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Biological Control of Cacao Diseases

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Cacao Diseases

Abstract

This chapter discusses the advances in biological control of cacao diseases over the last 15 years. Most attention has been focused on biological control of frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri), witches’ broom (Moniliophthora perniciosa) and black pod disease (Phytophthora spp.). Research on biocontrol of other diseases in the cacao phyllosphere or rhizosphere is scarce or in its infancy. There is, however, a steady increase in information regarding the factors influencing and the mechanisms underlying biological control of cacao diseases as well as practical aspects such as inoculum production, formulation and application. There has been a clear shift away from inundative approaches using epiphytic BCAs towards more classical biocontrol approaches using bacterial and fungal endophytes as well as vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. These have the advantage that they can permanently establish themselves in the cacao tree. Moreover, besides direct competition for space and nutrients, antibiosis and mycoparasitism, through induced resistance and growth promotion, endophytes have a larger arsenal of mechanisms through which they can help protect their host. Endophytic BCAs could thus provide more effective and sustainable disease control. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms through which endophytic biocontrol agents can reduce pest and disease impact provide possibilities for innovative disease control strategies, including combination therapies together with natural or chemical products. Continued work on production, formulation and application is also necessary in order for biocontrol to become economically interesting. However, biological control will not become a stand-alone solution for disease control but should become part of integrated pest management strategies, with cultural management as a central and reinforcing pillar.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Search algorithm on Google, Google Scholar and DuckDuckGo was Theobroma (biocontrol OR biological control) (Fusarium OR Trachysphaera OR Botryodiplodia OR Macrophoma OR Geotrichum OR Calonectria OR virus OR Phytoplasm OR bacteria or viral OR Corticum OR Colletotrichum OR Phellinus OR Rigidoporus or Armillaria OR Pseudomonas).

  2. 2.

    Widmer's (2014) Trichoderma asperellum isolate 02-64 corresponds with isolate PR11.

  3. 3.

    (http://www.dropdata.net/mycoharvester/).

  4. 4.

    See http://www.freshfruitportal.com/2013/06/05/brazil-to-launch-biofungicide-against-cacao-disease/?country=others (last consulted on 11 June 2015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, 34398, Montpellier, France

    G. M. ten Hoopen

  2. Palm Integrated Services & Solutions Ltd. (PISS), GM 1109, La Borne, Saint Lucia, West Indies

    Ulrike Krauss

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  1. G. M. ten Hoopen
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Correspondence to G. M. ten Hoopen .

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  1. USDA/ARS, Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA

    Bryan A. Bailey

  2. USDA/ARS, Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA

    Lyndel W. Meinhardt

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ten Hoopen, G.M., Krauss, U. (2016). Biological Control of Cacao Diseases. In: Bailey, B., Meinhardt, L. (eds) Cacao Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24789-2_17

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