Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Association Between Oral Infections and Salivary Gland Hypofunction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Oral Infections and General Health

Abstract

Saliva plays an important role in the maintenance of oral health and regulation of the oral microbiota. Saliva lubricates the oral hard and soft tissues, dilutes food detritus and bacteria and enhances the clearance of microorganisms and dietary carbohydrates from the oral cavity. Saliva also provides antimicrobial activity via numerous proteins and peptides including lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, statherin and histatins. This chapter focuses on the oral microbiota in patients suffering from salivary gland hypofunction due to Sjögren’s syndrome, radiotherapy of tumours in the head and neck region, cancer chemotherapy and intake of medications. Despite the different causes of salivary gland hypofunction, these patient groups show some similarities regarding the composition of the oral microbiota with increased colonisation of oral pathogens associated with dental caries (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species) and oral mucosal infections, especially Candida albicans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abraham CM, al-Hashimi I, Haghighat N. Evaluation of the levels of oral Candida in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;86:65–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alaki SM, Ashiry EA, Bakry NS, Baghlaf KK, Bagher SM. The effects of asthma and asthma medication on dental caries and salivary characteristics in children. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2013;11(2):113–20. doi:10.3290/j.ohpd.a29366.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alberth M, Kovalecz G, Nemes J, Math J, Kiss C, Marton IJ. Oral health of long-term childhood cancer survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004;43(1):88–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aliko A, Wolff A, Dawes C, Aframian D, Proctor G, Ekström J, Narayana N, Villa A, Sia YW, Joshi RK, McGowan R, Beier Jensen S, Kerr AR, Lynge Pedersen AM, Vissink A. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI: clinical implications of medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120(2):185–206. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2014.10.027. Epub 2015 Mar 7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almståhl A, Wikström M. Oral microflora in subjects with reduced salivary secretion. J Dent Res. 1999;78:1410–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almståhl A, Kronfeld U, Tarkowski A, Wikström M. Oral microbial flora in Sjögren’s syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(1):110–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almståhl A, Wikström M, Kronfeld U. Microflora in oral ecosystems in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(5):1007–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almståhl A, Wikström M, Groenink J. Lactoferrin, amylase and mucin MUC5B and their relation to the oral microflora in hyposalivation of different origins. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2001;16(6):345–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almståhl A, Wikström M. Electrolytes in stimulated whole saliva in individuals with hyposalivation of different origins. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48(5):337–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almståhl A, Wikström M. Microflora in oral ecosystems in subjects with hyposalivation due to medicines or of unknown origin. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2005;3(2):67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avsar A, Elli M, Darka O, Pinarli G. Long-term effects of chemotherapy on caries formation, dental development, and salivary factors in childhood cancer survivors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(6):781–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bardow A, Nyvad B, Nauntofte B. Relationships between medication intake, complaints of dry mouth, salivary flow rate and composition, and the rate of tooth demineralization in situ. Arch Oral Biol. 2001;46(5):413–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baudet-Pommel M, Albuisson E, Kemeny JL, Falvard F, Ristori JM, Fraysse MP, Sauvezie B, et al. Early dental loss in Sjögren’s syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;78:181–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beer KT, Zehnder D, Lussi A, Greiner RH. Sparing of contralateral major salivary glands has a significant effect on oral health in patients treated with radical radiotherapy of head and neck tumors. Strahlenther Onkol. 2002;178(12):722–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beighton D, Hellyer PH, Lynch EJ, Heath MR. Salivary levels of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, yeasts, and root caries prevalence in non-institutionalized elderly dental patients. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1991;19:302–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann OJ. Alterations in oral microflora and pathogenesis of acute oral infections during remission-induction therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Scand J Infect Dis. 1991;23(3):355–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthrong M. Pathologic changes secondary to radiation. World J Surg. 1986;10(2):155–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bokor-Bratic M, Cankovic M, Dragnic N. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate and anxiolytics intake are independently associated with oral Candida infection in patients with oral lichen planus. Eur J Oral Sci. 2013;121(5):427–33. doi:10.1111/eos.12073. Epub 2013 Jul 16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boutsi EA, Paikos S, Dafni UG, Moutsopoulos HM, Skopouli FN. Dental and periodontal status of Sjögren’s syndrome. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(4):231–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown LR, Dreizen S, Handler S, Johnston DA. Effect of radiation-induced xerostomia on human oral microflora. J Dent Res. 1975;54(4):740–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown LR, Dreizen S, Rider LJ, Johnston DA. The effect of radiation-induced xerostomia on saliva and serum lysozyme and immunoglobulin levels. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976;41(1):83–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown LR, Dreizen S, Daly TE, Drane JB, Handler S, Riggan LJ, et al. Interrelations of oral microorganisms, immunoglobulins, and dental caries following radiotherapy. J Dent Res. 1978;57(9–10):882–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunström JM. Effects of mouth dryness on drinking behaviour and beverage acceptability. Physiol Behav. 2002;76:423–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bulacio L, Paz M, Ramadan S, Ramos L, Pairoba C, Sortino M, et al. Oral infections caused by yeasts in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Identification of the yeasts and evaluation of their antifungal susceptibility. J Mycol Med. 2012;22(4):348–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Çelenligil H, Eratalay K, Kansu E, Ebersole JL. Periodontal status and serum antibody responses to oral microorganisms in Sjögren’s syndrome. J Periodontol. 1998;69:571–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cermak JM, Papas AS, Sullivan RM, Dana MR, Sullivan DA. Nutrient intake in women with primary and secondary Sjögren’s syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:328–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chrischilles EA, Foley DJ, Wallace RB, Lemke JH, Semla TP, Hanlon JT, Glynn RJ, Ostfeld AM, Guralnik JM. Use of medications by persons 65 and over: data from the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. J Gerontol. 1992;47(5):M137–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen LB, Petersen PE, Thorn JJ, Schiødt M. Dental caries and dental health behavior of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Acta Odontol Scand. 2001;59:116–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemmesen L. Anticholinergic side-effects of antidepressants: studies of the inhibition of salivation. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1988;345:90–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crogan NL. Managing xerostomia in nursing homes: pilot testing of the Sorbet Increases Salivation intervention. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:212–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahllof G, Bagesund M, Ringden O. Impact of conditioning regimens on salivary function, caries-associated microorganisms and dental caries in children after bone marrow transplantation. A 4-year longitudinal study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;20(6):479–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawes C. Physiological factors affecting salivary flow rate, oral sugar clearance, and the sensation of dry mouth in man. J Dent Res. 1987;66(Spec No):648–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawes C, Pedersen AML, Villa A, Ekström J, Proctor GB, Vissink A, Aframian D, McGowan R, Aliko A, Narayana N, Sia YW, Joshi RK, Jensen SB, Kerr AR, Wolff A. The functions of human saliva: a review sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60(6):863–74. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.03.004. Epub 2015 Mar 10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Freitas EM, Nobre SA, Pires MB, Faria RV, Batista AU, Bonan PR. Oral Candida species in head and neck cancer patients treated by radiotherapy. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2013;40(4):400–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Vigna de Almeida P, Grégio AMT, Brancher JA, Ignácio SA, Machado MAN, Soares de Lima AA, et al. Effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepines on stimulated salivary flow rate and biochemistry composition of the saliva. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106:58–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dens F, Boute P, Vinckier F, Declerck D. Quantitative determination of immunologic components of salivary gland secretion in long-term, event-free pediatric oncology patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995;79(6):701–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dens F, Boogaerts M, Boute P, Declerck D, Demuynck H, Vinckier F, et al. Caries-related salivary microorganisms and salivary flow rate in bone marrow recipients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996;81(1):38–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desoutter A, Soudain-Pineau M, Munsch F, et al. Xerostomia and medication: a cross-sectional study in long-term geriatric wards. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16:575–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson M, Goodchild JH, Epstein JB. Sugar content, cariogenicity, and dental concerns with commonly used medications. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(2):129–33. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2014.10.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dreizen S, Daly TE, Drane JB, Brown LR. Oral complications of cancer radiotherapy. Postgrad Med. 1977;61(2):85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisbruch A, Kim HM, Terrell JE, Marsh LH, Dawson LA, Ship JA. Xerostomia and its predictors following parotid-sparing irradiation of head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50(3):695–704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekström J, Khosravani N, Castagnola M, Messana I. Saliva and the control of its secretion. In: Ekberg O, editor. Dysphagia: diagnosis and treatment. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. p. 19–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein JB, Chin EA, Jacobson JJ, Rishiraj B, Le N. The relationships among fluoride, cariogenic oral flora, and salivary flow rate during radiation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;86(3):286–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ergun S, Cekici A, Topcuoglu N, Migliari DA, Külekçi G, Tanyeri H, Isik G. Oral status and Candida colonization in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(2):e310–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox PC, Busch KA, Baum BJ. Subjective reports of xerostomia and objective measures of salivary gland performance. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;115(4):581–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fure S. A ten-year cross-sectional and follow-up study of salivary flow rates and mutans streptococci and lactobacillus counts in elderly Swedish individuals. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2003;1(3):185–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Handelman SL, Baric JM, Espeland MA, Berglund KL. Prevalence of drugs causing hyposalivation in an institutionalized geriatric population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986;62:26–31. Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:401–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison T, Bigler L, Tucci M, Pratt L, Malamud F, Thigpen JT, et al. Salivary sIgA concentrations and stimulated whole saliva flow rates among women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer: an exploratory study. Spec Care Dentist. 1998;18(3):109–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heintze U, Birkhed D, Björn H. Secretion rate and buffer effect of resting and stimulated whole saliva as a function of age and sex. Swed Dent J. 1983;7(6):227–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez YL, Daniels TE. Oral candidiasis in Sjögren’s syndrome: prevalence, clinical correlations, and treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989;68(3):324–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;85(2):162–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter KD, Wilson WS. The effects of antidepressant drugs on salivary flow and content of sodium and potassium ions in human parotid saliva. Arch Oral Biol. 1995;40(11):983–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janket S-J, Jones J, Rich S, et al. The effects of xerogenic medications on oral mucosa among the Veterans Dental Study participants. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103:223–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen SB, Pedersen AM, Reibel J, Nauntofte B. Xerostomia and hypofunction of the salivary glands in cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2003;11(4):207–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen SB, Mouridsen HT, Reibel J, Brünner N, Nauntofte B. Adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients induces temporary salivary gland hypofunction. Oral Oncol. 2008a;44(2):162–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen SB, Mouridsen HT, Bergmann OJ, Reibel J, Brünner N, Nauntofte B. Oral mucosal lesions, microbial changes, and taste disturbances induced by adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008b;106(2):217–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen SB, Pedersen AML, Vissink A, Andersen E, Brown CG, Davies AN, et al. A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: prevalence, severity and impact on quality of life. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(8):1039–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalk WWI, Vissink A, Spijkervet FKL, Bootsma H, Kallenberg CG, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Sialometry and sialochemistry: diagnostic tools for Sjögren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60:1110–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Karbach J, Walter C, Al-Nawas B. Evaluation of saliva flow rates, Candida colonization and susceptibility of Candida strains after head and neck radiation. Clin Oral Investig. 2012;16(4):1305–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashima HK, Kirkham WR, Andrews JR. Postradiation sialoadenitis. A study of the clinical features, histopathological changes and serum enzyme variations following irradiation of human salivary glands. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1965;94:271–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keene HJ, Fleming TJ. Prevalence of caries-associated microflora after radiotherapy in patients with cancer of the head and neck. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64(4):421–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kindelan SA, Yeoman CM, Douglas CW, Franklin C. A comparison of intraoral Candida carriage in Sjögren’s syndrome patients with healthy xerostomic controls. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;85(2):162–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolavic SA, Gibson G, al-Hashimi I, Guo IY. The level of cariogenic micro-organisms in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Spec Care Dentist. 1997;17(2):65–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreher JM, Graser GN, Handelman SL, Eisenberg AD. Oral yeasts, mucosal health, and drug use in an elderly denture-wearing population. Spec Care Dentist. 1991;11(6):222–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuru B, McCullough MJ, Yilmaz S, Porter SR. Clinical and microbiological studies of periodontal disease in Sjögren’s syndrome patients. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29(2):92–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lagerlöf F, Oliveby AJ. Caries-protective factors in saliva. Adv Dent Res. 1994;8:229–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laine P, Meurman JH, Tenovuo J, Murtomaa H, Lindqvist C, Pyrhonen S, et al. Salivary flow and composition in lymphoma patients before, during and after treatment with cytostatic drugs. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1992;28B(2):125–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, Ariyawardana A, D’Amato-Palumbo S, Fischer DJ, et al. A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(8):985–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lenander-Lumikari M, Loimaranta V. Saliva and dental caries. Adv Dent Res. 2000;14:40–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leung KC, Leung WK, McMillan AS. Supragingival microbiota in Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Oral Investig. 2007;11(4):415–23. Epub 2007 Jul 3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leung KC, McMillian AS, Cheung BP, Leung WK. Sjögren’s syndrome sufferers have increased oral yeast levels despite regular dental care. Oral Dis. 2008;14(2):163–73. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01368.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llory H, Dammron A, Gioanni M, Frank RM. Some population changes in oral anaerobic microorganisms, Streptococcus mutans and yeasts following irradiation of the salivary glands. Caries Res. 1972;6(4):298–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas VS. Association of psychotropic drugs, prevalence of denture-related stomatitis and oral candidiasis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993;21:313–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundström IMC, Lindström FD. Subjective and clinical oral symptoms in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13(6):725–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane TW. The oral ecology of patients with severe Sjögren’s syndrome. Microbios. 1984;41(160):99–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane TW, Mason DK. Changes in the oral flora in Sjögren’s syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1974;27(5):416–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Main BE, Calman KC, Ferguson MM, Kaye SB, MacFarlane TW, Mairs RJ, et al. The effect of cytotoxic therapy on saliva and oral flora. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58(5):545–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Makkonen TA, Tenovuo J, Vilja P, Heimdahl A. Changes in the protein composition of whole saliva during radiotherapy in patients with oral or pharyngeal cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986;62(3):270–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansson-Rahemtulla B, Techanitiswad T, Rahemtulla F, McMillan TO, Bradley EL, Wahlin YB. Analyses of salivary components in leukemia patients receiving chemotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;73(1):35–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meurman JH, Laine P, Keinanen S, Pyrhonen S, Teerenhovi L, Lindqvist C. Five-year follow-up of saliva in patients treated for lymphomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997a;83(4):447–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meurman JH, Laine P, Lindqvist C, Teerenhovi L, Pyrhonen S. Five-year follow-up study of saliva, mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeast counts in lymphoma patients. Oral Oncol. 1997b;33(6):439–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murdoch-Kinch CA, Kim HM, Vineberg KA, Ship JA, Eisbruch A. Dose-effect relationships for the submandibular salivary glands and implications for their sparing by intensity modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(2):373–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Napeñas JJ, Miles L, Guajardo-Streckfus C, Streckfus CF. Salivary flow rates among women diagnosed with benign and malignant tumors. Spec Care Dentist. 2013;33(3):102–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Närhi TO, Meurman JH, Ainamo A, Nevalainen JM, Schmidt-Kaunisaho KG, Siukosaari P, Valvanne J, Erkinjuntti T, Tilvis R, Makila E. Association between salivary flow rate and the use of systemic medication among 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old inhabitants in Helsinki, Finland. J Dent Res. 1992;71:1875–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Närhi TO, Ainamo A, Meurman JH. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in the elderly. Scand J Dent Res. 1994;102:97–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navazesh M, Wood GJ, Brigthman VJ. Relationship between salivary flow rates and Candida albicans counts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995;80:284–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navazesh M, Brigthman VJ, Pogoda JM. Relationship of medical status, medications, and salivary flow rates in adults of different ages. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996;81:172–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nederfors T, Twetman S, Dahlof C. Effects of the thiazide diuretic bendroflumethiazide on salivary flow rate and composition. Scand J Dent Res. 1989;97:520–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nemeth O, Kivovics M, Pinke I, Marton K, Kivovics P, Garami M. Late effects of multiagent chemotherapy on salivary secretion in children cancer survivors. J Am Coll Nutr. 2014;33(3):186–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nonzee V, Manopatanakul S, Khovidhunkit SO. Xerostomia, hyposalivation and oral microbiota in patients using antihypertensive medications. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95(1):96–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan EA, Duggal MS, Bailey CC, Curzon ME, Hart P. Changes in the oral microflora during cytotoxic chemotherapy in children being treated for acute leukemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993;76(2):161–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Österberg T, Landahl S, Hedegard B. Salivary flow, saliva, pH and buffering capacity in 70-year-old men and women. Correlation to dental health, dryness in the mouth, disease and drug treatment. J Oral Rehabil. 1984;11:157–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pajari U, Poikonen K, Larmas M, Lanning M. Salivary immunoglobulins, lysozyme, pH, and microbial counts in children receiving anti-neoplastic therapy. Scand J Dent Res. 1989;97(2):171–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pajari U, Ollila P, Lanning M. Incidence of dental caries in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is related to the therapy used. ASDC J Dent Child. 1995;62(5):349–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parvinen T, Parvinen I, Larmas M. Stimulated salivary flow rate, pH and lactobacillus and yeast concentrations in medicated persons. Scand J Dent Res. 1984;92(6):524–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen AML, Nauntofte B. Chapter V. The salivary component of primary Sjögren’s syndrome: diagnosis, clinical features and management. In: Columbus F, editor. Arthritis research. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc; 2005. p. 105–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen AM, Reibel J, Nauntofte B. Primary Sjögren’s syndrome: subjective symptoms and salivary findings. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999a;28(7):303–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen AM, Reibel J, Nordgarden H, Bergman HO, Jensen JL, Nauntofte B. Primary Sjögren’s syndrome: salivary gland function and clinical oral findings. Oral Dis. 1999b;5(2):128–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen AM, Bardow A, Jensen SB, Nauntofte B. Saliva and gastrointestinal functions of taste, mastication, swallowing and digestion. Oral Dis. 2002a;8(3):117–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen AM, Torpet Andersen L, Reibel J, Holmstrup P, Nauntofte B. Oral findings in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome and oral lichen planus -a preliminary study on the effects of bovine colostrum-containing oral hygiene products. Clin Oral Investig. 2002b;6:11–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen AML, Bardow A, Nauntofte B. Salivary changes and dental caries as potential oral markers of autoimmune salivary gland dysfunction in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. BMC Clin Pathol. 2005;5(1):4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen AML, Nauntofte B, Smidt D, Torpet LA. Oral mucosal lesions in older people: relation to salivary secretion, systemic diseases and medications. Oral Dis. 2015. doi:10.1111/odi.12337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasanthi B, Kannan N, Patil RR. Effect of diuretics on salivary flow, composition and oral health status: a clinico-biochemical study. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(4):549–53. doi:10.4103/2141-9248.139311.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor GB. Medication-induced dry mouth. In: Carpenter G, editor. Dry mouth: a clinical guide on causes, effects and treatments. 1st ed. New York: Berlin Heidelberg/Springer; 2015. p. 33–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radfar L, Shea Y, Fischer SH, Sankar V, Leakan RA, Baum BJ, Pillemer SR. Fungal load and candidiasis in Sjögren’s syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96(3):283–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redding SW, Zellars RC, Kirkpatrick WR, McAtee RK, Caceres MA, Fothergill AW, et al. Epidemiology of oropharyngeal Candida colonization and infection in patients receiving radiation for head and neck cancer. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(12):3896–900.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds MA, Minah GE, Peterson DE, Weikel DS, Williams LT, Overholser CD, et al. Periodontal disease and oral microbial successions during myelosuppressive cancer chemotherapy. J Clin Periodontol. 1989;16(3):185–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodus NL, Bloomquist C, Liljemark W, Bereuter J. Prevalence, density, and manifestations of oral Candida albicans in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. J Otolaryngol. 1997;26(5):300–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rindal DB, Rush WA, Peters D, Maupomé G. Antidepressant xerogenic medications and restoration rates. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005;33(1):74–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossie KM, Taylor J, Beck FM, Hodgson SE, Blozis GG. Influence of radiation therapy on oral Candida albicans colonization: a quantitative assessment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64(6):698–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryberg M, Möller C, Ericson T. Saliva composition and caries development in asthmatic patients treated with β2-adrenoceptor agonists: a 4-year follow-up study. Scand J Dent Res. 1991;99:212–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samaranayake LP, Calman KC, Ferguson MM, Kaye SB, MacFarlane TW, Main B, et al. The oral carriage of yeasts and coliforms in patients on cytotoxic therapy. J Oral Pathol. 1984;13(4):390–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schelenz S, Abdallah S, Gray G, Stubbings H, Gow I, Baker P, et al. Epidemiology of oral yeast colonization and infection in patients with hematological malignancies, head neck and solid tumors. J Oral Pathol Med. 2011;40(1):83–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiødt M, Christensen LB, Petersen PE, Thorn JJ. Periodontal disease in primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Oral Dis. 2001;7(2):106–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schum CA, Izutsu KT, Molbo DM, Truelove EL, Gallucci B. Changes in salivary buffer capacity in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. J Oral Med. 1979;34(3):76–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz E, Chiu GK, Leung WK. Oral health status of southern Chinese following head and neck irradiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Dent. 1999;27(1):21–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shetty SR, Bhowmick S, Castelino R, Babu S. Drug induced xerostomia in elderly individuals: an institutional study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2012;3:173–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sixou JL, Medeiros-Batista O, Gandemer V, Bonnaure-Mallet M. The effect of chemotherapy on the supragingival plaque of pediatric cancer patients. Oral Oncol. 1998;34(6):476–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smidt D, Torpet LA, Nauntofte B, Heegaard KM, Pedersen AML. Associations between labial and whole salivary flow rates, systemic diseases and medications in a sample of older people. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2010;38(5):422–35. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00554.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smidt D, Torpet LA, Nauntofte B, Heegaard KM, Pedersen AML. Associations between oral and ocular dryness, labial and whole salivary flow rates, systemic diseases and medications in a sample of older people. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011;39(3):276–88. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00588.x. Epub 2010 Nov 10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RG, Burtner AP. Oral side-effects of the most frequently prescribed drugs. Spec Care Dentist. 1994;14(3):96–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soto-Rojas AE, Villa AR, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Alarcon-Segovia D, Kraus A. Oral candidiasis and Sjögren’s syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1998;25(5):911–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sreebny LM. The causes of dry mouth: a broad panoply. In: Sreebny LM, Vissink A, editors. Dry mouth – the malevolent symptom: a clinical guide. Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p. 89–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streckfus CF, Strahl RC, Welsh S. Anti-hypertension medications: an epidemiological factor in the prevalence of root decay among geriatric patients suffering from hypertension. Clin Prev Dent. 1990;12:26–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabak LA. In defense of the oral cavity: structure, biosynthesis, and function of salivary mucins. Annu Rev Physiol. 1995;57:547–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapper-Jones L, Aldred M, Walker DM. Prevalence and intraoral distribution of Candida albicans in Sjögren’s syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1980;33(3):282–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thaweboon S, Thaweboon B, Srithavaj T, Choonharuangdej S. Oral colonization of Candida species in patients receiving radiotherapy in the head and neck area. Quintessence Int. 2008;39(2):e52–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson WM, Slade GD, Spencer AJ. Dental caries experience and use of prescription medications among people aged 60+ in South Australia. Gerodontology. 1995;12:104–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson WM, Chalmers JM, Spencer JA, Slade GD, Carter KD. A longitudinal study of medication exposure and xerostomia among older people. Gerodontology. 2006;23(4):205–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorn JJ, Prause JU, Oxholm P. Sialochemistry in Sjögren’s syndrome: a review. J Oral Pathol Med. 1989;18:457–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorselius I, Emilson CG, Österberg T. Salivary conditions and drug consumption in older age groups of elderly Swedish individuals. Gerodontics. 1988;4:66–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tong HC, Gao XJ, Dong XZ. Non-mutans streptococci in patients receiving radiotherapy in the head and neck area. Caries Res. 2003;37(4):261–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng CC, Wolff LF, Rhodus N, Aeppli DM. The periodontal status of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. J Clin Periodontol. 1990;17:329–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valdez IH, Atkinson JC, Ship JA, Fox PC. Major salivary gland function in patients with radiation-induced xerostomia: flow rates and sialochemistry. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993;25(1):41–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villa A, Wolff A, Aframian D, Vissink A, Ekström J, Proctor G, McGowan R, Narayana N, Aliko A, Sia YW, Joshi RK, Jensen SB, Kerr AR, Dawes C, Pedersen AML. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI: a systematic review of medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction: prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(7):1563–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vissink A, Jansma J, Spijkervet FK, Burlage FR, Coppes RP. Oral sequelae of head and neck radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(3):199–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vissink A, Mitchell JB, Baum BJ, Limesand KH, Jensen SB, Fox PC, et al. Clinical management of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients: successes and barriers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;78(4):983–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vuotila T, Ylikontiola L, Sorsa T, Luoto H, Hanemaaijer R, Salo T, et al. The relationship between MMPs and pH in whole saliva of radiated head and neck cancer patients. J Oral Pathol Med. 2002;31(6):329–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlin YB. Salivary secretion rate, yeast cells, and oral candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991;71(6):689–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlin YB, Holm AK. Changes in the oral microflora in patients with acute leukemia and related disorders during the period of induction therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988;65(4):411–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yan Z, Young AL, Hua H, Xu Y. Multiple oral Candida infections in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome -- prevalence and clinical and drug susceptibility profiles. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(11):2428–31. doi:10.3899/jrheum.100819. Epub 2011 Aug 15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Liu H, Liang X, Zhang M, Wang R, Peng G, et al. Investigation of salivary function and oral microbiota of radiation caries-free people with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123137.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section 1, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark

    Siri Beier Jensen DDS, PhD & Anne Marie Lynge Pedersen DDS, PhD

Authors
  1. Siri Beier Jensen DDS, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anne Marie Lynge Pedersen DDS, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Siri Beier Jensen DDS, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Anne Marie Lynge Pedersen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jensen, S.B., Pedersen, A.M.L. (2016). Association Between Oral Infections and Salivary Gland Hypofunction. In: Lynge Pedersen, A. (eds) Oral Infections and General Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25091-5_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25091-5_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25089-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25091-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation