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The Law of Artificially Intelligent Brains

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Cyber-Humans
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Abstract

Benefiting from exponentially improving technologies , in numerous examples what was once considered a task distinctly requiring human intelligence is now being done much faster and more efficiently by artificially intelligent machines .

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Adrienne Lafrance, 2015, When Google Self-Driving Cars Are in Accidents, Humans Are to Blame, at: http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/06/every-single-time-a-google-self-driving-car-crashed-a-human-was-to-blame/395183/.

  2. 2.

    Wells v. U.S., 16 Av.Cas. 17914 (W.D. Wash. 1981); Klein v. U.S., 13 Av.Cas. 18137 (D. Md. 1975).

  3. 3.

    Samuel Gibbs, 2014, Elon Musk: Artificial Intelligence is our Biggest Existential Threat, at: http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/27/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-ai-biggest-existential-threat.

  4. 4.

    Martin Rees, 2004, Our Final Hour: A Scientist’s Warning, Basic Books; Nick Bostrum, 2014, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, Oxford University Press.

  5. 5.

    Bill Joy, 2000, Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us, Wired 8.04.

  6. 6.

    Miguel Nicholelis, 2013, The Brain is Not Computable, MIT Technology Review.

  7. 7.

    Gabriel Hallevy, 2013, When Robots Kill: Artificial Intelligence Under Criminal Law, Northeastern Press; Ryan Calo, 2015, Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw, 103 California Law Review.

  8. 8.

    Priya Ganapati, 2010, Reverse-Engineering of Human Brain Likely by 2030, Expert Predicts, at: http://www.wired.com/2010/08/reverse-engineering-brain-kurzweil/.

  9. 9.

    Id.

  10. 10.

    Id.

  11. 11.

    Id.

  12. 12.

    Hans Moravec, When Will Computer Hardware Match the Human Brain? Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 1, 1998.

  13. 13.

    17 U.S. Code § 102—Subject matter of copyright.

  14. 14.

    U.S. Copyright Act, 17 USC §§ 100 et. seq.

  15. 15.

    U.S. Copyright Act, Sect. 101.

  16. 16.

    Id.

  17. 17.

    Apple Computer v. Franklin Computer, 714 F.2d 1240 (3d Cir. 1983).

  18. 18.

    Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc, 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992).

  19. 19.

    Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1979); Copyright Act § 102(b) (the subject matter of copyright).

  20. 20.

    Whelan Assocs., Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Lab. Inc., 609 F. Supp. 1307, 225 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 156 (E.D. Pa. 1985).

  21. 21.

    Id., note 18.

  22. 22.

    Id. note 20.

  23. 23.

    Id. note 18.

  24. 24.

    Mind Uploading, Wikipedia, at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading.

  25. 25.

    Geoffrey Mohan, 2014, Cognitive computer chip apes brain architecture, at: http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-brain-chip-computer-20140807-story.html.

  26. 26.

    Rise of the Machines, 2015, The Economist, at: http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21650526-artificial-intelligence-scares-peopleexcessively-so-rise-machines.

  27. 27.

    Ray Kurzweil, 2006, The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, Penguin Books.

  28. 28.

    Id.

  29. 29.

    Id.

  30. 30.

    Peter Diamandis, 2015, Ray Kurzweil’s Mind-Boggling Predictions for the Next 25 Years, at: http://singularityhub.com/2015/01/26/ray-kurzweils-mind-boggling-predictions-for-the-next-25-years/.

  31. 31.

    Id.

  32. 32.

    See generally, 2029 timeline contents, at: http://www.futuretimeline.net/21stcentury/2029.htm#.VXxb1e_bJjo.

  33. 33.

    European Commission, 2014, From lighter airplanes to new treatments for brain diseases, at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-531_en.htm.

  34. 34.

    The Human Brain Project, The European Commission, at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/human-brain-project.

  35. 35.

    Peter, Flach, 2012, Machine Learning: The Art and Science of Algorithms that Make Sense of Data, Cambridge University Press; Nikhil Buduma, 2015, Fundamentals of Deep Learning: Designing Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence Algorithms, O’Reilly Media.

  36. 36.

    The rise of machine learning: how to avoid the pitfalls in data analysis, 2014, at: http://biome.biomedcentral.com/the-rise-of-machine-learning-how-to-avoid-the-pitfalls-in-data-analysis/.

  37. 37.

    Id. note 35.

  38. 38.

    Stuart Benjamin, Algorithms and Speech, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 161, No. 6, May 2013, 1445−1494.

  39. 39.

    Pamela Samuelson, Allocating Ownership Rights in Computer-Generated Works, 47 Pitt. L. Rev. 1185, 1985.

  40. 40.

    Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc., 131 S.Ct. 2653 (2011).

  41. 41.

    Stuart Benjamin, id., note 38.

  42. 42.

    Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass’n, 131 S.Ct. 2729 (2011).

  43. 43.

    Tim Wu, Machine Speech, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol.161, 1495−1533.

  44. 44.

    Id.

  45. 45.

    Id.

  46. 46.

    Id.

  47. 47.

    State Street Bank and Trust Company v. Signature Financial Group, Inc., 149 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1998).

  48. 48.

    Yoshua Bengio, Ian Goodfellow, and Aaron Courville, Deep Learning, MIT Press, In preparation.

  49. 49.

    Amy Jiang, 2015, UC Berkeley Researchers Enable Robots to Learn Through Trial, Error, The Daily Californian, at: http://www.dailycal.org/2015/05/24/uc-berkeley-researchers-enable-robots-to-learn-through-trial-error/.

  50. 50.

    Sarah Yang, 2015, New ‘deep learning’ technique enables robot mastery of skills via trial and error, at: deep-learning-robot-masters-skills-via-trial-and-error.

  51. 51.

    Id.

  52. 52.

    Id.

  53. 53.

    Id.

  54. 54.

    Id.

  55. 55.

    Id.

  56. 56.

    UC Berkeley Robot Learns By Trial and Error, 2015, Robot Magazine, at: http://www.botmag.com/uc-berkeley-robot-learns-by-trial-and-error/.

  57. 57.

    Sarah Young, Id., at note 50, discussing the work of Trevor Darrell.

  58. 58.

    Elenor G. Rielfel and Wolfgang H. Polak, 2014, Quantum Computing: A Gentle Introduction, MIT Press.

  59. 59.

    Dharmendra S. Modha, Introducing a Brain-inspired Computer, TrueNorth’s neurons to revolutionize system architecture, (accessed 2015) at: http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/brain-chip.shtml.

  60. 60.

    Irv Englander, 2004, The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software, & Networking: An Information Technology Approach, Wiley.

  61. 61.

    Ludmila, I. Kuncheva, 2014, Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithm, Wiley.

  62. 62.

    See generally, Neuromorphic Computing, Wikipedia, at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering; NAIP PATENT BLOG, At: http://naipblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/brief-overview-of-ic-design-protection.html.

  63. 63.

    Peter McCrorie, On-Chip Thermal Analysis Is Becoming Mandatory, at: http://chipdesignmag.com/display.php?articleId=2171.

  64. 64.

    Charl Goussard, 2009, What is Integrated Circuit Design? at: http://naipblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/brief-overview-of-ic-design-protection.html.

  65. 65.

    Copyright v. Patent: A Primer on Copyright and Patent Protection for Software, at: http://www.law.washington.edu/lta/swp/law/copyvpatent.html.

  66. 66.

    Id., note 62, NAIP patent blog.

  67. 67.

    Id., note 62.

  68. 68.

    Id., note 62.

  69. 69.

    Rajkumar Dubey, Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design in Indian IP Regime, 2004, at: http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/28601/technology/Semiconductor+Integrated+Circuits+Layout+Design+In+Indian+IP+Regime.

  70. 70.

    Id.

  71. 71.

    Id.

  72. 72.

    Semiconductor Chip Protection Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 901–914.

  73. 73.

    Gowri Ramachandran, 2009, Against the Right to Bodily Integrity: Of Cyborgs and Human Rights, 87 Denver University Law Review, No. 1, p1.

  74. 74.

    Id., notes 64, 69.

  75. 75.

    TRIPS-The areas of intellectual property that it covers are: copyright and related rights (i.e. the rights of performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations); trademarks including service marks; geographical indications\ including appellations of origin; industrial design; patents including the protection of new varieties of plants; the layout-designs of integrated circuits; and undisclosed information including trade secrets and test data.

  76. 76.

    Overview: the TRIPS Agreement, World Trade organization, at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel2_e.htm.

  77. 77.

    Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984, Wikipedia, at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_Chip_Protection_Act_of_1984.

  78. 78.

    See generally, id.

  79. 79.

    MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc., 991 F.2d 511 (9th Cir. 1993).

  80. 80.

    See, 17 U.S. Code § 117—Limitations on exclusive rights: Computer programs.

  81. 81.

    Ray Kurzweil, supra, note 27.

  82. 82.

    James Barat, 2015, Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human, St. Martin’s Griffin.

  83. 83.

    Lev Grossman, 2011, 2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal, quoting Ray Kurweil, at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2048299-4,00.html.

  84. 84.

    Id.

  85. 85.

    Id.

  86. 86.

    Miguel Nicholelis, id., note 6.

  87. 87.

    Dennis Bray, What Cells Can Do that Robots Can’t, Youtube video, at: https://vimeo.com/18143991.

  88. 88.

    Id.

  89. 89.

    Id.

  90. 90.

    Lev Grossman, id., note 83.

  91. 91.

    Lev Grossman, id., note 83.

  92. 92.

    Lev Grossman, id., note 83, quoting Ray Kurzweil.

  93. 93.

    Lev Grossman, id., note 83, quoting Ray Kurzweil.

  94. 94.

    Singularitarianism, posted by PZ Meyers, 2011, quoting Ray Kurzweil, at: http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/02/13/singularitarianism/.

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Barfield, W. (2015). The Law of Artificially Intelligent Brains. In: Cyber-Humans. Copernicus, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25050-2_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25050-2_3

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