Skip to main content

Introduction to Cyber-Physical Systems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Computer Communications and Networks ((CCN))

Abstract

This chapter begins with an overview of cyber-physical systems in Sect. 3.1 taking into account the introduction to systems in Chap. 1 and embedded computing systems in Chap. 2. Thereafter, Sect. 3.2 concentrates to recommendations with regard to cyber-physical systems design. In Sect. 3.3 cyber-physical system requirements are described to emphasize disciplined approaches to their design. Section 3.4 introduces the opportunities created applying the cyber-physical technology in a wide range of domains, offering numerous opportunities in products and applications. Section 3.5 refers to smart cities and the Internet of Everything. The case study in Sect. 3.6 focuses on cyber-physical vehicle tracking. Section 3.7 contains comprehensive questions from the cyber-physical systems domain, followed by references and suggestions for further reading.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • (Abelson and Sussman 1996) Abelson, H., Sussman, G. J.: Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs. MIT Press, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  • (Askin and Standridge 1993) Askin, R. G., Standridge, C. R.: Modeling and Analysis of Manufacturing Systems, John Wiley Publ. 1993

    Google Scholar 

  • (Banerjee et al. 2011) Banerjee, A., Gupta, S. K. S., Fainekos, G., Varsamopoulos, G.: Towards modeling analysis of cyber-physical medical systems. In: Proceed. 4th International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical Communication technologie (ISABEL), pp. 154–158, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • (Berger 2013) Berger 2013. Connected Mobility 2025 by Roland Berger Consultants, 01/2013

    Google Scholar 

  • (Burns and Wellings 2001) Burns, A., Wellings, A.: Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages. Addison Wesley Publ., 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • (Cascetta 2009) Cascetta, E.: Transportation Systems Analysis, Springer Publ. New York, 2009 (Manheim 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • (Chen et al. 2011a) Chen, M., Gonzalez, S., Vasilakos, A., Cao, H., Leung, V.: Body Area Networks: A Survey. ACM/Springer Mobile Networks and Applications, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.171–193, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • (Chen et al. 2011b) Chen, M., Leung, V., Huang, X., Balasingham, I., Li, M.: Recent Advances in Sensor Integration. International Journal of Sensor Networks, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp.1–2, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • (Davis 2011) Davis, A., M.: Riquirements Bibliography; http://www.reqbib.com/

  • (Elsheikh et al. 2013) Elsheikh, A., Awais, M. U., Widl, E., Palensky, P.: Modelica-enabled rapid prototyping of cyber-physical energy systems via the functional mockup interface. In: IEEE Workshop on Modeling and Simulation of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems. 2013, DOI: 10.1109/MSCPES.2013.6623315

  • (Deriyenko 2012) Deriyenko, T.: RFID Application in Vehicle Tracking, project work in ITIS class Internet of Things, TU Clausthal, 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • (Don and Dugki 2013) Don, S., Dugki, M.: Medical cyber-physical systems and bigdata platforms. In: Proceed. Medical Cyber-Physical Systems Workshop, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • (Farhangi 2010) Farhangi, H.: The path of the smart grid. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Vol. 8, pp. 18–28, 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • (Fidêncio and Cota 2014) Fidêncio, A. X., Cota, E.: Smart Traffic Light: A Simulation Model, Student Project Work, TU Clausthal, Germany, 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • (Fischer 2013) Fischer, K.: High Assurance Cyber Military Systems (HACMS), DARPA Report 5/20/13

    Google Scholar 

  • (Garlan et al. 2000) Garlan, D., Monroe, R. T, Wile, D.: Acme: Architectural Description of Component-Based Systems – Foundations of Component-Based Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • (Geisberger and Broy 2012) Geisberger, E., Broy, M.: Integrated Research Agenda Cyber-Physical Systems (in German), Springer Publ. 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Garland, M., Le Grand, S., Nickolls, J., Anderson, J., Hardwick, J., Morton, S., Phillips, E., Zhang, Y., Volkov, V.: Parallel Computing Experiences with CUDA. Micro IEEEE, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 13–27, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Gloy, Y.-S.: Modellbasierte Selbstoptimierung des Webprozesses, PhD Thesis, RWTH Aachen 2012, Published by Shaker Verlag 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • (Gloy and Schwarz 2015) Gloy, Y. -S., Schwarz, A.: Cyber-Physical Systems in Textile production – the next industrial revolution? http://www.textile-future.com/textile-manufacturing.php?read_article=1829

  • (Gokhale et al. 2010) Gokhale, A., McDonald M. P., Drager, S., McKeever, W.: A Cyber Physical System Perspective on the Real-time and Reliable Dissemination of Information in Intelligent Transportation Systems. In: Network, Protocols and Algorithms, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 116–136, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • (Haque et al. 2014)Haque, A. A., Aziz, S. M., Rahmann, M. : Review of Cyber-Physical Systems in Helathcare. In: International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Vol. 2014, Article ID 217415, 20 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/217415

  • (Ilic et al. 2008) Ilic, M. D., Le, X., Khan, U. A., Moura, J. M. F.: Modeling Future Cyber-Physical Energy Systems. In: IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting – Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp. 1–9, 2008, and DOI:10.1109/PES.2008.4596708

  • (Industrie 4.0 2015) Industrie 4.0 2015. Secretariat of the Platform Industry, Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0, Final report of the Industry4.0 Working Group, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • (Iso-Ketola 2008) Iso-Ketola, P., Karinsalo, T., Vanhala, J.: HipGuard: a wearable measurement system for patients recovering from a hip operation. In: Proceed. 2nd Internat. Conference on Pervasice Computing Technologie in Healhcare, pp. 196–199, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • (Jehle 2014) Simulation of a Traffic Light Junction. Student Project Work, TU Clausthal, 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • (Jianjun et al. 2013) Jianjun, S., Xu, W., Jizhen, G., Yangzhou, C.: The analysis of traffic control cyber-physical systems. In: Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 96, pp. 2487–2496, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • (Kailanto et al. 2008) Kailanto, H., Hyvärinen, E., Hyttinen, J. : Mobile ECG measurement and analysis system using mobile phone as the basis station. In: Proceed. 2nd International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healtcare, pp. 12–14, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • (Khaitan, et al. 2015) Khaitan, S. K., McCalley, J. D., Liu, C-C., Eds.: Cyber-Physical Systems – Approach to Smart Electric Power Grid, Springer Publ. 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • (Konstantas and Herzog 2003) Konstantas, D., Herzog, R.: Continuous Monitoring of vital constans for mobile users: the MobiHealth approch. In. Proceed. 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp.3728–3731, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • (Kottenstette et al. 2008) Kottenstette, N., Koutsoukos, X., Hall, J., Sztipanovits, J., Antsaklis, P.: Passivity-based design of wireless networked control systems for robustness to time-varying delays. In: Proc. Real-Time Systems Symposium, pp. 15–24, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • (Krogh et al. 2008) Krogh, B. H., Lee, E., Lee, I., Mok, A., Pappas, G., Rajkumar, R., Sha, L. R., Vincentelli, A. S., Shin, K., Stankovic, J., Sztipanovits, J., Wolf, W., Zhao, W.: Cyber-Physical Systems: Executive Summary, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • (Lasseter 2002) Lasseter, R.: Microgrids. In: IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol. 1, pp. 305–308, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • (Lee 2008) Lee, E. A.: Cyber-Physical Systems: Design Challenges. Techncal Report No. UCB/EECS-2008-8, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • (Lee et al. 2012) Lee, I., Sokolsky, O., Chen, S.: Challenges and research directions in medical cyber-physical systems, In: Proc. IEEE, Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 75–90, 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • (Lemmon and Venkataramanan 2009) Lemmon, P. C. M. D., Venkataramanan, G.: Position paper – using microgrids as a path towards smart grids. In: New Research Directions for Future Cyber-Physical Energy Systems, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • (LeValley 2013) LeValley, D.: Autonomous Vehicle Liability – Application of Common Carrier Liability. Seattke Univ. Law Report, Vol 36, pp.5–26, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • (Li et al. 2011) Li, W., Jagtap, P., Zavala, L., Joshi, A., Finin, T. : CARE-CPS : Context-Aware Trust Evaluation for Wireless Networks in Cyber-Physical System using Policies. In: Proceed. IEEE International Symposium on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks (POLICY), pp. 171–172, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • (Lin et al. 2010) Lin, J., Sedigh, S., and Miller, A.: Modeling cyber-physical systems with semantic agents. In: Proc. IEEE 34th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops (COMPSACW), pp. 13–18, 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • (Liu 2000) Liu, J. W. S.: Real-Time Systems. Prentice Hall Publ., 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • (Liu et al. 2012) Liu, J. Kou, T., Chen, Q., Sherali, H. D.: On Wirleless Network Infrastructure Optimization for Cyber-Physical Systems in Smart Buildings. In: Wang, X. L., Zheng, R., Jing, T., Xing, K. (Eds.): Lecture Notes Computer Science 7405, pp. 607–618, Springer Publ. 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • (López-Nores et al. 2008) López-Nores, M., Pazos-Arias, J. J., Garcia-Duque, J., Blanco-Fernández, Y. : Monitoring medicine intake in the networked home : the iCabiNet solution. In: Proceed. 2nd International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healtcare, pp. 116–117, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • (Lounis et al. 2012) Lounis, A., Hadjidj, A., Bouabdallah, A., Challal, Y. : Secure and scalable cloud-based architecture for e-health Wireless sensor networks. In: Proceed. International Conference on Computer Communication Networks (ICCCN), pp. 1–8, 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • (Macana et al. 2011) Macana, C. A., Quijano, N., Mojica-Nava, E.: A Survey on Cyber Physical Energy Systems and their Applications on Smart Grids, IEEE, 2011, DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2011.6083194 Conference: ISGT-LA 2011

  • (Mathis 2012) Mathis, R.: Neste Oil launches automated vehicle identification at fueling stations, 2012. [Online]. http://secureidnews.com/news-item/neste-oil-launches-automatedvehicle-identification-at-fueling-stations/

  • (Mendez and Ren 2012) Mendez, E. O., Ren, S.: Design of cyber-physical interface for automated vital signs reading in electronic medical record systems. In. Proceed. IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Techonolgy (EIT), 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • (Milenković et al. 2006) Milenković, A., Otto, C., Jovanov, E.: Wireless sensor networks for personal health monitoring: Issues and an implementation. In: Computer Communications, Vol. 29, No. 13–14, pp. 2521–2533, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • (Möller 2013) Internet of Things, Lecture ITIS Study Program TUC, 2013, http://video.tu-clausthal.de/vorlesung/408.html

  • (Moeller et al. 2015) Möller, D. P. F.: Introduction to Transportation Analysis, Modeling and Simulation. Springer Publ. 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • (Moeller et al. 2015) Moeller, D. P. F., Deriyenko, T., Vakilzadian, H.: Cyber Physical Vehicle Tracking System: Requirements for using Radio Frequency Identification Technique. In. Proceed. IEEE EIT, 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • (Mulligan 2007) Mulligan, G.: The 6LoWPAN architecture, In: EmNets Proceed. 4th Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors, pp. 78–82, ACM, 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • (Niku 2001) Niku, S. B.: Introduction to Robotics, Prentice Hall Publ. 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • (Ning 2013) Ning, H.: Unit and Ubiquituous Internet of Things, CRC Press, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • (NITRD 2009) NITRD 2009. High Confidence Medical Devices: Cyber-Physical Systems for 21st Century Health Care. NITRD published by National Science Foundation 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • (Pala and Inanc 207) Pala, Z., Inanc, N.: Smart Parking Applications Using RFID Technology, In RFID Eurasia, 1st Annual Confereance, 2007; DOI: 10.1109/RFIDEURASIA.2007.4368108

  • (Palensky et al. 2014) Palensky, P., Widl, E., Elsheikh, A.: Simulating-cyber physical energy systems: challenges, tools, and methods. In: IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews), Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 318–326, 2014, and DOI: 10.1109/TSMCC.2013.2265739

    Google Scholar 

  • (PCAST 2007) PCAST 2007. PCAST: Leadership under Challenge: Information Technology R&D in a Competitive World, PCAST by Executive Order 13226, Published 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • (Pellizzoni 2015) Pellizzoni, R.: Cyber-Physical Systems: www.engineering. waterloo.ca; accessed January 2015

  • (Perumal et al. 2012) Perumal, B., Rajasekaran, P., Ramalingan, H. M : WSN integrated Cloud for Automated Telemedicine (ATM) based e-healthcare applications. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Technology (IPCBEE), Vol. 29, pp. 166–170, 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • (Raihans et al. 2005) Raihans A., Cheng, S.-W., Schmerl, B., Garlan, D., Krogh, B. H., Agbi, C., Bhave, A.: An Architectural Approach to the Design and Analysis of Cyber-Physical Systems. Electronic Communications of the EEAST, Vol. 21, pp.1–10, 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • (Randell et al. 1995) Randell, B., Laprie, J.C., Kopetz, H., Littewoods, E., Eds.: Predictably Dependent Computing Systems, Springer Publ. 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • (Sammon and Caverly 2007) Sammon, J. P. and Caverly, R. J.: Transportation Systems, US Department of Homeland Security, USA, 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • (Sammon and Caverly 2007) Schmerl, B., Garlan, D.: AcmeStudio: Supporting Style-Centered Architecture Development. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Software Engineering, Scotland, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • (Schneider et al. 2012) Schneider, D., Holtermann, T., Neumann, F., Hehl, A., Aach, T., Gries, T.: In: Proceed. 7th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, pp. 1494–1499, 2012. DOI: 10.1109/ICIEA.2012.6360960

  • (Schönefeld and Möller 2012) Schönefeld, J., Möller, D. P. F.: Runway incursion prevention systems: A review of runway incursion avoidance and alerting system approaches. In: Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 51, pp. 31–49, 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • (Seitz et al. 2007) Seitz, N., Kameas, A., Mavrommati, I., Eds.: The Disappearing Computer, Springer Publ., 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • (Selke 2014) Selke, G.: Design and Development of a GPU-accelerated Micromagnetic Simulator. PhD Thesis, University of Hamburg, 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • (Tiller 2001) Tiller, M. M.: Introduction to Physical Modeling with Modelica, Kluwer Academic Publ., 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • (Torin 2007) Torin, M.: “War Rooms” of the Street: Surveillance Practices in Transportation Control Centers. Communication Review 10 (4): 367–389 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • (Wan et al. 2012) Wan, J., Li, D., Zou, C., Zhou, K.: M2M Communications for Smart City: An Event-based Architecture. In: Proc. 12th IEEE Internat. Conf. on Computer and Information Technology, pp. 895–900, 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • (Wan et al. 2013) Wan, J., Chen, M., Xia, F., Li, Di, Zhou, Keliang: From Machine-to-Machine Communications towards Cyber-Physical Systems, ComSIS Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 1105–1128, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • (Wang et al. 2008) Wang, C. C., Chiang, C. Y., Lin, P. Y.: Development of a fall detecting systems fort he elderly residents. In: Proceed. 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, pp. 1359–1362, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • (Weiland and Purser 2000) Weiland, R. J., Purser, L. B.: Intelligent Transportation Systems. In: Transportation Research Board, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • (Wessel 2011) Wessel, R.: Finnish railroad streamlines operations, 2011. http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?8594

  • (Wood et al. 2008) Wood, A. D., Stankovic, J. A., Virone, G.: Context-aware wireless sensor networks for assisted living and residential monitoring. In. IEEE Network, Vo. 22, No. 4, pp.26–33, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • (Wu et al. 2011) Wu, F. J., Kao, Y. F., Tseng, Y, S.: From wireless sensor networks towards cyber physical systems,” In: Pervasive and Mobile Computing, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 397–413, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • (Xiao et al. 2008) Xiao, Z., Guan, Q., Zheng, Z.: The Research and Development of the Highways Electronic Toll Collection System, In: Proceed. 1st International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 359–362, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • (Yang 2006) Yang, T.: Networked control system: a brief survey. Control Theory and Applications, IEE Proceedings, Vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 403–412, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • (Zhai 2007) Zhai, J., Zhou, Z., Shi, Z., Shen, L.: An Integrated Information Platform for Intelligent Transportation Systems Based on Ontology, In: IFIP Vol. 254, Research and Practical Issues of Enterprise Information Systems, pp. 787–796, Eds. I. Xu, A. Tjoa, S. Chaudhary, Springer. Pub. 2007

    Google Scholar 

  • (Zhang et al. 2009) Zhang, F., Shi, Z., Wolf, W.: A dynamic battery model for codesign in cyber-physical systems. In: Proc. 29th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, ICDCS, pp. 51–56, 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • (Zhao and Cao 2008) Zhao, J., Cao, G.: VADD: Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 1910–1922, 2008

    Google Scholar 

Links

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Möller, D.P.F. (2016). Introduction to Cyber-Physical Systems. In: Guide to Computing Fundamentals in Cyber-Physical Systems. Computer Communications and Networks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25178-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25178-3_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25176-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25178-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics