Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sap Beetles

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sustainable Pest Management in Date Palm: Current Status and Emerging Challenges

Part of the book series: Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection ((SUPP))

Abstract

Nitidulid beetles have a worldwide occurrence, on a variety of plants with fruits containing a significant level of carbohydrates. They are mostly found in rotting and fermenting fruits and thus are regarded as secondary pests of date palms. However, in Australia, they are the primary pests of stone fruits. Depending on the climate, sap beetles overwinter as pupae and/or adults in mass accumulations. Adults are strong fliers capable of long distance flights. Eggs are laid in single small clusters in or on the fruits. Larvae feed on the flesh of the fruits for about 1½ weeks. Mature larvae fall onto the ground and pupate inside the soil. Five to eight generations are produced per year under optimal conditions. Hygiene and other cultural practices such as removing fallen fruits and early harvest are important measures to reduce the beetles number. Chemical pesticides applied against other primary pests in date palms also incidentally control sap beetles. In stone fruits, mass trapping by means of aggregation pheromone combined with fermenting food baits has been shown to be very effective. Covering the fruit bunches with plastic netting is an important physical control option. Attempts for biological control by means of parasitoids, predators, nematodes and other microbial agents so far have been neither successful nor economical. Detailed knowledge of the ecology of natural enemy complexes is needed. Developments in production techniques of beneficials would improve their value in terms of both economy and effectiveness, within sustainable IPM systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Temperature at which development is arrested.

References

  • Abdel-Rahman, G. A. (2007). Insect pest control in organic date palm production in Egypt. In Proceedings of the fourth symposium on date palm in Saudi Arabia, May 5–8, 2007 (pp. 1356–1360). Hofuf: King Faisal University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdul-Wahab, A. E., & Eissa, I. S. (1986). Biological studies on some dry-dates pests in Egypt. In Proceedings of the second symposium on date palm, March 3–6, 1986 (pp. 284–290). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: King Faisal University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aksit, T., Özsemerci, F., & Cakmak, I. (2003). Studies on determination of harmful fauna in the fig orchards in Aydin Province (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 27(3), 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Azawi, A. F. (1986). A survey of insect pests of date palms in Qatar. The Date Palm Journal, 4, 247–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, M. A., Metwally, M. M., & Hussain, A. E. (2002). Pest suppression of date palm insect populations and effects on yield as a component of sustainable development of EI-Bahria Oases, Egypt. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, 79, 89–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alston, D., Bunn, B., & Nischwitz, C. (2014). Sweet corn production. In B. Bunn, C. Creasey, D. Goldsberry, & M. Murray (Eds.), Utah vegetable production and pest management guide (pp. 87–111). Logan: Utah State University IPM Program, Utah State University Extension. Available at: http://utahpests.usu.edu/IPM/files/uploads/Publications/UT-veg-guide-2014.pdf. Accessed on 1 Aug 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Turaihi, E. H. (2007). The impacts of good agricultural practices (GAPs) on pests and diseases of date palm. In Proceedings of the fourth symposium on date palm in Saudi Arabia, May 5–8, 2007 (pp. 1692–1702). Hofuf: King Faisal University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Zadjali, T., Abd-Allah, F. F., & El-Haidari, H. S. (2006). Insect pests attacking date palms and dates in Sultanate of Oman. The Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 84, 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amos, T. G., & Waterhouse, F. L. (1967). Phasic behaviour shown by two Carpophilus species (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) in various humidity gradients and its ecological significance. Oikos, 18, 345–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (2003). Common pests of summer fruit in Western Australia. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 4583, pp. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archibald, R. D., & Chalmers, I. (1983). Stored product Coleoptera in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist, 7, 371–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ascher, K. R. S., Nemny, N. E., Blumberg, D., & Goldenberg, S. (1986). Egg-sterilizing effect of benzoylphenylureas via the adult stage of the nitidulid beetle Carpophilus hemipterus. Phytoparasitica, 14, 187–192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avidov, Z., & Harpaz, I. (1969). Plant pests of Israel (600 pp). Israel: Israel Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azevado, J. L., Maccheroni, W., Jr., Pereira, J. O., & de Araújo, W. L. (2000). Endophytic microorganisms: A review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 3, 40–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balzer, A. I. (1942). Life-history of the corn sap beetle in rice. Journal Economic Entomology, 35, 606–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D. F., & Lindgren, D. L. (1946). The beetle infestation in dates. Date Growers’ Institute’s Annual Report, 23, 34–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J. (1997). Calibration of commercial solid-phase microextraction device for measuring headspace concentrations of organic volatiles. Analytical Chemistry, 68, 364–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J., & Hossain, M. S. (2006). Development of synthetic food-related attractant for Carpophilus davidsoni and its effectiveness in the stone fruit orchards in southern Australia. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32, 2145–2162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J., & Hossain, M. S. (2010). Chemical ecology of Carpophilus sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and development of an environmentally friendly method of crop protection. Terrestrial Arthropodan Reviews, 3, 29–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J., & Weisleder, D. (1996). Polyketide origin of pheromones of Carpophilus davidsoni and C. mutilatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 4, 429–438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J., Dowd, P. F., Plattner, R. D., & Weisleder, D. (1990). Aggregation pheromone of driedfruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus: wind tunnel bioassay and identification of two novel tetraene hydrocarbons. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16, 1015–1039.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J., Dowd, P. F., Vetter, R. S., Shorey, H. H., & Baker, T. C. (1992). Responses of Carpophilus hemipterus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and other sap beetles to the pheromone of C. hemipterus and host-related coattractants in California field tests. Environmental Entomology, 21, 1143–1153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J., Carlson, D. G., Vetter, R. S., & Baker, T. C. (1993). Male-produced aggregation pheromone of Carpophilus mutilatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19, 107–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J., Vetter, R. S., Carlson, D. G., & Baker, T. C. (1994a). Influence of pheromone dose, trap height, and septum age on effectiveness of pheromones for Carpophilus mutilatus and C. hemipterus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in a California date garden. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87, 667–675.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J., Vetter, R. S., Carlson, D. G., & Baker, T. C. (1994b). Responses to aggregation pheromones for five Carpophilus species (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in a California date garden. Environmental Entomology, 23, 1534–1543.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelt, R. J., Vetter, R. S., Carlson, D. G., Petroski, R. J., & Baker, T. C. (1995). Pheromone combination lures for Carpophilus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) species. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88, 864–869.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batra, R. C., & Sohi, B. S. (1972). The yellowish nitidulid beetle on date palm. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 20, 91–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessin, R., Johnson, D., Strang, J, Dunwell, W., & Jones, T. (1994). Kentucky sweet corn insect, integrated pest management scout manual No. IPM-10 (pp. 26). USA. Available at: http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/manuals/ipm10swt.pdf. Accessed on 1 June 2014.

  • Blumberg, D. (2008). Date palm arthropod pests and their management in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 36, 411–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D., Demeter, M., Kehat, M., & Williams, R. N. (1984). Biological studies of Zeteticontus utilis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasite of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77, 130–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D., Doron, S., & Bitton, S. (1985). Effect of triflumuron on two species of nitidulid beetles, Carpophilus hemipterus and Urophorus humeralis. Phytoparasitica, 13, 9–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D., Kehat, M., Goldenberg, S., Bartelt, R. J., & Williams, R. N. (1993). Responses to synthetic aggregation pheromones, host-related volatiles, and their combinations by Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera:Nitidulidae) in laboratory and field tests. Environmental Entomology, 22, 837–842.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D., Navon, A., Kehat, M., Eliahu, M., Levski, S., & Nakash, J. (2001). Date palm pests in Israel at the beginning of the third millennium. Alon Hanotea, 55, 42–48. (in Hebrew, with English Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D., Mendel, Z., Navon, A., Eliahu, M., Yablovich, Z., & Nakash, J. (2005). Study of the frequent occurrence of sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in dates and other fruit orchards in Israel using traps baited with fruits and aggregation pheromones. Alon Hanotea, 59, 31–39. (in Hebrew, with English Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. D. J. (2010). New records of adventive Nitidulidae in New Zealand. The Weta, 39, 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, J. B., & Elmer, H. S. (1978). Pests and diseases of the date palm (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Handbook No. 527, 42 pp). Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cease, K. R., & Juzwik, J. (2001). Predominant nitidulid species (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) associated with spring oak wilt mats in Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31, 635–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cline, A. R. (2005). Revision of Pocadius Erichson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (p. 376). PhD Dissertation, Louisiana State University and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, W. A. (1991). Sap beetles (Nitidulidae, Coleoptera). In J. Richard (Ed.), Insect and mite pests in food: An illustrated key (pp. 151–174). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuero, R. G., Duffus, E., Osuji, G., & Pettit, R. (1991). Aflatoxin control in preharvest maize: Vectors of chitosan and two microbial control agents. Journal of Agricultural Science, 117, 165–169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorsey, C. K., & Leach, J. G. (1956). The bionomics of certain insects associated with oak wilt with particular reference to the Nitidulidae. Journal of Economic Entomology, 49, 219–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowd, P. F. (1991). Nitidulids as vectors of mycotoxin-producing fungi. In O. Shotwell & C. R. Hurburgh Jr. (Eds.), Aflatoxin in corn: New perspectives (Research Bulletin 599, 335–342 pp). Iowa State University, Ames, IA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowd, P. F. (1995). Sap beetles and mycotoxins in maize. Food Additives and Contaminants, 12, 497–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowd, P. F., & Vega, F. E. (2003). Autodissemination of Beauveria bassiana by sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to overwintering sites. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 13, 65–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowd, P. F., & Weber, C. M. (1991). A labor-saving method for rearing a corn sap beetle, Carpophilus freemani Dobson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), on pinto bean-based diet. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 8(3), 149–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowd, P. F., et al. (1995). Occurrence of a Mermithid nematode parasite of Carpophilus lugubris (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Central Illinois. Environmental Entomology, 24, 1245–1251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowd, P. F., Vega, F., Nelsen, T. C., & Richard, J. L. (1998). Dusky sap beetle mediated dispersal of Bacillus subtilis to inhibit Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in maize Zea mays L. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 8, 221–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EI-Haidari, H. S. (1981). New records of mites and insects infesting date palms in the Near East and North Africa. The Date Palm Journal, 1(1), 133–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • EI-Haidari, H. S. (1993). Report on insect pests of date palms in Sultanate of Oman. Oman: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in Oman and Islamic Development Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • EI-Haidari, H. S., EI-Bana, M. M., & Khudhair, S. A. (1981). New records of insects attacking date palm treated with growth regulators in Iraq. The Date Palm Journal, 1, 134–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, A. V., & Hogue, J. N. (2006). Field guide to beetles of California (441 pp). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, C. P., & Cline, A. R. (2004). New records and taxonomic updates for adventive sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Hawai’i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 79, 42–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, C. P., & Cline, A. R. (2005). Key to adventive sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Hawaii, with notes on records and habits. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 59, 167–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gazit, S., Galon, I., & Podoler, H. (1982). The role of nitidulid beetles in natural pollination of annona in Israel. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 107, 849–852.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, L. D. (1978). Comparative nitidulid life histories of Haptoncus luteolus, Urophorus humeralis, Carpophilus freemani, C. mutilatus and C. hemipterus on figs (pp. 58). M.A. Dissertation, California State University, Fresno, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, I., Salame, L., Goldenberg, S., & Blumberg, D. (1999). Susceptibility of sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 9, 259–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, I., Eliyau, M., Salame, L., Nakash, Y., & Blumberg, D. (2007). Evaluation of the efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis sp. against sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). BioControl, 52, 259–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Vidal, S., Lopez-Llorca, L. V., Jansson, H.-B., & Salinas, J. (2006). Endophytic colonisation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaves by entomopathogenic fungi. Micron, 37, 624–632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, N. (1978). A contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of Nitidulidae occurring in Japan (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). Insecta Matsumurana (New Series), 14, 1–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D. S. (2002). Pests of stored foodstuffs and their control (476 p). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, H. E. (1945). A monograph of the beetles associated with stored products (443 pp). London: Jarrold and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M. S., Mansfield, C., & Brown, C. (2000). Control of Carpophilus spp. by using an aggregation pheromone. Australian Fresh Stone Fruit Quarterly, 2, 13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M. S., Williams, D. G., Hossain, A. B. M. M., & Norng, S. (2007). Comparison of trap designs for use with aggregation pheromone and synthetic co-attractant in a user-friendly attract and kill system to control Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 46, 244–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M. S., Hossain, A. B. M. M., Williams, D. G., Ekanayake, S., Rettke, M., & Lo, P. (2009). Investigation of an area wide approach to control Carpophilus beetle in stone fruit (SF05006/SF05002) (124 pp). Sydney: Horticulture Australia Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M. S., Hossain, A. B. M. M., Norng, S., & Williams, D. G. (2012). Quantity of food attractant and size of the container orifice affect catch in Carpophilus spp. traps. Australian Journal of Entomology, 51, 60–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M. S., Hossain, A. B. M. M., Williams, D. G., & Chandra, S. (2013). Management of Carpophilus spp. beetles (Nitidulidae) in stone fruit orchards by reducing the number of attract-and-kill traps in neighbouring areas. International Journal of Pest Management, 59, 135–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussien, A. E. (2007). Insect pests attacking date palms and dates in some Egyptian regions. In The fourth symposium on date palm in Saudi Arabia, May 5–8, 2007 (pp. 1320–1329). Alahsa: King Faisal University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussein, F., Goubar, K. A., & Abdelmessieh, N. K. (1971). Control of insects infesting dry-dates grown at Asswan. Beitrage zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft und Tropenveterinarmedizin, 9, 241–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, D. G., & Vogele, B. (2000). Development and survivorship of Carpophilus hemipterus (L.), Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson and Carpophilus humeralis (F.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) over a range of constant temperatures. Australian Journal of Entomology, 39, 180–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, D. G., Bartelt, R. J., Faulder, R. J., & Taylor, A. (1993). Attraction of Australian Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to synthetic pheromones and fermenting bread dough. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 32, 339–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, D. G., Faulder, R. J., Vogele, B., Bartelt, R. J., & Moore, C. J. (1997). Phenology of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in stone fruit orchards as determined by pheromone-trapping: implications for prediction of crop damage. Australian Journal of Entomology, 36, 165–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, D. G., Moore, C. J., Faulder, R. J., & Vogele, B. (1998). An improved coattractant for pheromone-trapping of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 37, 357–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, D. G., Vogele, B., Faulder, R. J., Bartelt, R. J., & Moore, C. J. (2001). Pheromone-mediated mass trapping and population diversion as strategies for suppressing Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Australian stone fruit orchards. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 3, 41–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juzwik, J., Skalbeck, T. C., & Neuman, M. F. (2004). Sap beetle species (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) visiting fresh wounds on healthy oaks during spring in Minnesota. Forest Science, 50, 757–764.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kable, P. F. (1969). Brown rot of stone fruits on the Murrumbidgee irrigation areas: 1. Aetiology of the disease in canning peaches. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 20, 301–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karakoyun, S. (2011). Investigation on the effects of sulfuryl fluoride against Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (pp. 73). PhD Dissertation, Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, Ankara, Turkey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Stoller, S., Meisner, J., & Greenberg, S. (1966). Development of population and control of Carpophilus dimidiatus F., C. hemipterus L. and Coccotrypes dactyliperda F. in dates. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research, 16, 173–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Blumberg, D., & Greenberg, S. (1976). Fruit drop and damage in dates: The role of Coccotrypes dactyliperda F. and nitidulid beetles, and prevention by mechanical measures. Phytoparasitica, 4, 93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Blumberg, D., & Williams, R. N. (1983). Seasonal abundance of sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in date plantations in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 11, 109–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Greenberg, S., Biton, S., Ganz, S., & Adato, I. (1986). Field evaluation of insecticides for the control of sap beetles Coleoptera: Nitidulidae in dates. Alon Hanotea, 40, 787–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelts, C. A. (2005). Evaluation of attractants and monitoring for sap beetle control in strawberries (77 p). MSc Dissertation, Graduate School of the University of Florida, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, D. (2013). Key to Saskatchewan species of Nitidulidae (sap beetles) and Kateretidae (short-winged flower beetles). Available at: http://www.entsocsask.ca/documents/insect_lists/Key%20to%20species%20of%20Nitidulidae.pdf. Accessed on 1 June 2014.

  • Latifian, M., Rahnama, A. A., & Sharifnezhad, H. (2012). Effects of planting pattern on major date palm pests and diseases injury severity. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 4, 1443–1451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, J. F. (1982). Coleoptera. In S. P. Parker (Ed.), Synopsis and classification of living organisms (Vol. 2, 482–553 pp). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leschen, R. A. B., & Marris, J. W. M. (2005). Carpophilus (Nitidulidae) of New Zealand and notes on Australian species (MAF Contract Report (FMA121), Australia. 41 p).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, D. L., & Vincent, L. E. (1949). Investigations of the life history and control of date insects and the date mite. Date Growers’ Institute’s Annual Report, 26, 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, D. L., & Vincent, L. E. (1953). Nitidulid beetles infesting California dates. Hilgardia, 22, 97–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loughner, R. L., Loeb, G. M., Demchak, K., & Schloemann, S. (2007). Evaluation of strawberry sap beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): Use of habitats surrounding strawberry plantings as food resources and overwintering sites. Environmental Entomology, 36, 1059–1065.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lussenhop, J., & Wicklow, D. T. (1990). Nitidulid beetles (Nitidulidae: Coleoptera) as vectors of Aspergillus flavus in preharvest maize. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan, 31, 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. V., & Williams, R. N. (1983). Biology and host preference of Atheta coriaria (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), an egg predator of nitidulidae and muscidae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 76, 158–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. (2001). Fungal control of pests. In D. Pimentel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of pest management (320–324 pp). New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mushtaq, S., Hadait, S., & Ali, L. (2000). Diversity and relative abundance of spiders of date palm groves. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2, 52–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, L. (2001). Sap beetles of Florida-Nitidulidae (Featured Creatures.). Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Publication No. EENY-256, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. Available at: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/corn/sap_beetles.htm. Accessed on 1 June 2014.

  • Najla, M. Z., Kerra, H. M., Edongali, E. A., & Abogila, O. S. (2005). Population dynamics of the sap beetles (Nitidulidae) associated with date palm trees in coastal regions of Libya. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 83, 1343–1353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, R. W. (1951). The date palm: “Tree of Life” in the subtropical deserts. Economic Botany, 5, 274–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nout, M. J. R., & Bartelt, R. J. (1998). Attraction of a flying nitidulid (Carpophilus humeralis) to volatiles produced by yeasts grown on sweet corn and a corn-based medium. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24, 1217–1239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omar, M. T. A. (1971). Insect pests attacking dry-dates with special reference to Cadra calidella (Guen.) (pp. 65). MSc Dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, AI- Azhar University, Egypt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozer, H., Imge, H., Basegmez, O., & Ozay, G. (2012). Mycotoxin risks and toxigenic fungi in date, prune and dried apricot among Mediterranean crops. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 51, 148–157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oztürk, N., Ulusoy, M. R., & Bayhan, E. (2005). Pest and natural enemy species determined in pomegranate orchards in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 29(3), 225–235. (in Turkish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, C. T. (1943). A revision of nearctic Nitidulidae (Coleoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 92, 121–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pegna, F. G., Battaglia, M., & Bergesio, C. (2012). Italian machinery and equipment for date palm field operations (69 pp). Italy: University of Florence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, C., & Williams, R. N. (1990). Pre-oviposition period, egg production and mortality of six species of hibernating sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 23, 453–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinruan, U., Rungjindamai, N., Choeyklin, R., Lumyong, S., Hyde, K. D., & Gareth Jones, E. B. (2010). Occurrence and diversity of basidiomycetous endophytes from the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, in Thailand. Fungal Diversity, 41, 71–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J. (1986). Some studies on the life history and oviposition of Carpophilus dimidiatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) at various temperatures and humidities. The Journal of Stored Products Research, 22, 135–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, M. B., & Cira, T. (2007). Kateretidae and Nitidulidae of Wisconsin. Available at: http://entomology.wisc.edu/irc/wibeetles/Price/K&N%20Intro.htm. Accessed on 1 June 2014.

  • Qasem, S. A., & Christensen, C. M. (1960). Influence of moisture content, temperature, and time on the deterioration of stored corn by fungi. Phytopathology, 48, 544–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riechert, S. L., & Lockley, T. (1984). Spiders as biological control agents. Annual Review of Entomology, 29, 299–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Del-Bosque, L. A., Leos-Martinez, J., & Dowd, P. F. (1998). Effect of ear wounding and cultural practices on abundance of Carpophilus freemani (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and other microlepidopterans in maize in northeastern Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91, 796–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rondon, S. I., Price, J. F., & Cantliffe, D. J. (2004). Sap Beetle (Coleoptera:Nitidulidae) management in strawberries. Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Publication No. HS993, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. Available at: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/HS/HS23400.pdf. Accessed on 1 June 2014.

  • Saaidi, M. (1992). FAO report on date palm protection and training activities (121 pp). Oman: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheid, B. E., Theis, C., & Tscharntke, T. (2011). Enhancing rape pollen beetle parasitism within sown flower fields along a landscape complexity gradient. Agriculture and Forest Entomology, 13, 173–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, C. T. (1935). Biological studies on the Nitidulid beetles found in pineapple fields (Nitidulidae Coleoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 28, 475–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedra, M. H. (2003). Le palmier dattier base de la mise en valeur des oasis au Maroc Techniques phoénicicoles et Création d’oasis (265 pp). Morocco: INRA, Rabat-Instituts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shenasi, M., Aidoo, K. E., & Candlish, A. A. G. (2002). Microflora of date fruits and production of aflatoxins at various stages of maturation. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 79, 113–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, P., & Nelson, H. D. (1975). Insects on dried fruits (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Handbook No. 464, 25 pp). Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, P., Reed, W. D., & McGregor, E. A. (1931). Circular No. 157: Fig Insects in California. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C., USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smilanick, J. M. (1979). Colonization of ripening figs by Carpophilus spp. Journal of Economic Entomology, 72, 557–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smilanick, J. M., Ehler, L. E., & Birch, M. C. (1978). Attraction of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera:Nitidulidae) to volatile compounds present in figs. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 4, 701–707.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stickney, F. S., Barnes, D. W., & Simmons, P. (1950). Date palm insects in the United States, 57 pp (U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 846). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, U., Human, H., Crewe, R. M., & Pirk, C. W. W. (2010). The first report of storage mites, Caloglyphus hughesi (Acaridae) on laboratory-reared Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in South Africa. African Entomology, 18, 379–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X., & Guo, L. D. (2012). Endophytic fungal diversity: Review of traditional and molecular techniques. Mycology, 3, 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swezey, H. O. (1942). Miscellaneous families of Guam Coleoptera. In Insects of Guam – I. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, 172, 150–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate, K. G., & Ogawa, J. M. (1975). Nitidulid beetle as vectors of Monilinia fructicola in California stone fruits. Phytopathology, 65, 977–983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. E., Hyde, K. D., & Jones, E. B. G. (1999). Endophytic fungi associated with the temperate palm, Trachycarpus fortunei, within and outside its natural geographical range. New Phytologist, 142, 335–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tezcan, S., Düzbastilar, M., & Lechanteur, F. (2003). Evaluation of the Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) fauna of ecologically managed cherry orchards in Izmir and Manisa Provinces of Turkey. Alatarim, 2, 16–20. (in Turkish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S. E. (2014). Fungi and their potential as biological control agents of beech bark disease (194 p). PhD Dissertation, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turanli, F. (2003). Studies on infestation levels of pests on dried fig in Aydin and Izmir provinces. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 27, 171–180. (in Turkish).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega, F. E., Dowd, P. F., & Nelsen, T. C. (1994). Susceptibility of driedfruit beetle (Carpophilus hemipterus L.; Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to different Steinernema species (Nematoda: Rhabditae: Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 64, 276–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, F. E., Dowd, P. F., & Bartelt, R. J. (1995). Dissemination of microbial agents using an autoinoculating device and several insect species as vectors. Biological Control, 5, 545–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. M. (1961). Area baiting program 1960 results. Proceedings of California Fig Institute Research, 15, 36–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. L., Barnes, M. M., & Laird, E. F. A. D. (1990). Chemical control of a carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and various nitidulid beetles (Coleoptera) on ‘Deglet Noor’ dates in California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83, 2357–2361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. N., Fickle, D. S., Kehat, M., Blumberg, D., & Klein, M. G. (1983). Bibliography of the genus Carpophilus Stephens (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center, Research circular, 278, (95 p). Ohio State University, Agricultural Research and Development Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. N., Weiss, M. J., Kehat, M., & Blumberg, D. (1984). The hymenopterous parasites of Nitidulidae. Phytoparasitica, 12, 53–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. N., Blackmer, J. L., Richmond, D. S., & Ellis, M. S. (1992). Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) diversity in three natural preserves in Portage County, Ohio, USA. Ohio Journal of Science, 92, 82–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R., Fickle, D., & Ellis, S. (1995). Strawberry sap beetle control by parasite. Strawberry IPM Update, 1, 9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaman, M. (2007). Distribution of Nosema meligethi (Microsporidia) in populations of Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Turkey. Entomological Research, 37, 298–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zipagan, M. B., & Pacumbaba, E. P. (1994). Peregrinator biannulipes Montrouzier and Signoret, a reduviid predator of insect pests of copra. In 25th pest management council of the Philippines, Inc. Anniversary and annual scientific meeting, May 3–6, 1994. Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Lesley Ragab and Nazife Eroglu Yalcin for providing some old, but useful, papers for this review. The authors would also like to thank to Richard A. B. Leschen, Birgit Rhode (Landcare Research, New Zealand ); Simon Hinkley, Ken Walker (Museum of Victoria, Australia ); Joe MacGown, (Mississippi Entomological Museum, USA ); C. Harding (MAF Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, New Zealand); Dave Larson (Canada ); Samuel D. J. Brown (Lincoln University, New Zealand), Michele B. Price (University of Minnesota, USA) and N. Siray Karakoyun (Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Turkey ) for providing the nitidulid pictures used in this review. The authors are also grateful to Daniel Blumberg (Israel ) for his comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Diskapi, Ankara, 06110, Turkey

    Mevlut Emekci

  2. CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW20 9TY, Surrey, UK

    Dave Moore

Authors
  1. Mevlut Emekci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dave Moore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mevlut Emekci .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

    Waqas Wakil

  2. Food and Agriculture Org. of the UN, IPM(Red Palm Weevil), Al-Hass, Saudi Arabia

    Jose Romeno Faleiro

  3. Entomology Department, University of California, RIVERSIDE, California, USA

    Thomas A. Miller

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Emekci, M., Moore, D. (2015). Sap Beetles. In: Wakil, W., Romeno Faleiro, J., Miller, T. (eds) Sustainable Pest Management in Date Palm: Current Status and Emerging Challenges. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24397-9_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation