Abstract
Invasive annual grass research and management in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the Western United States (USA) have historically focused on reducing weed abundance as opposed to ecosystem restoration, which addresses the underlying processes responsible for their persistence. Given the current impact of invasive annual grasses and their continued spread in this region, we identified common characteristics responsible for persistence of the most problematic exotic annual Bromus. For heavily invaded areas, these include transient, yet typically large seed banks, altered soil resource availability and litter production, displacement of native species, and frequent disturbance from fire. To better address these common characteristics for future management, we illustrate how an adaptive management framework can reduce existing uncertainty associated with the restoration of arid and semiarid ecosystems. We also assess how research and management influence these characteristics with a case study of treatment outcomes for Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass or downy brome) control and a case study of current approaches used by the US Department of Interior’s Bureau of Land Management to restore landscapes impacted by B. tectorum and improve greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat in the Great Basin region of the Western USA. We conclude that adapting for the future will require continued integration between research and management, greater inclusion of ecological processes, and long-term experiments to inform adaptive management decisions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abatzoglou JT (2013) Development of gridded surface meteorological data for ecological applications and modelling. Int J Climatol 33:121–131
Abella SR (2014) Effectiveness of exotic plant treatments on National Park Service lands in the United States. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 7:147–163
Aigner P, Woerly R (2011) Herbicides and mowing to control barb goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis) and restore native plants in serpentine grasslands. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4:448–457
Allen CR, Fontaine JJ, Pope KL et al (2011) Adaptive management for a turbulent future. J Environ Manag 92:1339–1345
Andersen MR, Depuit EJ, Abernathy RH et al (1992) Value of mountain rye for suppression of annual bromegrasses on semiarid mined lands. J Range Manag 45:345–351
Arkle RS, Pilliod DS, Hanser SE et al (2014) Quantifying restoration effectiveness using multi-scale habitat models: implications for sage-grouse in the Great Basin. Ecosphere 5:31
Atkinson SY, Brown CS (2015) Attributes that confer invasiveness and impacts across the large genus Bromus – lessons from the Bromus REEnet database. In: Germino MJ, Chambers JC, Brown CS (eds) Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the Western USA: causes, consequences, and management implications. Springer, New York, NY (Chapter 6)
Bagchi S, Briske DD, Bestelmeyer BT et al (2013) Assessing resilience and state-transition models with historical records of cheatgrass Bromus tectorum invasion in North American sagebrush-steppe. J Appl Ecol 50:1131–1141
Balch JK, Bradley BA, D’Antonio CM et al (2013) Introduced annual grass increases regional fire activity across the arid western USA (1980–2009). Glob Change Biol 19:173–183
Banks ER, Baker WL (2011) Scale and pattern of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) invasion in Rocky Mountain National Park. Nat Area J 31:377–390
Bansal S, Sheley RL, Blank B et al (2014) Plant litter effects on soil nutrient availability and vegetation dynamics: changes that occur when annual grasses invade shrub-steppe communities. Plant Ecol 215:367–378
Bartolome JW, Stroud MC, Heady HF (1980) Influence of natural mulch on forage production on differing California annual range sites. J Range Manag 33:4–8
Bates JD, Svejcar TJ (2009) Herbaceous succession after burning of cut western Juniper trees. West N Am Nat 69:9–25
Bauer JT (2012) Invasive species: “back-seat drivers” of ecosystem change? Biol Invasions 14:1295–1304
Baughman OW, Meyer SE (2013) Is Pyrenophora semenipera the cause of downy brome (Bromus tectorum) die-offs? Invasive Plant Sci and Manag 6:105–111
Beckstead J, Street LE, Meyer SE et al (2011) Fire effects on the cheatgrass seed bank pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda. Rangel Ecol Manag 64:148–157
Beever EA, Mattsson BJ, Germino MJ et al (2014) Successes and challenges from formation to implementation of eleven broad-extent conservation programs. Conserv Biol 28:302–314
Belnap J, Phillips SL, Sherrod SK et al (2005) Soil biota can change after exotic plant invasion: does this affect ecosystem processes? Ecology 86:3007–3017
Belnap J, Stark JM, Rau BJ (2015) Soil moisture and biogeochemical factors influence the distribution of annual Bromus species. In: Germino MJ, Chambers JC, Brown CS (eds) Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the Western USA: causes, consequences, and management implications. Springer, New York, NY (Chapter 8)
Bestelmeyer BT, Tugel AJ, Peacock GL et al (2009) State and transition models for heterogeneous landscapes: a strategy for development and application. Rangel Ecol Manag 62:1–15
Blackshaw RE (1991) Control of downy brome (Bromus tectorum) in conservation fallow systems. Weed Technol 5:557–562
Blank RR, Morgan T (2013) Soil engineering facilitates downy brome (Bromus tectorum) growth – a case study. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 6:391–400
Boudell J, Link S, Johansen J (2002) Effect of soil microtopography on seed bank distribution in the shrub-steppe. West N Am Nat 62:14–24
Boyd CS, Svejcar TJ (2009) Managing complex problems in rangeland ecosystems. Rangel Ecol Manag 62:491–499
Bradley BA (2009) Regional analysis of the impacts of climate change on cheatgrass invasion shows potential risk and opportunity. Glob Change Biol 15:196–208
Bradley BA, Houghton RA, Mustard JF et al (2006) Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the Western US. Glob Change Biol 12:1815–1822
Brisbin H, Thode A, Brooks M et al (2013) Soil Seed bank responses to postfire herbicide and native seeding treatments designed to control Bromus tectorum in a Pinyon-Juniper woodland at Zion National Park, USA. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 6:118–129
Brooks ML (2003) Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert. J Ecol 40:344–353
Brooks ML, Chambers JC (2011) Resistance to invasion and resilience to fire in desert shrublands of North America. Rangel Ecol Manag 64:431–438
Brooks M, Matchett J (2006) Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires in the Mojave Desert, 1980–2004. J Arid Environ 67:148–164
Brooks ML, Belnap J, Brown CS et al (2015) Exotic annual Bromus invasions – comparisons among species and ecoregions in the Western United States. In: Germino MJ, Chambers JC, Brown CS (eds) Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the Western USA: causes, consequences, and management implications. Springer, New York, NY (Chapter 2)
Bruce LB, Perryman B, Conley K et al (2007) Case study: grazing management on seeded and unseeded post-fire public rangelands. Prof Anim Sci 23:285–290
Catford JA, Vesk PA, Richardson DM et al (2012) Quantifying levels of biological invasion: towards the objective classification of invaded and invasible ecosystems. Glob Change Biol 18:44–62
Caudle D, DiBenedetto J, Karl M et al (2013) Interagency ecological site handbook for rangelands. USDA, Natural Resource Conservation Service, p 109
Chambers JC, MacMahon JA (1994) A day in the life of a seed: movements and fates of seeds and their implications for natural land managed systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 25:263–292
Chambers JC, Roundy BA, Blank RR et al (2007) What makes Great Basin sagebrush ecosystems invasible by Bromus tectorum? Ecol Monogr 77:117–145
Chambers JC, Bradley BA, Brown CS et al (2014a) Resilience to stress and disturbance, and resistance to Bromus tectorum L. invasion in cold desert shrublands of western North America. Ecosystems 17:360–375
Chambers JC, Pyke DA, Maestas JD et al (2014b) Using resistance and resilience concepts to reduce impacts of invasive annual grasses and altered fire regimes on the sagebrush ecosystem and greater sage-grouse. A strategic multi-scale approach. Gen Tech Rep RMRS-GTR-326. USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, p 73
Cheam AH (1986) Patterns of change in seed dormancy and persistence of Bromus diandrus Roth (great brome) in the field. Aust J Agric Res 37:471–481
Clinton NE, Potter C, Crabtree B et al (2010) Remote sensing-based time-series analysis of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) phenology. J Environ Qual 39:955–963
Collins SL (1987) Interaction of disturbances in tallgrass prairie – a field experiment. Ecology 68:1243–1250
Corbin JD, D’Antonio CM (2010) Not novel, just better: competition between native and non-native plants in California grasslands that share species traits. Plant Ecol 209:71–81
Currie PO, Volesky JD, Hilken TO et al (1987) Selective control of annual bromes in perennial grass stands. J Range Manag 40:547–550
Daubenmire RF (1940) Plant succession due to overgrazing in the Agropyron bunchgrass prairie of southeastern Washington. Ecology 21:55–64
Davies KW, Johnson DD (2011) Are we “missing the boat” on preventing the spread of invasive plants in rangelands? Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4:166–172
Davies KW, Nafus AM (2013) Exotic annual grass invasion alters fuel amounts, continuity and moisture content. Int J Wildl Fire 22:353–358
Davies KW, Sheley RL, Bates JD (2008) Does fall prescribed burning Artemisia tridentata steppe promote invasion or resistance to invasion after a recovery period? J Arid Environ 72:1073–1082
Davies KW, Svejcar TJ, Bates JD (2009) Interaction of historical and nonhistorical disturbances maintains native plant communities. Ecol Appl 19:1536–1545
Davison JC, Smith EG (2007) Imazapic provides 2-year control of weedy annuals in a seeded Great Basin fuelbreak. Native Plants J 8:91–95
DeFalco LA, Bryla DR, Smith-Longozo V et al (2003) Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species. Am J Bot 90:1045–1053
Diamond JM, Call CA, Devoe N (2009) Effects of targeted grazing on fire behavior of cheatgrass-dominated rangeland in the northern Great Basin, USA. Int J Wildland Fire 18:944–950
Diamond JM, Call CA, Devoe N (2012) Effects of targeted grazing and prescribed burning on community and seed dynamics of a downy brome (Bromus tectorum)-dominated landscape. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 5:259–269
DiTomaso JM, Kyser GB, Miller JR et al (2006) Integrating prescribed burning and clopyralid for the management of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Weed Sci 54:757–767
Duncan CA, Jachetta JJ, Brown ML et al (2004) Assessing the economic, environmental, and societal losses from invasive plants on rangeland and wildlands. Weed Technol 18:1411–1416
Eckert RE, Evans RA (1967) A chemical-fallow technique for control of brome and establishment of perennial grasses on rangeland. J Range Manag 20:35–41
Eiswerth ME, Krauter K, Swanson SR et al (2009) Post-fire seeding on Wyoming big sagebrush ecological sites: regression analyses of seeded nonnative and native species densities. J Environ Manag 90:1320–1325
Enright NJ, Fontaine JB, Lamont BB et al (2014) Resistance and resilience to changing climate and fire regime depend on plant functional traits. J Ecol 102:1572–1581
Evangelista P, Stohlgren TJ, Guenther D et al (2004) Vegetation response to fire and postburn seeding treatments in Juniper woodlands of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. West N Am Nat 64:293–305
Evans RA, Eckert RE (1965) Paraquat surfactant combinations for control of downy brome. Weeds 13:150–151
Evans RA, Young JA (1970) Plant litter establishment of alien annual weed species in rangeland communities. Weed Sci 18:697–703
Evans RA, Young JA (1977) Weed control-revegetation systems for big sagebrush-downy brome rangelands. J Range Manag 30:331–336
Evans RA, Young JA (1978) Effectiveness of rehabilitation practices following wildfire in a degraded big sagebrush downy brome community. J Range Manag 31:185–188
Fahnestock JT, Larson DL, Plumb GE et al (2003) Effects of ungulates and prairie dogs on seed banks and vegetation in a North American mixed-grass prairie. Plant Ecol 167:255–268
Frost RA, Launchbaugh KL (2003) Prescription grazing for rangeland weed management. Rangelands 25:43–47
Gaertner M, Biggs R, Te Beest M et al (2014) Invasive plants as drivers of regime shifts: identifying high-priority invaders that alter feedback relationships. Divers Distrib 20:733–744
Gardner ET, Anderson VJ, Johnson RL (2009) Arthropod and plant communities as indicators of land rehabilitation effectiveness in a semiarid shrubsteppe. West N Am Nat 69:521–536
Germino MJ, Belnap J, Stark JM et al (2015) Ecosystem impacts of exotic annual invaders in the genus Bromus. In: Germino MJ, Chambers JC, Brown CS (eds) Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the Western USA: causes, consequences, and management implications. Springer, New York, NY (Chapter 3)
Gill GS, Blacklow WM (1985) Variations in seed dormancy and rates of development of great brome, Bromus diandrus Roth, as adaptations to the climates of southern Australia and implications for weed control. Aust J Agric Res 36:295–304
Giunta BC, Christensen DR, Monsen SB (1975) Inter-seeding shrubs in cheatgrass with a browse seeder-scalper. J Range Manag 28:398–402
Goldberg DE, Rajaniemi T, Gurevitch J et al (1999) Empirical approaches to quantifying interaction intensity: competition and facilitation along productivity gradients. Ecology 80:1118–1131
Grman E, Suding KN (2010) Within-year soil legacies contribute to strong priority effects of exotics on native California grassland communities. Restor Ecol 18:664–670
Grman E, Bassett T, Brudvig LA (2013) Confronting contingency in restoration: management and site history determine outcomes of assembling prairies, but site characteristics and landscape context have little effect. J Appl Ecol 50:1234–1243
Gucker CL, Bunting SC (2011) Canyon grassland vegetation changes following fire in northern Idaho. West N Am Nat 71:97–105
Guglielmini A, Ghersa CM, Satorre EH (2007) Co-evolution of domesticated crops and associated weeds. Ecol Aust 17:167–178
Gundale MJ, Sutherland S, DeLuca TH (2008) Fire, native species, and soil resource interactions influence the spatio-temporal invasion pattern of Bromus tectorum. Ecography 31:201–210
Haferkamp MR, Volesky JD, Borman MM et al (1993) Effects of mechanical treatments and climatic factors on the productivity of northern Great Plains rangelands. J Range Manag 46:346–350
Haferkamp MR, Heitschmidt RK, Grings EE et al (2001) Suppression of annual bromes impacts rangeland: vegetation responses. J Range Manag 54:656–662
Hardegree SP, Jones TA, Roundy BA et al (2011) Assessment of range planting as a conservation practice. In: Briske DD (ed) Conservation benefits of rangeland practices: assessment, recommendations, and knowledge gaps. Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, pp 171–212
Hardegree SP, Schneider JM, Moffet CA (2012) Weather variability and adaptive management for rangeland restoration. Rangelands 34:53–56
Harmoney KR (2007) Grazing and burning Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus) on mixed grass rangelands. Rangel Ecol Manag 60:479–486
Hedges LV, Gurevitch J, Curtis PS (1999) The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80:1150–1156
Hempy-Mayer K, Pyke DA (2008) Defoliation effects on Bromus tectorum seed production: implications for grazing. Rangel Ecol Manag 61:116–123
Herrick JE, Schuman GE, Rango A (2006) Monitoring ecological processes for restoration projects. J Nat Conserv 14:161–171
Herrick JE, Bestelmeyer BT, Crossland K (2008) Simplifying ecological site verification, rangeland health assessments, and monitoring. Rangelands 30:24–26
Herrick JE, Duniway MC, Pyke DA et al (2012) A holistic strategy for adaptive land management. J Soil Water Conserv 67:105A–113A
Hewlett DB, Johnson JR, Butterfield RI et al (1981) Japanese brome response to atrazine in combination with nitrogen fertilizer in the mixed prairie. J Range Manag 34:22–25
Hilty JH, Eldridge DJ, Rosentreter R et al (2004) Recovery of biological soil crusts following wildfire in Idaho. J Range Manag 57:89–96
Hirsch-Schantz MC, Monaco TA, Call CA et al (2014) Large-scale downy brome treatments alter plant-soil relationships and promote perennial grasses in salt desert shrublands. Rangel Ecol Manag 67:255–265
Hobbs R, Yates S, Mooney H (2007) Long-term data reveal complex dynamics in grassland in relation to climate and disturbance. Ecol Monogr 77:545–568
Hoelzle TB, Jonas JL, Paschke MW (2012) Twenty-five years of sagebrush steppe plant community development following seed addition. J Appl Ecol 49:911–918
Hulbert LC (1955) Ecological studies of Bromus tectorum and other annual brome grasses. Ecol Monogr 25:181–213
Hunter R (1991) Bromus invasions on the Nevada test site: present status of B. rubens and B. tectorum with notes on their relationships to disturbance and altitude. Great Basin Nat 51:176–182
James JJ, Svejcar TJ, Rinella MJ (2011) Demographic processes limiting seedling recruitment in arid grassland restoration. J Appl Ecol 48:961–969
James JJ, Boyd CS, Svejcar T (2013a) Seed and seedling ecology research to enhance restoration outcomes. Rangel Ecol Manag 66:115–116
James JJ, Sheley RL, Erickson T et al (2013b) A systems approach to restoring degraded drylands. J Appl Ecol 50:730–739
Jensen P (2009) Longevity of seeds of four annual grass and two dicotyledon weed species as related to placement in the soil and straw disposal technique. Weed Res 49:592–601
Jessop BD, Anderson VJ (2007) Cheatgrass invasion in salt desert shrublands: benefits of postfire reclamation. Rangel Ecol Manag 60:235–243
Jones R, Chambers JC, Johnson DW et al (2015) Effect of repeated burning on plant and soil carbon and nitrogen in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) dominated ecosystems. Plant Soil 386:47–64
Jones TA, Monaco TA (2007) A restoration practitioner’s guide to the restoration gene pool concept. Ecol Restor 25:12–19
Jurand BS, Abella SR (2013) Soil seed banks of the exotic annual grass Bromus rubens on a burned desert landscape. Rangel Ecol Manag 66:157–163
Jurand BS, Abella SR, Suazo AA (2013) Soil seed bank longevity of the exotic annual grass Bromus rubens in the Mojave Desert, USA. J Arid Environ 94:68–75
Karl JW, Herrick JE, Browning DM (2012) A strategy for rangeland management based on best available knowledge and information. Rangel Ecol Manag 65:638–646
Keeley JE, McGinnis TW (2007) Impact of prescribed fire and other factors on cheatgrass persistence in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine forest. Int J Wildl Fire 16:96–106
Knapp PA (1996) Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L) dominance in the Great Basin Desert. Glob Environ Change 6:37–57
Knick ST, Hanser SE, Preston KL (2013) Modeling ecological minimum requirements for distribution of greater sage-grouse leks: implications for population connectivity across their western range, USA. Ecol Evol 3:1539–1551
Knutson KC, Pyke DA, Wirth TA et al (2014) Long-term effects of seeding after wildfire on vegetation in Great Basin shrubland ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 51:1414–1424
Kolb A, Alpert P (2003) Effects of nitrogen and salinity on growth and competition between a native grass and an invasive congener. Biol Invasions 5:229–238
Krueger-Mangold JM, Sheley RL, Svejcar TJ (2006) Toward ecologically-based invasive plant management on rangeland. Weed Sci 54:597–605
Kyser GB, DiTomaso JM (2002) Instability in a grassland community after the control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) with prescribed burning. Weed Sci 50:648–657
Kyser GB, Creech JE, Zhang J et al (2012) Selective control of medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) in California sagebrush scrub using low rates of glyphosate. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 5:1–8
Leffler AJ, Sheley RL (2012) Adaptive management in EBIPM: a key to success in invasive plant management. Rangelands 34:44–47
Leger EA, Baughman OW (2014) What seeds to plant in the Great Basin? Comparing traits prioritized in native plant cultivars and releases with those that promote survival in the field. Nat Area J 35:54–68
Leonard ED, Monaco TA, Stark JM et al (2008) Invasive forb, annual grass, and exotic shrub competition with three sagebrush-steppe growth forms: acquisition of a spring 15N tracer. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 1:168–177
Lytle DA (2001) Disturbance regimes and life-history evolution. Am Nat 157:525–536
Mack RN (1981) Invasion of Bromus tectorum L. into western North America: an ecological chronicle. Agro-Ecosystems 7:145–165
Mack RN (2011) Fifty years of ‘waging war on cheatgrass’: research advances, while meaningful control languishes. In: Richardson DM (ed) Fifty years of invasion ecology: the legacy of Charles Elton. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 253–265
MacKinnon WC, Karl JW, Toevs GR et al (2001) BLM core terrestrial indicators and methods. Tech Note 440. USDI, Bureau of Land Management, National Operations Center, Denver, CO
Maron JL, Connors PG (1996) A native nitrogen-fixing shrub facilitates weed invasion. Oecologia 105:302–312
Marshall DR, Jain SK (1967) Cohabitation and relative abundance of two species of wild oats. Ecology 48:656–659
Mata-Gonzalez R, Hunter RG, Coldren CL et al (2008) A comparison of modeled and measured impacts of resource manipulations for control of Bromus tectorum in sagebrush steppe. J Arid Environ 72:836–846
McGlone CM, Springer JD, Covington WW (2009) Cheatgrass encroachment on a ponderosa pine forest ecological restoration project in northern Arizona. Ecol Res 27:37–46
McGlone CM, Sieg CH, Kolb TE (2011) Invasion resistance and persistence: established plants win, even with disturbance and high propagule pressure. Biol Invasions 13:291–304
Melgoza G, Nowak RS, Tausch RJ (1990) Soil water exploitation after fire: competition between Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and two native species. Oecologia 83:7–13
Milchunas DG, Vandever MW, Ball LO et al (2011) Allelopathic cover crop prior to seeding is more important than subsequent grazing/mowing in grassland establishment. Rangel Ecol Manag 64:291–300
Miller RF, Chambers JC, Pyke DA et al (2013) A review of fire effects on vegetation and soils in the Great Basin Region: response and ecological site characteristics. Gen Tech Rep RMRS-GTR-308. USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, p 126
Miller RF, Chambers JC, Pellant M (2014) A field guide for selecting the most appropriate treatment in sagebrush and Pinyon-Juniper ecosystems in the Great Basin. Gen Tech Rep RMRS-GTR-322-rev. USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, p 72
Molinar F, Holechek J, Galt D et al (2002) Soil depth effects on Chihuahuan Desert vegetation. West N Am Nat 62:300–306
Monaco TA, Creech JE (2004) Sulfosulfuron effects on growth and photosynthesis of 15 range grasses. J Range Manag 57:490–496
Monaco TA, Jones TA, Thurow TL (2012) Identifying rangeland restoration targets: an appraisal of challenges and opportunities. Rangel Ecol Manag 65:599–605
Morris C, Monaco TA, Rigby CW (2009) Variable impacts of imazapic rate on downy brome (Bromus tectorum) and seeded species in two rangeland communities. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 2:110–119
Morris LR, Monaco TA, Sheley RL (2014) Impact of cultivation legacies on rehabilitation seedings and native species re-establishment in Great Basin shrublands. Rangel Ecol Manag 67:285–291
Morrow LA, Fenster CR, McCarty MK (1977) Control of downy brome on Nebraska rangeland. J Range Manag 30:293–296
Moyes A, Witter M, Gamon J (2005) Restoration of native perennials in a California annual grassland after prescribed spring burning and solarization. Restor Ecol 13:659–666
Munson SM, Long AL, Decker C et al (2015) Repeated landscape-scale treatments following fire suppress a non-native annual grass and promote recovery of native perennial vegetation. Biol Invasions 17:1915–1926
Murphy T, Naugle DE, Eardley R et al (2013) Trial by fire. Rangelands 35:2–10
Myers JA, Harms KE (2009) Seed arrival, ecological filters, and plant species richness: a meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 12:1250–1260
Noss RF, Peters RL (1995) Endangered ecosystems. Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, DC, p 133
Ogle SM, Reiners WA, Gerow KG (2003) Impacts of exotic annual brome grasses (Bromus spp.) on ecosystem properties of northern mixed grass prairie. Am Midl Nat 149:46–58
Osenberg CW, Sarnelle O, Cooper SD et al (1999) Resolving ecological questions through meta-analysis: goals, metrics, and models. Ecology 80:1105–1117
Owen SM, Sieg CH, Gehring CA (2011) Rehabilitating downy brome (Bromus tectorum)-invaded shrublands using imazapic and seeding with native shrubs. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4:223–233
Palumbi SR (2001) Evolution – humans as the world’s greatest evolutionary force. Science 293:1786–1790
Parker SS, Schimel JP (2010) Invasive grasses increase nitrogen availability in California grassland soils. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 3:40–47
Pellant M, Abbey B, Karl S (2004) Restoring the Great Basin Desert, USA: integrating science, management, and people. Environ Monit Assess 99:169–179
Perry L, Blumenthal D, Monaco T et al (2010) Immobilizing nitrogen to control plant invasion. Oecologia 163:13–24
Poreda SF, Wullstein LH (1994) Vegetation recovery following fire in an oakbrush vegetation mosaic. Great Basin Nat 54:380–383
Provencher L, Frid L, Czembor C et al (2015) State-and-transition models: conceptual vs. simulation perspectives, usefulness and breadth of use, and land management applications. In: Germino MJ, Chambers JC, Brown CS (eds) Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the western USA: causes, consequences, and management implications. Springer, New York, NY (Chapter 13)
Pyke DA (1986) Demographic responses of Bromus tectorum and seedlings of Agropyron spicatum to grazing by small mammals: occurrence and severity of grazing. J Ecol 74:739–754
Pyke DA, Herrick JE, Shaver P et al (2002) Rangeland health attributes and indicators for qualitative assessment. J Range Manag 55:584–597
Pyke DA, Wirth TA, Beyers JL (2013) Does seeding after wildfires in rangelands reduce erosion or invasive species? Restoration Ecol 21:415–421
Pyke DA, Shaff SE, Lindgren AI et al (2014) Region-wide ecological responses of arid Wyoming big sagebrush communities to fuel treatments. Rangel Ecol Manag 67:455–467
Pyšek P, Jarošík V, Hulme PE et al (2012) A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species’ traits and environment. Glob Change Biol 18:1725–1737
Ralphs MH, Wiedmeier RD, Banks JE (2007) Decreasing forage allowance can force cattle to graze broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) as a potential biological control. Rangel Ecol Manag 60:487–497
Reever-Morghan KJ, Sheley RL, Svejcar TJ (2006) Successful adaptive management – the integration of research and management. Rangel Ecol Manag 59:216–219
Reisner MD, Grace JB, Pyke et al (2013) Conditions favouring Bromus tectorum dominance of endangered sagebrush steppe ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 50:1039–1049
Rice KJ, Nagy ES (2000) Oak canopy effects on the distribution patterns of two annual grasses: the role of competition and soil nutrients. Am J Bot 87:1699–1706
Rinella MJ, Masters RA, Bellows SE (2013) Effects of growth regulator herbicide on downy brome (Bromus tectorum) seed production. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 6:60–64
Rist L, Felton A, Samuelsson L et al (2013) A new paradigm for adaptive management. Ecol Soc 18:63
Rose KK, Hild AL, Whitson TD et al (2001) Competitive effects of cool-season grasses on re-establishment of three weed species. Weed Technol 15:885–891
Salo LF (2005) Red brome (Bromus rubens subsp madritensis) in North America: possible modes for early introductions, subsequent spread. Biol Invasions 7:165–180
Sheley R, James J, Smith B et al (2010) Applying ecologically based invasive-plant management. Rangel Ecol Manag 63:605–613
Sheley RL, James JJ, Vasquez EA et al (2011) Using rangeland health assessment to inform successional management. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4:356–367
Skaer MJ, Graydon DJ, Cushman JH (2013) Community-level consequences of cattle grazing for an invaded grassland: variable responses of native and exotic vegetation. J Veg Sci 24:332–343
Smith AT (1970) Effects of disturbance on seed germination in some annual plants. Ecology 51:1106–1108
Smith DC, Meyer SE, Anderson VJ (2008) Factors affecting Bromus tectorum seed bank carryover in western Utah. Rangel Ecol Manag 61:430–436
Smith B, Sheley R, Svejcar T (2012) Grazing invasive annual grasses: the green and brown guide. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, USA, p 36
Sorensen CD, McGlone CM (2010) Ponderosa pine understory response to short-term grazing exclusion (Arizona). Ecol Res 28:124–126
Stavi I, Ungar EU, Lavee H et al (2008) Surface microtopography and soil penetration resistance associated with shrub patches in a semiarid rangeland. Geomorphology 94:69–78
Stidham MA (1991) Herbicides that inhibit acetohydroxyacid synthase. Weed Sci 39:428–434
Stiver SJ, Apa AD, Bohne JR et al (2006) Greater sage-grouse comprehensive conservation strategy. Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Cheyenne, WY, p 28
Suding KN (2011) Toward an era of restoration in ecology: successes, failures, and opportunities ahead. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 42:465–487
Suding KN, Hobbs RJ (2008) Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework. Trends Ecol Evol 24:271–279
Suding KN, Gross KL, Houseman GR (2004) Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 19:46–53
Svejcar T, Boyd C (2012) The value of decision models: using Ecologically Based Invasive Plant Management as an example. Rangelands 34:2–5
Svejcar T, James J, Hardegree S et al (2014) Incorporating plant mortality and recruitment into rangeland management and assessment. Rangel Ecol Manag 67:603–613
Sweet SB, Kyser GB, DiTomaso JM (2008) Susceptibility of exotic annual grass seeds to fire. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 1:158–167
Thacker E, Ralphs MH, Monaco TA (2009) Seeding cool-season grasses to suppress broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), downy brome (Bromus tectorum), and weedy forbs. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 2:237–246
Turner GT (1971) Soil and grazing influences on a salt-desert shrub range in western Colorado. J Range Manag 24:31–37
Vermeire LT, Rinella MJ (2009) Fire alters emergence of invasive plant species from soil surface-deposited seeds. Weed Sci 57:304–310
Vilà M, Espinar JL, Hejda M et al (2011) Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecol Lett 14:702–708
Violle C, Richarte J, Navas M (2006) Effects of litter and standing biomass on growth and reproduction of two annual species in a Mediterranean old-field. J Ecol 94:196–205
von Wehrden H, Hanspach J, Kaczensky P et al (2012) Global assessment of the non-equilibrium concept in rangelands. Ecol Appl 22:393–399
Wainwright CE, Wolkovich EM, Cleland EE (2012) Seasonal priority effects: implications for invasion and restoration in a semi-arid system. J Appl Ecol 49:234–241
Walker LR, Walker J, Moral RD (2007) Forging a new alliance between succession and restoration. In: Walker LR, Walker J, Hobbs RJ (eds) Linking restoration and ecological succession. Springer, New York, NY, pp 1–18
West NE (1979) Basic synecological relationships of sagebrush-dominated lands in the Great Basin and the Colorado Plateau. In: The sagebrush ecosystem: a symposium, Logan, Utah. Utah State University, pp 33–41
West NE (1983) Great Basin-Colorado plateau sagebrush semi-desert. In: West NE (ed) Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 331–349
West NE, Yorks TP (2002) Vegetation responses following wildfire on grazed and ungrazed sagebrush semi-desert. J Range Manag 55:171–181
Whisenant SG (1990) Postfire population dynamics of Bromus japonicas. Am Midl Nat 123:301–308
Whisenant SG (1999) Repairing damaged wildlands: a process-orientated, landscape-scale approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 328
Wicks GA, Fenster CR, Burnside OC (1965) Chemical control of downy brome in grasslands of western Nebraska. Weeds 13:202–204
US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013) Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) conservation objectives: Final Report. US Fish and Wildlife Service, p 92
Williams BK (1997) Approaches to the management of waterfowl under uncertainty. Wildl Soc Bull 25:714–720
Williams BK, Szaro RC, Shapiro RC (2009) Adaptive management: the US Department of the Interior Technical guide. Adaptive Management Working Group, USDI, Washington, DC, p 72
Williams BK (2011) Adaptive management of natural resources-framework and issues. J Environ Manag 92:1346–1353
Williams BK, Brown ED (2012) Adaptive management: the US Department of the Interior Applications guide. Adaptive Management Working Group, USDI, Washington, DC, p 120
Williams BK, Brown ED (2014) Adaptive management: from more talk to real action. Environ Manag 53:465–479
Wilson RG, Orloff SB, Lancaster DL et al (2010) Integrating herbicide use and perennial grass revegetation to suppress weeds in noncrop areas. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 3:81–92
Wisdom MJ, Chambers JC (2009) A landscape approach for ecologically based management of Great Basin shrublands. Restor Ecol 17:740–749
Young JA, Clements CD (2007) Cheatgrass and grazing rangelands. Rangelands 29:15–20
Young JA, Evans RA, Eckert RE (1969) Population dynamics of downy brome. Weed Sci 17:20–22
Young JA, Evans RA, Robison J (1972a) Influence of repeated annual burning on a medusahead community. J Range Manag 25:372–375
Young JA, Evans RA, Major J (1972b) Alien plants in the Great Basin. J Range Manag 25:194–201
Young JA, Evans RA, Weaver RA (1976) Estimating potential downy brome competition after wildfires. J Range Manag 29:322–325
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Monaco, T.A., Hardegree, S.P., Pellant, M., Brown, C.S. (2016). Assessing Restoration and Management Needs for Ecosystems Invaded by Exotic Annual Bromus Species. In: Germino, M., Chambers, J., Brown, C. (eds) Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24928-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24930-8
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)