T.J., McIntyre, R.A.: Transition metal-doped titanium (IV) dioxide: characterization and influence on photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 165–194 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Kemp, T.J., McIntyre, R.A.: Influence of transition metal-doped titanium(IV) dioxide on the photodegradation of polyethylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 3020–3025 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ma, D., Akpalu, Y.A., Li, Y., Siegel, R.W., Schadler, L.S.: Effect of titania nanoparticles on the morphology of low density polyethylene. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 43, 488–497 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ohtani, B., Azuma, S., Nishimoto, S., Kagiya, T.: Photocatalytic degradation of polypropylene film by dispersed titanium dioxide particles. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 23, 271–278 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Liu, Z., Jin, J., Chen, S., Zhang, J.: Effect of crystal form and particle size of titanium dioxide on the photodegradation behaviour of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/low density polyethylene composite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 43–50 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Wu, N., Shao, D.F., Wei, Q.F., Cai, Y.B., Gao, W.D.: Characterization of PVAc/TiO2 hybrid nanofibers: from fibrous morphologies to molecular structures. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 112, 1481–1485 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Jin, C., Christensen, P.A., Egerton, T.A., Lawson, E.J., White, J.R.: Rapid measurement of polymer photo-degradation by FTIR spectrometry of evolved carbon dioxide. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 1086–1096 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Pandey, J.K., Kim, M.H., Chun, D.M., Lee, C.S., Ahn, S.H.: Surface modification of polyethylene (PE) by the deposition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to enhance the photocatalytic activities. Surf. Rev. Lett. 16, 259–263 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Zapata, P.A., Rabagliati, F.M., Lieberwirth, I., Catalina, F., Corrales, T.: Study of the photodegradation of nanocomposites containing TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in polyethylene and in poly(ethylene-co-octadecene). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 109, 106–114 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. White, J.R., Shyichuk, A.V., Turton, T.J., Syrotynska, I.D.: Effect of stabilizer and pigment on photodegradation of polypropylene as revealed by macromolecule scission and crosslinking measurements. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 1755–1760 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Mina, M.F., Seema, S., Matin, R., Rahaman, MdJ, Sarker, R.B., Gafur, MdA, Bhuiyan, M.A.H.: Improved performance of isotactic polypropylene/titanium dioxide composites: effect of processing conditions and filler content. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 183–188 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Miyazaki, K., Arai, T., Nakatani, H.: Polypropylene plasticization and photodegradation with a TiO2/poly(ethylene oxide)/methyl linoleate paint photocatalyst system. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2014). doi:10.1002/APP.39909

    Google Scholar 

  55. Vinu, R., Madras, G.: Photocatalytic degradation of methyl methacrylate copolymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93, 1440–1449 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Konaganti, V.K., Madras, G.: Photooxidative and pyrolytic degradation of methyl methacrylate-alkyl acrylate copolymers. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 94, 1325–1335 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Fa, W., Guo, L., Wang, J., Guo, R., Zheng, Z., Yang, F.: Solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of polystyrene with TiO2/Fe(St)3 as catalyst. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 128, 2618–2622 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Nakatani, H., Miyazaki, K.: Polystyrene photodegradation with a novel titanium dioxide/poly(ethylene oxide)/methyl linoleate paint photocatalyst system. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 129, 3490–3496 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Lei, Y., Lei, H., Huo, J.: Innovative controllable photocatalytic degradation of polystyrene with hindered amine modified aromatic polyamide dendrimer/polystyrene-grafted-TiO2 photocatalyst under solar light irradiation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 118, 1–9 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Chen, X.D., Wang, Z., Liao, Z.F., Mai, Y.L., Zhang, M.Q.: Roles of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles in photooxidation of polyurethane. Polym. Testing 26, 206–208 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Jin, C.Q., Christensen, P.A., Egerton, T.A., White, J.R.: Rapid measurement of photocatalytic oxidation of poly(vinyl chloride) by in situ FTIR spectrometry of evolved CO2. Mater. Sci. Technol. 22, 908–914 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Yang, T.-C., Noguchi, T., Isshiki, M., Wu, J.-H.: Effect of titanium dioxide on chemical and molecular changes in PVC sidings during QUV accelerated weathering. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 104, 33–39 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Miyazaki, K., Nakatani, H.: Preparation of degradable polypropylene by an addition of poly(ethylene oxide) microcapsule containing TiO2. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 2114–2120 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Zhao, X., Li, Z., Chen, Y., Shi, L., Zhu, Y.: Solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene plastic under UV and solar light irradiation. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 268, 101–106 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Yang, R., Christensen, P.A., Egerton, T.A., White, J.R.: Degradation products formed during UV exposure of polyethylene-ZnO nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 1533–1541 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Yang, R., Li, Y., Yu, J.: Photostabilization of linear low density polyethylene by inorganic nanoparticles. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 88, 168–174 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Therias, S., Larché, J.-F., Bussière, P.-O., Gardette, J.-L., Murariu, M., Dubois, P.: Photochemical behavior of polylactide/ZnO nanocomposite films. Biomacromolecules 13, 3283–3291 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Wen, B., Wang, F., Xu, X., Ding, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, M.: The effect of encapsulation of nano zinc oxide with silica on the UV resistance of polypropylene. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 50, 1375–1382 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Jiang, J., Li, G., Ding, Q., Mai, K.: Ultraviolet resistance and antimicrobial properties of ZnO-supported zeolite filled isotactic polypropylene composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 833–838 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Ammala, A., Hill, A.J., Meakin, P., Pas, S.J., Turney, T.W.: Degradation studies of polyolefins incorporating transparent nanoparticulate zinc oxide UV stabilizers. J. Nanopart. Res. 4, 167–174 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhao, H., Robert, K., Li, Y.: A study on the photo-degradation of zinc oxide (ZnO) filled polypropylene nanocomposites. Polymer 47, 3207–3217 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Salla, J., Pandey, K.K., Srinivas, K.: Improvement of UV resistance of wood surfaces by using ZnO nanoparticles. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 592–596 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Butylina, S., Martikka, O., Karki, T.: Weathering properties of coextruded polypropylene-based composites containing inorganic pigments. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 120, 10–16 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Dintcheva, N.T., La Mantia, F.P., Malatesta, V.: Photo-oxidation behaviour of polyethylene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composite films. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 162–170 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Morlat-Therias, S., Fanton, E., Gardette, J.L., Peeterbroeck, S., Alexandre, M., Dubois, P.: Polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposites: influence of carbon nanotubes on EVA photodegradation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 1873–1882 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Najafi, E., Shin, K.: Radiation resistant polymer-carbon nanotube nanocomposite thin films. Colloids Surf. A 257, 333–337 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Bocchini, S., Di Blasio, A., Frache, A.: Influence of MWNT on polypropylene and polyethylene photooxidation. Macromol. Symp. 301, 16–22 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Lonkar, S.P., Kushwaha, O.S., Leuteritz, A., Heinrich, G., Singh, R.P.: Self photostabilizing UV-durable MWCNT/polymer nanocomposites. RSC Adv. 2, 12255–12262 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Watts, P.C.P., Fearn, P.K., Hsu, W.K., Billingham, N.C., Kroto, H.W., Walton, D.R.M.: Carbon nanotubes as polymer antioxidants. J. Mater. Chem. 13, 491–495 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Grigoriadou, I., Paraskevopoulos, K.M., Chrissafis, K., Pavlidou, E., Stamkopoulos, T.-G., Bikiaris, D.: Effect of different nanoparticles on HDPE UV stability. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 151–163 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Guadagno, L., Naddeo, C., Raimondo, M., Gorrasi, G., Vittoria, V.: Effect of carbon nanotubes on the photo-oxidative durability of syndiotactic polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 1614–1626 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Asmatulu, R., Mahmud, G.A., Hille, C., Misak, H.E.: Effects of UV degradation on surface hydrophobicity, crack, and thickness of MWCNT-based nanocomposite coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 72, 553–561 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Petersen, E.J., Lam, T., Gorham, J.M., Scott, K.C., Long, C.J., Stanley, D., Sharma, R., Alexander Liddle, J., Pellegrin, B., Nguyen, T.: Methods to assess the impact of UV irradiation on the surface chemistry and structure of multiwall carbon nanotube epoxy nanocomposites. Carbon 69, 194–205 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Wohlleben, W., Meier, M.W., Vogel, S., Landsiedel, R., Cox, G., Hirth, S., Tomovic, Z.: Elastic CNT-polyurethane nanocomposite: synthesis, performance and assessment of fragments released during use. Nanoscale 5, 369–380 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Vilar, G., Fernandez-Rosas, E., Puntes, V., Jamier, V., Aubouy, L., Vazquez-Campos, S.: Monitoring migration and transformation of nanomaterials in polymeric composites during accelerated aging. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 429, 012044 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Busquets-Fite, M., Fernandez, E., Janer, G., Vilar, G., Vazquez-Campos, S., Zanasca, R., Citterio, C., Mercante, L., Puntes, V.: Exploring release and recovery of nanomaterials from commercial polymeric nanocomposites. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 429, 012048 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A.: Photo-oxidative stabilization of carbon nanotubes on polylactic acid. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 963–971 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Dintcheva, N.T., Arrigo, R., Catalanotto, F., Morici, E.: Improvement of the photo-stability of polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene through carbon nanotubes. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 118, 24–32 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Nguyen, T., Pellegrin, B., Bernard, C., Gu, X., Gorham, J.M., Stutzman, P., Stanley, D., Shapiro, A., Byrd, E., Hettenhouser, R., Chin, J.: Fate of nanoparticles during life cycle of polymer nanocomposites. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 304, 012060 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Shi, X., Jiang, B., Wang, J., Yang, Y.: Influence of wall number and surface functionalisation of carbon nanotubes on their antioxidant behavior in high density polyethylene. Carbon 50, 1005–1013 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Pena, J.M., Allen, N.S., Edge, M., Liauw, C.M., Roberts, I., Valange, B.: Triplet quenching and antioxidant effect of several carbon black grades in the photodegradation of LDPE doped with benzophenone as a photosensitizer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 70, 437–454 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Gupta, S., Chandra, T., Sikder, A., Menon, A., Bhowmick, A.K.: Accelerated weathering behavior of poly(phenylene ether)-based TPE. J. Mater. Sci. 43, 3338–3350 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Maia, D.R.J., Balbinot, L., Popi, R.J., De Paoli, M.A.: Effect of conducting carbon black on the photostabilization of injection molded poly(propylene-co-ethylene) containing TiO2. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 82, 89–98 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Al Ani, K.E., Anabtawi, M.: UV-irradiation effect on the photodegradation of plasticized poly (ortho, meta, and para-fluorostyrene) isomers in solid films. Int. J. Chem. 4, 62–84 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Al Ani, K.E., Ramadhan, A.E., Anabtawi, M. Irradiation effect on stability of plasticized poly(fluorostyrene) isomers in solution. Int. J. Photochem. (2014). Article ID 536068

    Google Scholar 

  96. Dintcheva, N.T., Morici, E., Arrigo, R., La Mantia, F.P., Malatesta, V., Schwab, J.J.: UV-stabilisation of polystyrene-based nanocomposites provided by polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 2313–2322 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Valadez-Gonzalez, A., Cervantes-Uc, J.M., Veleva, L.: Mineral influence on the photooxidation of high density polyethylene. I: accelerated UV chamber exposure test. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 63, 253–260 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Yang, R., Yu, J., Liu, Y., Wang, K.: Effects of inorganic fillers on the natural photo-oxidation of high-density polyethylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 88, 333–340 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Botta, L., Dintcheva, N.T., La Mantia, F.P.: The role of organoclay and matrix type in photo-oxidation of polyolefin/clay nanocomposite films. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 712–718 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Pospísil, J.: Aromatic and heterocyclic amines in polymer stabilization. Adv. Polym. Sci. 124, 87–189 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Pilar, J., Michálková, D., Sedenková, I., Pfleger, J., Pospísil, J.: NOR and nitroxide-based HAS in accelerated photooxidation of carbon-chain polymers; Comparison with secondary HAS: an ESRI and ATR FTIR study. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 847–862 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Butola, B.S., Joshi, M.: Photostability of HDPE filaments stabilized with UV absorbers (UVA) and light stabilizers (HALS). J. Eng. Fibers Fabr. 8, 61–68 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Pilar, J., Michalkova, D., Slouf, M., Vackova, T.: Long-term accelerated weathering of HAS stabilized PE and PP plaques: compliance of ESRI, IR, and microhardness data characterizing heterogeneity of photooxidation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 120, 114–121 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Christensen, P.A., Egerton, T.A., Fernando, S.S., White, J.R.: Photogeneration of carbon dioxide from polypropylene film stabilized by hindered amines. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 94, 1999–2003 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Haillant, O.: Spectroscopic characterization of the stabilising activity of migrating HALS in a pigmented PP/EPR blend. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93, 1793–1798 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Haillant, O., Lemaire, J.: Natural and artificial photo-aging of non-stabilized and pigmented, hindered-amine stabilized propylene-ethylene copolymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 2748–2760 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Forsthuber, B., Grüll, G.: The effects of HALS in the prevention of photo-degradation of acrylic clear topcoats and wooden surfaces. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 746–755 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Marek, A., Kapralkova, L., Schmidt, P., Pfleger, J., Humlicek, J., Pospisil, J., Pilar, J.: Spatial resolution of degradation in stabilized polystyrene and polypropylene plaques exposed to accelerated photodegradation or heat aging. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 444–458 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Horrocks, A.R., Liu, M.G.: UV stabilizing synergies between carbon black and hindered light stabilizer in linear low density polyethylene. Macromol. Symp. 202, 199–219 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Dobashi, Y., Kondou, J., Ohkatsu, Y.: Photo-antioxidant abilities of 2-hydroxybenzoyl compounds. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 89, 140–144 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Pospísil, J., Pilar, J., Billingham, N.C., Marek, A., Horak, Z., Nespurek, S.: Factors affecting accelerated testing of polymer photostability. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 417–422 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Fahmi, M.M., Mohamed, N.A.: N-(Substituted phenyl) itaconimides as organic stabilizers for plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) against photo-degradation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 733–740 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Dobashi, Y., Ohkatsu, Y.: Dependence of ultraviolet absorbers’ performance on ultraviolet wavelength. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93, 436–447 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Fechine, G.J.M., Rabello, M.S., Souto Maior, R.M., Catalani, L.H.: Surface characterization of photodegraded poly(ethylene terephthalate). The effect of ultraviolet absorbers. Polymer 45, 2303–2308 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Pickett, J.E.: UV absorber performance and coating lifetimes. J. Test. Eval. 32, 240–245 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Lonkar, S.P., Kumar, A.P., Singh, R.P.: Photo-stabilization of EPDM-clay nanocomposites: effect of antioxidant on the preparation and durability. Polym. Adv. Technol. 18, 891–900 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Shenoy, M.A., Marathe, Y.D.: Studies on synthetic effect of UV absorbers and hindered amine light stabilizers. Pigm. Resin Technol. 36, 83–89 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Takenaka, H., Mizokawa, S., Ohkatsu, Y.: Interaction of hindered amine light stabilizers and UV absorbers. J. Jpn. Petrol. Inst. 50, 8–15 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Santos, R., Botelho, G., Machado, A.V.: Role of ultraviolet absorbers (UVA) and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) in ABS stabilization. Mater. Sci. Forum 636–637, 772–778 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Ge, F., Ding, Y., Yang, L., Huang, Y., Jiang, L., Dan, Y.: Effect of the content and distribution of ultraviolet absorbing groups on the UV protection and degradation of polylactide films. RSC Adv. 5, 70473–70481 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Schnabel, W.: Polymer Degradation: Principles and Practical Applications. Hanser International, München (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  122. Fernando, S.S., Christensen, P.A., Egerton, T.A., White, J.R.: Carbon dioxide evolution and carbonyl group development during photodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 2163–2172 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Hussein, I.A.: Rheological investigation of the influence of molecular structure on natural and accelerated UV degradation of linear low density polyethylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 2026–2032 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Hussain, I., Atiqullah, M., Fazal, A., Alam, K., Hossaen, A.: Effect of selected residual Ziegler-Natta and metallocene catalysts on the UV-induced degradation of unstabilized ethylene homopolymer films. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 2289–2299 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Atiqullah, M., Winston, M.S., Bercaw, J.E., Hussain, I., Fazal, A., Al-Harthi, M.A., Emwas, A.-H.M., Khan, M.J., Hossaen, A.: Effects of a vanadium post-metallocene catalyst-induced polymer backbone inhomogeneity on UV oxidative degradation of the resulting polyethylene film. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 1164–1177 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Corrales, T., Catalina, F., Peinado, C., Allen, N.S., Fontan, E.: Photooxidative and thermal degradation of polyethylenes: interrelationship by chemiluminescence, thermal gravimetric analysis and FTIR data. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 147, 213–224 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Allen, N.S., Edge, M., Holdsworth, D., Rahman, A., Catalina, F., Fontan, E., Escalona, A.M., Sibon, F.F.: Ageing and spectroscopic properties of polyethylenes: comparison with metallocene polymer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 67, 57–67 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Severini, F., Gallo, R., Ipsale, S., Nisoli, E., Pardi, M.: Natural weathering of some new ethylene copolymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 65, 329–335 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Morlat-Therias, S., Mailhot, B., Gonzalez, D., Gardette, J.-L.: Photooxidation of polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites. 2. Interactions with antioxidants. Chem. Mater. 17, 1072–1078 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Chmela, S., Kleinova, A., Fiedlerova, A., Borsig, E., Kaempfer, D., Thomann, R., Mulhaupt, R.: Photo-oxidation of sPP/organoclay nanocomposites. J. Macromol. Sci. Part A Pure Appl. Chem. 42, 821–829 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Qin, H., Zhang, S., Liu, H., Xie, S., Yang, M., Shen, D.: Photo-oxidative degradation of polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polymer 46, 3149–3156 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Dintcheva, N.T., Al-Malaika, S., La Mantia, F.P.: Effect of extrusion and photo-oxidation on polyethylene/clay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 1571–1588 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Bottino, F.A., Di Pasquale, G., Fabbri, E., Orestano, A., Pollicino, A.: Influence of montmorillonite nano-dispersion on polystyrene photo-oxidation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 369–374 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Gaume, J., Rivaton, A., Thérias, S., Gardette, J.-L.: Influence of nanoclays on the photochemical behaviour of poly(vinyl alcohol). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 488–495 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Morlat, S., Mailhot, B., Gonzalez, D., Gardette, J.L.: Photooxidation of polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites: part I: influence of nanoclay and compatibilising agent. Chem. Mater. 16, 377–383 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Qin, H., Zhao, C., Zhang, Z., Chen, G., Yang, M.: Photo-oxidative degradation of polyethylene/montmorillonite nanocomposite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 81, 497–500 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Qin, H., Zhang, Z., Feng, M., Gong, F., Zhang, S., Yang, M.: The influence of interlayer cations on the photo-oxidative degradation of polyethylene/montmorillonite composites. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 42, 3006–3012 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Morlat-Therias, S., Mailhot, B., Gardette, J.-L., Da Silva, C., Haidar, B., Vidal, A.: Photooxidation of ethylene-propylene-diene/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 90, 78–85 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Azuma, Y., Takeda, H., Watanabe, S., Nakatani, H.: Outdoor and accelerated weathering tests for polypropylene and polypropylene/talc composites: a comparative study of their weathering behavior. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 2267–2274 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Zaidi, L., Kaci, M., Bruzaud, S., Bourmaud, A., Grohens, Y.: Effect of natural weather on the structure and properties of polylactide/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 1751–1758 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Dintcheva, N.T., Filippone, G., La Mantia, F.P., Acierno, D.: Photo-oxidation behaviour of polyethylene/polyamide 6 blends filled with organomodified clay: improvement of the photo-resistance through morphology modification. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 527–535 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Essawy, H.A., Abd El-Wahab, N.A., Abd El-Ghaffar, M.A.: PVC-laponite nanocomposites: enhanced resistance to UV radiation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 9, 1472–1478 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. La Mantia, F.P., Dintcheva, N.T., Malatesta, V., Pagani, F.: Improvement of photostability of LLDPE-based nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 3208–3213 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Morlat-Therias, S., Fanton, E., Gardette, J.-L., Dintcheva, N.T., La Mantia, F.P., Malatesta, V.: Photochemical stabilization of linear low-density polyethylene/clay nanocomposites: towards durable nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93, 1776–1780 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Larché, J.-F., Bussière, P.-O., Gardette, J.-L.: Photo-oxidation of acrylic-urethane thermoset networks. Relating materials properties to changes of chemical structure. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 1438–1444 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Janorkar, A.V., Metters, A.T., Hirt, D.E.: Degradation of poly(l-lactide) films under ultraviolet-induced photografting and sterilization conditions. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 106, 1042–1047 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Bocchini, S., Fukushima, K., Di Blasio, A., Fina, A., Frache, A., Geobaldo, F.: Polylactic acid and polylactic acid-based nanocomposite photooxidation. Biomacromolecules 11, 2919–2926 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Gardette, M., Thérias, S., Gardette, J.-L., Murariu, M., Dubois, P.: Photooxidation of polylactide/calcium sulphate composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 616–623 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Araújo, A., Botelho, G.L., Silva, M., Machado, A.V.: UV stability of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 3, 75–83 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  150. Ndiaye, D., Fanton, E., Morlat-Therias, S., Vidal, L., Tidjani, A., Gardette, J.-L.: Durability of wood polymer composites: Part 1. Influence of wood on the photochemical properties. Compos. Sci. Technol. 68, 2779–2784 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Matuana, L.M., Jin, S., Stark, N.M.: Ultraviolet weathering of HDPE/wood-flour composites coextruded with a clear HDPE cap layer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 97–106 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Peng, Y., Wang, W., Cao, J., Guo, X.: Effects of a layered double hydroxide (LDH) on the photostability of wood flour/polypropylene composites during UV weathering. RSC Adv. 5, 41230–41237 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Matuana, L.M., Kamdem, D.P.: Accelerated ultraviolet weathering of PVC/wood flour composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 42, 1657–1666 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Stark, N.M., Matuana, D.P.: Surface chemistry changes of weathered HDPE/wood-flour composites studied by XPS and FTIR spectroscopy. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 86, 1–9 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Stark, N.M., Matuana, L.M.: Surface chemistry and mechanical property changes of wood-flour/high-density-polyethylene composites after accelerated weathering. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 94, 2263–2273 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Yousif, E., Haddad, R.: Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review. Springerplus 2, 398 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Gulmine, J.V., Janissek, P.R., Heise, H.M., Akcelrud, L.: Degradation profile of polyethylene after artificial accelerated weathering. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 79, 385–397 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Feldman, D.: Polymer weathering: photo-oxidation. J. Polym. Environ. 10, 163–173 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Pickett, J.E., Gardner, M.M., Gibson, D.A., Rice, S.T.: Global weathering of aromatic engineering thermoplastics. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 90, 405–417 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Pickett, J.E., Gibson, D.A., Gardner, M.M.: Effects of irradiation conditions on the weathering of engineering thermoplastics. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93, 1597–1606 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Andrady, A.L.: Wavelength sensitivity in polymer photodegradation. Adv. Polym. Sci. 128, 47–94 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Searle, N.D.: Activation spectra: techniques and applications to stabilization and stability testing of materials. In: Ketola, W.D., Evans, J.D. (eds.) Durability 2000: Accelerated and Outdoor Weathering Testing, p. 41. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA (2000)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  163. Trubiroha, P., Geburtig, A., Wachtendorf, V.: Determination of the spectral response of polymers. In: Martin, J.W., Ryntz, R.A., Dickie, R.A. (eds.) Service Life Prediction: Challenging the Status Quo, p. 241. Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Bluebell, PA (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  164. Chin, J., Byrd, E., Embree, N., Garver, J., Dickens, B., Finn, T., Martin, J.: Accelerated UV weathering device based on integrating sphere technology. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 4951–4959 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Kärhä, P., Heikkilä, A., Ruokolainen, K., Kaunismaa, M.: A novel facility for ageing materials with narrow-band ultraviolet radiation exposure. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 023107 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Geburtig, A., Wachtendorf, V.: Determination of the spectral sensitivity and temperature dependence of polypropylene crack formation caused by UVirradiation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 2118–2123 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Heikkilä, A., Kärhä, P.: Photoyellowing revisited: determination of an action spectrum of newspaper. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 99, 190–195 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Martin, J.W., Chin, J.W., Nguyen, T.: Reciprocity law experiments in polymeric photodegradation: a critical review. Prog. Org. Coat. 47, 292–311 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Chin, J., Nguyen, T., Byrd, E., Martin, J.: Validation of the reciprocity law for coating photodegradation. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 2, 499–508 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. Christensen, P.A., Dilks, A., Egerton, T.A., Temperley, J.: Infrared spectroscopic evaluation of the photodegradation of paint Part II: the effect of UV intensity & wavelength on the degradation of acrylic films pigmented with titanium dioxide. J. Mater. Sci. 35, 5353–5358 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Searle, N.D.: Activation spectra of polymers and their application to stabilization and stability testing. In: Hamid, S.H. (ed.) Handbook of Polymer Degradation, 2nd edn, p. 605. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  172. Torikai, A.: Wavelength sensitivity of polymers. In: Hamid, S.H. (ed.) Handbook of Polymer Degradation, 2nd edn, p. 773. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  173. Nguyen, T., Martin, J. W., Byrd, E., Embree, E. Effects of spectral UV on degradation of acrylic-urethane coatings. In: Proceedings of the 80th Annual Meeting of the Program of FSCT (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  174. François-Heude, A., Richaud, E., Desnoux, E., Colin, X.: Influence of temperature, UV-light wavelength and intensity on polypropylene photothermal oxidation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 100, 10–20 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. Ferreira, J.L., Melo, M.J., Ramos, A.M.: Poly(vinyl acetate) paints in works of art: a photochemical approach. Part 1. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 453–461 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Nagai, Y., Nakamura, D., Ueno, H., Matsumoto, N., Ohishi, F.: Photodegradation mechanisms in poly(2,6-butylenenaphthalate-co-tetramethyleneglycol) (PBN-PTMG). II: wavelength sensitivity of the photodegradation. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 88, 256–260 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Kockott, D.: Weathering. In: Brown, R. (ed.) Handbook of Polymer Testing. Physical Methods, p. 697. Rapra Technology, Shawbury (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  178. Pospisil, J., Nespurek, S.: Photostabilization of coatings. Mechanisms and performance. Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 1261–1335 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Bauer, D.R.: Interpreting weathering acceleration factors for automotive coatings using exposure models. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 69, 305–316 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  180. Pickett, J.E., Sargent, J.R.: Life predictions for hardcoated polycarbonate. In: Martin, J.W., Ryntz, R.A., Chin, J., Dickie, R.A. (eds.) Service Life Prediction of Polymeric Materials: Global Perspectives, p. 153. Springer, Berlin (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  181. Meeker, W.Q., Escobar, L.A., Chan, V.: Using accelerated tests to predict service life in highly variable environments. In: Martin, J.W., Bauer, D.R. (eds.) Service Life Prediction Methodology and Metrologies. ACS Symposium Series 805, p. 396 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  182. Bauer, D.R.: Combining failure models, environmental load distributions, and customer perception of failure to generate real world durability requirements. In: Martin, J.W., Ryntz, R.A., Dickie, R.A. (eds.) Service Life Prediction: Challenging the Status Quo, p. 39. Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Bluebell, PA (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  183. Pickett, J.E.: Highly predictive accelerated weathering of engineering thermoplastics. In: Martin, J.W., Ryntz, R.A., Dickie, R.A. (eds.) Service Life Prediction: Challenging the Status Quo, p. 93. Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Bluebell, PA (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  184. Cruz-Pinto, J.J.C., Carvalho, M.E.S., Ferreira, J.F.A.: The kinetics and mechanism of polyethylene photo-oxidation. Angew. Makromol. Chem. 216, 113–133 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Fischer, R.M., Ketola, W.D.: Error analysis and associated risks for accelerated weathering results. In: Martin, J.W., Ryntz, R.A., Dickie, R.A. (eds.) Service Life Prediction: Challenging the Status Quo, p. 79. Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Bluebell, PA (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  186. Pickett, J.E., Sargent, J.R.: Sample temperatures during outdoor and laboratory weathering exposures. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 189–195 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Gillen, K.T., Bernstein, R., Celina, M.: Non-arrhenius behavior for oxidative degradation of chlorosulfonated polyethylene materials. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 87, 335–346 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Pickett, J.E., Gibson, D.A., Rice, S.T., Gardner, M.M.: Effects of temperature on the weathering of engineering thermoplastics. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93, 684–691 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Pickett, J.E., Sargent, J.R., Blaydes, H.A., Babbie, N.: The effect of temperature on the weathering lifetime of coated polycarbonate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 1085–1091 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Jacques, L.F.E.: Accelerated and outdoor/natural exposure testing of coatings. Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 1337–1362 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  191. Kockott, D.: Factors influencing the reliability of results in accelerated weathering tests. In: Durability Testing on Nonmetallic Materials, pp. 24–39. ASTM STP 1294 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  192. Kim, H.M., Jorgensen, G.J., King, D.E., Czanderna, A.W.: Development of a methodology for service lifetime prediction of renewable energy devices. In: Durability testing of nonmetallic materials. ASTM STP 1294, pp. 173–189 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  193. Real, L.P., Gardette, J.-L., Rocha, A.P.: Artificial simulated and natural weathering of poly(vinyl chloride) for outdoor applications: the influence of water in the changes of properties. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 88, 357–362 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. James, S.L., Robinson, A.J., Arnold, J.C., Worsley, D.A.: The effects of humidity on photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) and polyethylene as measured by the CO2 evolution rate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 508–513 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Penon, M.G., Picken, S.J., Wubbenhorst, M., van Turnhout, J.: Water sorption in UV degraded clear and pigmented epoxy coatings assessed by dielectric sorption analysis. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 1247–1254 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Makki, H., Adema, K.N.S., Peters, E.A.J.F., Laven, J., van der Ven, L.G.J., van Benthem, R.A.T.M., de With, G.: Quantitative spectroscopic analysis of weathering of polyester-urethane coatings. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 121, 280–291 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Aidani, R.E., Nguyen-Tri, P., Malajati, Y., Lara, J., Vu-Khanh, T.: Photochemical aging of an e-PTFE/NOMEX® membrane used in firefighter protective clothing. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 1300–1310 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Arrieta, C., David, E., Dolez, P., Vu-Khanh, T.: Hydrolytic and photochemical aging studies of a Kevlar®-PBI blend. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 1411–1419 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Kim, H.M., Urban, M.W.: Molecular level chain scission mechanisms of epoxy and urethane polymeric films exposed to UV/H2O. Multidimensional spectroscopic studies. Langmuir 16, 5382–5390 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Kumar, B.G., Singh, R.P., Nakamura, T.: Degradation of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites by ultraviolet radiation and condensation. J. Compos. Mater. 36, 2713–2733 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Musto, P., Ragosta, G., Abbate, A., Scarinzi, G.: Photo-oxidation of high performance epoxy networks: correlation between the molecular mechanisms of degradation and the viscoelastic and mechanical response. Macromolecules 41, 5729–5743 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. Larché, J.-F., Bussière, P.-O., Gardette, J.-L.: How to reveal latent degradation of coatings provoked by UV-light. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 1810–1817 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  203. Malajati, Y., Therias, S., Gardette, J.-L.: Influence of water on the photooxidation of KHJ® phenoxy resins. 1. Mechanisms. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 144–150 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Andrady, A.L., Hamid, H.S., Torikai, A.: Effects of climate change and UV-B on materials. J. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2, 68–72 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Nagai, Y., Ogawa, T., Nishimoto, Y., Ohishi, F.: Analysis of weathering of a thermoplastic polyester elastomer II. Factors affecting weathering of a polyether-polyester elastomer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 65, 217–224 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Photochemistry, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania

    Marioara Nechifor

Authors
  1. Marioara Nechifor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marioara Nechifor .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Research Center for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry "Petru Poni", Iassy, Romania

    Dan Rosu

  2. Department of Ecology and Basic Safety, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia

    Visakh P. M.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nechifor, M. (2016). Factors Influencing the Photochemical Behavior of Multicomponent Polymeric Materials. In: Rosu, D., Visakh P. M. (eds) Photochemical Behavior of Multicomponent Polymeric-based Materials. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 26. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25196-7_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation