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The Physiology of Microalgae pp 211–231Cite as

Micronutrients

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Part of the book series: Developments in Applied Phycology ((DAPH,volume 6))

Abstract

Our understanding of the types, amounts, and roles of micronutrients (that is, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium and nickel) in microalgae has expanded enormously in the last few decades, as has our ability to measure and decipher their activities, fate and behavior in both cells and their surrounding environment. The ability to acquire (uptake) and eliminate (efflux) micronutrients is a physiological trait that varies between taxa and can be linked to evolutionary histories and changes in ocean chemistry. The evolutionary inheritance hypothesis examines the imprint of endosymbiosis on the elemental stoichiometry of microalgae; their rich and diverse polyphyletic origins are retained such that species-specific traits play an important role in determining the micronutrient quota’s (intracellular concentrations), their response to different environmental perturbations including upwelling and pollution, and consequently successional patterns, community composition and/or competition. While some all the micronutrients discussed have a nutritional role, some may also be toxic if accumulated in excess of a cells requirements. In other instances, some micronutrients have been found to be replaceable or exchangeable, in the metallo centers of enzymes, but not in all microalgae. Micronutrients thereby function in the presence of other micronutrients and are affected by them, these synergistic and antagonistic interactions, are concurrently influenced by macronutrients and a variety of anthropogenic and emergent pollutants (specifically engineered nanoparticles and nanomaterials), which we also discuss. Anthropogenic inputs of micronutrients to the environment exceed inputs from natural sources. As a result, there has been a concurrent impact on the biota, altering ecological stoichiometries, food webs and trophic movement of these elements. We also discuss the importance of light and increasing CO2 concentrations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Wherever possible the currently accepted names for species are used. The name used in the paper cited is also indicated. For details of names see chapter “Systematics, Taxonomy and Species Names: Do They Matter?” of this book (Borowitzka 2016).

  2. 2.

    See Harrison et al. (1989) for definition.

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  1. Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA

    Antonietta Quigg

  2. Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Antonietta Quigg

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  1. School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch, West Australia, Australia

    Michael A. Borowitzka

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

    John Beardall

  3. Division of Plant Biology, University of Dundee at the James Hutton, Dundee, United Kingdom

    John A. Raven

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Quigg, A. (2016). Micronutrients. In: Borowitzka, M., Beardall, J., Raven, J. (eds) The Physiology of Microalgae. Developments in Applied Phycology, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24945-2_10

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