Abstract
As Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVAs) have been widely used for applications that require human interaction and collaboration, modeling an IVA that can exhibit personalities is becoming increasingly important. A large body of research has studied variant verbal and non-verbal aspects that are used to deduce an IVA’s personality; however, research falls short in showing whether humans’ personality influences their perception of the IVA’s personality. This paper presents an empirical study that investigated whether human users can perceive the intended personality of an IVA through verbal and/or non-verbal communication, on one hand, and the influence of the user’s own personality on their perception, on the other hand. Furthermore, we investigated whether the perceived personality had an impact on the human’s level of trust in the IVA teammate. The results showed that similarity in personalities between humans and IVAs tended to significantly influence the humans’ correct perception of the IVA’s personality and that different perceived personalities influenced the human’s level of trust.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Vosinakis, S., Panayiotopoulos, T.: SimHuman: a platform for real-time virtual agents with planning capabilities. In: de Antonio, A., Aylett, R.S., Ballin, D. (eds.) IVA 2001. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2190, pp. 210–223. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Kasap, Z., Magnenat-Thalmann, N.: Intelligent virtual humans with autonomy and personality: state-of-the-art. In: Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Jain, L., Ichalkaranje, N. (eds.) New Advances in Virtual Humans, vol. 140, pp. 43–84. Springer, Berlin (2008)
von der Pütten, A.M., Krämer, N.C., Gratch, J.: How our personality shapes our interactions with virtual characters - implications for research and development. In: Allbeck, J., Badler, N., Bickmore, T., Pelachaud, C., Safonova, A. (eds.) IVA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6356, pp. 208–221. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Doce, T., Dias, J., Prada, R., Paiva, A.: Creating individual agents through personality traits. In: Allbeck, J., Badler, N., Bickmore, T., Pelachaud, C., Safonova, A. (eds.) IVA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6356, pp. 257–264. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
John, O., Srivastava, S.: The Big Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives. Guilford Press, New York (1999)
Neto, A.F.B., da Silva, F.S.C.: A computer architecture for intelligent agents with personality and emotions. In: Zacarias, M., de Oliveira, J.V. (eds.) Human-Computer Interaction. SCI, vol. 396, pp. 263–286. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Bahamón, J.C., Young, R.M.: Toward a computational model for the automatic generation of character personality in interactive narrative. In: Nakano, Y., Neff, M., Paiva, A., Walker, M. (eds.) IVA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7502, pp. 520–522. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Robison, J., Rowe, J., McQuiggan, S., Lester, J.: Predicting user psychological characteristics from interactions with empathetic virtual agents. In: Ruttkay, Z., Kipp, M., Nijholt, A., Vilhjálmsson, H.H. (eds.) IVA 2009. LNCS, vol. 5773, pp. 330–336. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Negron, A.P.P., Vera, R.A.A., Jiménez, A.d.A.: Collaborative interaction analysis in virtual environments based on verbal and nonverbal interaction. In: Ninth Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (MICAI), pp. 129–133 (2010)
Prabhala, S.V., Gallimore, J.J.: Designing computer agents with personality to improve human-machine collaboration in complex systems. Wright State University (2007)
El-Kassrawy, Y.A.: The impact of trust on virtual team effectiveness. Int. J. Online Mark. 4, 11–28 (2014)
Wang, Y., Vassileva, J.: Trust and reputation model in peer-to-peer networks. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, p. 150. IEEE Computer Society (2003)
Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., Schoorman, F.D.: An integrative model of organizational trust. Acad. Manage. Rev. 20, 709–734 (1995)
Mitchell, A., Zigurs, I.: Trust in virtual teams: solved or still a mystery? SIGMIS Database 40, 61–83 (2009)
Hanna, N., Richards, D.: The impact of communication on a human-agent shared mental model and team performance. In: The 13th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and multi-agent Systems (AAMAS 2014), pp. 1485–1486, Paris, France (2014)
Zhao, R., Papangelis, A., Cassell, J.: Towards a dyadic computational model of rapport management for human-virtual agent interaction. In: Bickmore, T., Marsella, S., Sidner, C. (eds.) IVA 2014. LNCS, vol. 8637, pp. 514–527. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
Stanković, I., Popović, B., Focone, F.: Influence of agent behaviour on human-virtual agent body interaction. In: Ronzhin, A., Potapova, R., Delic, V. (eds.) SPECOM 2014. LNCS, vol. 8773, pp. 292–299. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
Bevacqua, E., Stanković, I., Maatallaoui, A., Nédélec, A., De Loor, P.: Effects of coupling in human-virtual agent body interaction. In: Bickmore, T., Marsella, S., Sidner, C. (eds.) IVA 2014. LNCS, vol. 8637, pp. 54–63. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
Rushforth, M., Gandhe, S., Artstein, R., Roque, A., Ali, S., Whitman, N., Traum, D.: Varying personality in spoken dialogue with a virtual human. In: Ruttkay, Z., Kipp, M., Nijholt, A., Vilhjálmsson, H.H. (eds.) IVA 2009. LNCS, vol. 5773, pp. 541–542. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Neff, M., Wang, Y., Abbott, R., Walker, M.: Evaluating the effect of gesture and language on personality perception in conversational agents. In: Allbeck, J., Badler, N., Bickmore, T., Pelachaud, C., Safonova, A. (eds.) IVA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6356, pp. 222–235. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Neff, M., Toothman, N., Bowmani, R., Fox Tree, J.E., Walker, M.A.: Don’t scratch! Self-adaptors reflect emotional stability. In: Vilhjálmsson, H.H., Kopp, S., Marsella, S., Thórisson, K.R. (eds.) IVA 2011. LNCS, vol. 6895, pp. 398–411. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Cafaro, A., Vilhjálmsson, H.H., Bickmore, T., Heylen, D., Jóhannsdóttir, K.R., Valgarðsson, G.S.: First impressions: users’ judgments of virtual agents’ personality and interpersonal attitude in first encounters. In: Nakano, Y., Neff, M., Paiva, A., Walker, M. (eds.) IVA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7502, pp. 67–80. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Kang, S.-H., Gratch, J., Wang, N., Watt, J.H.: Agreeable people like agreeable virtual humans. In: Prendinger, H., Lester, J.C., Ishizuka, M. (eds.) IVA 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5208, pp. 253–261. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Aguilar, R.A., de Antonio, A., Imbert, R.: Searching pancho’s soul: an intelligent virtual agent for human teams. In: Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference (CERMA 2007), pp. 568–571 (2007)
Goldberg, L.R.: An alternative description of personality: the big-five factor structure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59, 1216–1229 (1990)
Van den Bosch, K., Brandenburgh, A., Muller, T.J., Heuvelink, A.: Characters with personality! In: Nakano, Y., Neff, M., Paiva, A., Walker, M. (eds.) IVA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7502, pp. 426–439. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Barry, B., Stewart, G.L.: Composition, process and performance in self-managed groups: the role of personality. J. Appl. Psychol. 82, 62–78 (1997)
McCrae, R.R., John, O.P.: An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. J. Pers. 60, 175–215 (1992)
Mann, R.D.: A review of the relationships between personality and performance in small groups. Psychol. Bull. 56, 241–270 (1959)
Scherer, K.R.: Personality Markers in Speech. Cambridge University Press, London (1979)
Scherer, K.R.: Personality inference from voice quality: the loud voice of extroversion. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 8, 467–487 (1978)
Krishnan, V., Foster, A., Kopper, R., Lok, B.: Virtual human personality masks: a human computation approach to modeling verbal personalities in virtual humans. In: Nakano, Y., Neff, M., Paiva, A., Walker, M. (eds.) IVA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7502, pp. 146–152. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Argyle, M.: Bodily Communication. Routledge, London (1988)
Goldberg, L.R., Johnson, J.A., Eber, H.W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M.C., Cloninger, C.R., Gough, H.G.: The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. J. Res. Pers. 40, 84–96 (2006)
Gosling, S.D., Rentfrow, P.J., Swann, W.B.: A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains. J. Res. Pers. 37, 504–528 (2003)
Dillenbourg, P., Traum, D.R., Schneider, D.: Grounding in multi-modal task-oriented collaboration. In: The European Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 401–407 (1996)
Arellano, D., Varona, J., Perales, F.J., Bee, N., Janowski, K., André, E.: Influence of head orientation in perception of personality traits in virtual agents. In: The 10th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, vol. 3, pp. 1093–1094. IFAAMAS, Taipei, Taiwan (2011)
de Sevin, E., Hyniewska, S.J., Pelachaud, C.: Influence of personality traits on backchannel selection. In: Allbeck, J., Badler, N., Bickmore, T., Pelachaud, C., Safonova, A. (eds.) IVA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6356, pp. 187–193. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Deng, Z., Bailenson, J.N., Lewis, J.P., Neumann, U.: Perceiving visual emotions with speech. In: Gratch, J., Young, M., Aylett, R.S., Ballin, D., Olivier, P. (eds.) IVA 2006. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4133, pp. 107–120. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Burgoon, J.K.: Nonverbal signals. In: Knapp, M.L., Miller, G.R. (eds.) Handbook of Interpersonal Communication, 2nd edn. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks (1994)
Vinciarelli, A., Salamin, H., Polychroniou, A., Mohammadi, G., Origlia, A.: From nonverbal cues to perception: personality and social attractiveness. In: Esposito, A., Esposito, A.M., Vinciarelli, A., Hoffmann, R., Müller, V.C. (eds.) COST 2102. LNCS, vol. 7403, pp. 60–72. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Isbister, K., Nass, C.: Consistency of personality in interactive characters: verbal cues, non-verbal cues, and user characteristics. Int. J. Hum Comput Stud. 53, 251–267 (2000)
Nass, C., Moon, Y., Fogg, B.J., Reeves, B., Dryer, D.C.: Can computer personalities be human personalities? Int. J. Hum Comput Stud. 43, 223–239 (1995)
Nass, C., Fogg, B.J., Moon, Y.: Can computers be teammates? Int. J. Hum Comput Stud. 45, 669–678 (1996)
Mooradian, T., Renzl, B., Matzler, K.: Who trusts? Personality trust and knowledge sharing. Manage. Learn. 37, 523–540 (2006)
Hanna, N., Richards, D.: “Building a Bridge”: communication, trust and commitment in human-intelligent virtual agent teams. In: The Third International Workshop on Human-Agent Interaction Design and Models (HAIDM 2014) at AAMAS2014, Paris, France (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hanna, N., Richards, D. (2015). The Influence of Users’ Personality on the Perception of Intelligent Virtual Agents’ Personality and the Trust Within a Collaborative Context. In: Koch, F., Guttmann, C., Busquets, D. (eds) Advances in Social Computing and Multiagent Systems. MFSC 2015. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 541. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24804-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24804-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24803-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24804-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)