Abstract
This research work investigates the influences of FD algorithm variation on the measurement of retinal vasculature complexity. Forty retinal vasculature images from publicly available dataset were subjected to four variations of box-counting FD algorithm. Different positions of box-grid were found to significantly affect the measurement of FD (p < 0.0001, d = 0.746) due to non-identical vessels captured for measurement. By averaging multiple box-grid placements the FD mean shows no significant difference (p = 0.12, d = 0.124). Using different smoothing effect (big versus small) results in significantly different FD mean, the variation however was small (d = 0.211). The FD of skeletonized vasculature is significantly different than the segmentation (p < 0.0001) with a modest effect size (d = 0.613). More reliable FD measurement on retinal vasculature could be obtained by averaging the FD values using multiple positions of the grid.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Backx, P.H.: Complexity, confusion and controversy continue complicating the contribution of RyR2 channel phosphorylation to heart function. J. Physiol. 592, 1911–1912 (2014)
Sleimen-Malkoun, R., Temprado, J.J., Hong, S.L.: Aging induced loss of complexity and dedifferentiation: consequences for coordination dynamics within and between brain, muscular and behavioral levels. Front. Aging Neurosci. 6, 1–1 (2014)
Sandu, A.-L., Staff, R.T., McNeil, C.J., Mustafa, N., Ahearn, T., Whalley, L.J., Murray, A.D.: Structural brain complexity and cognitive decline in late life—a longitudinal study in the Aberdeen 1936 birth cohort. Neuroimage 100, 558–563 (2014)
Naraghi, L., Peev, M.P., Esteve, R., Chang, Y., Berger, D.L., Thayer, S.P., Rattner, D.W., Lillemoe, K.D., Kaafarani, H., Yeh, D.D.: Others: the influence of anesthesia on heart rate complexity during elective and urgent surgery in 128 patients. J. Crit. Care 30, 145–149 (2015)
Squarcina, L., De Luca, A., Bellani, M., Brambilla, P., Turkheimer, F.E., Bertoldo, A.: Fractal analysis of MRI data for the characterization of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Phys. Med. Biol. 60, 1697 (2015)
Zappasodi, F., Olejarczyk, E., Marzetti, L., Assenza, G., Pizzella, V., Tecchio, F.: Fractal dimension of EEG activity senses neuronal impairment in acute stroke. PLoS ONE 9, e100199 (2014)
Di Ieva, A., Esteban, F.J., Grizzi, F., Klonowski, W., Martín-Landrove, M.: Fractals in the Neurosciences, part II clinical applications and future perspectives. Neurosci. 21, 30–43 (2015)
Che Azemin, M.Z., Mohamad Daud, N., Ab Hamid, F., Zahari, I., Sapuan, A.H.: Influence of refractive condition on retinal vasculature complexity in younger subjects. Sci. World J. 2014 (2014)
Azemin, M.Z.C., Ab Hamid, F., Aminuddin, A., Wang, J.J., Kawasaki, R., Kumar, D.K.: Age-related rarefaction in retinal vasculature is not linear. Exp. Eye Res. 116, 355–358 (2013)
Lee, J., Zee, B.C.Y., Li, Q.: Detection of neovascularization based on fractal and texture analysis with interaction effects in diabetic retinopathy. PLoS ONE 8, e75699 (2013)
Aliahmad, B., Kumar, D.K., Hao, H., Unnikrishnan, P., Che Azemin, M.Z., Kawasaki, R., Mitchell, P.: Zone specific fractal dimension of retinal images as predictor of stroke incidence. Sci. World J. 2014 (2014)
Kawasaki, R., Azemin, M.Z.C., Kumar, D.K., Tan, A.G., Liew, G., Wong, T.Y., Mitchell, P., Wang, J.J.: Fractal dimension of the retinal vasculature and risk of stroke: a nested case-control study. Neurology 76, 1766–1767 (2011)
Wainwright, A., Liew, G., Burlutsky, G., Rochtchina, E., Zhang, Y.P., Hsu, W., Lee, J.M., Wong, T.Y., Mitchell, P., Wang, J.J.: Effect of image quality, color, and format on the measurement of retinal vascular fractal dimension. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 5525–5529 (2010)
Staal, J., Abràmoff, M.D., Niemeijer, M., Viergever, M.A., van Ginneken, B.: Ridge-based vessel segmentation in color images of the retina. Med. Imaging, IEEE Trans. 23, 501–509 (2004)
Karperien, A.: FracLac for ImageJ (2013)
Doubal, F.N., Hokke, P.E., Wardlaw, J.M.: Retinal microvascular abnormalities and stroke: a systematic review. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80, 158–165 (2009)
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by Ministry of Education, Malaysia under Research Acculturation Grant Scheme RAGS13-029-0092.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Che Azemin, M.Z., Ab Hamid, F., Wang, J.J., Kawasaki, R., Kumar, D.K. (2016). Box-Counting Fractal Dimension Algorithm Variations on Retina Images. In: Sulaiman, H., Othman, M., Othman, M., Rahim, Y., Pee, N. (eds) Advanced Computer and Communication Engineering Technology. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 362. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24584-3_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24584-3_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24582-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24584-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)