Abstract
A myriad of man-made and extra-terrestrial sources in the non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) energy range (0 Hz to 750 THz) emanate electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference (EMI/RFI). All sources with emissions throughout this broad frequency range can potentially degrade the performance of high-resolution imaging instruments such as SEM, TEM, FIB, and STM. This chapter discusses: (a) the most effective methods to measure ambient EMI/RFI emission levels around proposed and existing building sites; (b) units of measurement and susceptibility; (c) recommended minimal EMI/RFI thresholds for scientific tools; and (d) AC Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic flux density simulations at power frequencies. Finally, corrective strategies and costs to attenuate and control elevated EMI/RFI environments will be presented including active cancellation systems, zero milligauss shielding systems, Rigid Galvanized Sheet (RGS)/Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) conduits for electrical power distribution, and other mitigation techniques.
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SEM scanning electron microscope; TEM transmission electron microscope; STEM scanning transmission electron microscope; FIB focused ion beam (writer); iEEG intracranial electroencephalography; EKG electrocardiography; EMG electromyography; MRI magnetic resonance imaging; NMR nuclear magnetic resonance (spectrometer).
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Title 47 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 15, Radio Frequency Devices.
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AC ELF magnetic field human exposure standards can be found at: NYS Public Service Commission as 200 mG @ 1 m on edge-row or 50 ft from 69 kV pulse; RPA/INIRC as 833 mG over 24 h, general public exposure; ACGIH 1000 mG, general public and workers with cardiac pacemakers; Swiss Bunderstat NCRP Draft Report as 10 mG form overhead/underground transmission/distribution lines, substations, etc.
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British Standards Institution, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), BS EN 61000 http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030211125; the International Standards Organization has electromagnetic compatibility standards for space (ISO 24637:2009) and health applications (ISO/TR 21730:2007).
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American National Standards Institute, Accredited Standards Committee C63, Electromagnetic Compatibility http://www.c63.org/index.htm
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National Fire Protection Association, http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=70
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IEEE Standards Association, http://standards.ieee.org/email/nesc2012.html
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The is a 10 mG EMI threshold for 12–15 in. color CRT monitors, computers and audio-video equipment; 5 mg EMI threshold for 17–21 in. color CRT monitors and sensitive instruments.
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See, for instance, “Magnetic active compensation (MACS) for electron microscopy,” J. Kellogg, Interference Technology, pages 1–4 (2003), www.ets-lindgren.com/pdf/kelloggi_03.pdf
Bibliography
J. Carr, The Technician’s EMI Handbook: Clues and Solutions (Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA, 2000). ISBN 0-7506-7233-1
L.T. Gnecco, Design of Shielded Enclosures: Cost-Effective Methods to Prevent EMI (Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA, 2000). ISBN 0-7506-7270-6
L.H. Hemming, Electromagnetic Anechoic Chambers: A Fundamental Design and Specification Guide (Wiley, New York, 2002). ISBN 0-471-20810-8
K. Kaiser, Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook (CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2005). ISBN 0-8493-2087-9
M. Mardiguian, EMI Troubleshooting Techniques (McGraw Hill, New York, 2000). ISBN 0-07-134418-7
H. Ott, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering (Wiley, New York, 2009). ISBN 978-0-470-18930-6
The ARRL RFI Book, 3rd edn. (American Radio Relay League, 2010), http://www.arrl.org/shop/The-ARRL-RFI-Book-3rd-Edition
D.R.J. White, M.F. Violette, Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987). ISBN 9780442289034
Acknowledgement
Thanks to Lou Vitale who synthesized material from several sources into the initial draft.
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Soueid, A., Teague, E.C., Murday, J. (2015). EMI/RFI: Electromagnetic and Radio-Frequency Interference. In: Soueid, A., Teague, E., Murday, J. (eds) Buildings for Advanced Technology. Science Policy Reports. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24892-9_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24892-9_8
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