Skip to main content

Abstract

It is no secret that the world is urbanizing very fast. If UN estimates turn out to be true, by midcentury 2.5 billion people will have joined the approximately 3.9 billion living in cities today, an urban population increase of over 60 %! It is one of the biggest questions of our time, how the 6.4 billion who will live in cities by 2050 will be fed, housed and provided with basic services in a sustainable way. What kind of infrastructure and governance models will be the most healthy in the progressing urbanization of the planet? What is the best mix between decentralization and centralization of services, infrastructure and government structures?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

References of Section 3.2

  • Parsons TE, Shils EA (1951) Toward a general theory of action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Renn O (2014) Das Risikoparadox. Warum wir uns vor dem Falschen fürchten. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main, pp 498–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosa E, Renn O, McCright A (2014) The risk society revisited. Risk governance and social theory. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, pp 173–178

    Google Scholar 

References of Section 3.3

  • Abbasi T, Abbasi SA (2012) Is the use of renewable energy sources an answer to the problems of global warming and pollution? Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 42:99–154. doi:10.1080/10643389.2010.498754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ackerman JM, Bargh JA (2010) The purpose-driven life: commentary on Kenrick et al. (2010). Perspect Psychol Sci 5:323–326. doi:10.1177/1745691610369472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar M, Hurst E (2006) Measuring trends in leisure: the allocation of time over five decades. Working paper no. 12082, National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w12082

  • Anitori RP (ed) (2012) Extremophiles. Microbiology and biotechnology. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslak T, Bruaset AM (2013) The internet of things. In: Bruaset AM, Aslak T (eds) Conversations about challenges in computing. Springer, New York, pp 21–26. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00209-5_3

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson RD, Ezell SJ (2012) Innovation economics: the race for global advantage. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner RA (1990) Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over Phanerozoic time. Science 249:1382–1386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boehm C (2000) Conflict and the evolution of social control. J Conscious Stud 7:79–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Canganella F (2012) Ecology and biotechnology of extremophilic microorganisms, particularly anaerobic thermophiles. In: Singh OV (ed) Extremophiles: sustainable resources and biotechnological implications. Wiley, Hoboken. doi:10.1002/9781118394144.ch7

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlstead K, Fraser J, Bennett C, Kleiman DG (1999) Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos. II. Behavior, breeding success, and mortality in relation to housing facilities. Zoo Biol 18:35–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowen T (2011) The great stagnation. Dutton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean J, Ghemawat S (2008) MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters. Commun ACM 51:107–113. doi:10.1145/1327452.1327492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobzhansky T (1973) Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Am Biol Teach 35:125–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dombrowski U, Wagner T (2014) Mental strain as field of action in the 4th industrial revolution. Procedia CIRP 17:100–105. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2014.01.077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downing K, Zvirinsky P (1999) The simulated evolution of biochemical guilds: reconciling Gaia theory and natural selection. Art Life 5:291–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Free A, Barton NH (2007) Do evolution and ecology need the Gaia hypothesis? Trends Ecol Evol 22:611–619. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrels RM, Lerman A (1981) Phanerozoic cycles of sedimentary carbon and sulfur. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:4652–4656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gintis H (2012) Clash of the titans. Bioscience 62:987–991. doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.11.8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon RJ (2014) The demise of U.S. economic growth: restatement, rebuttal, and reflections. Working paper no. 19895. National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w19895

  • Gorshkov VG (1995) Physical and biological bases of life stability. Man, biota, environment. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov VG, Makar'eva AM (2001) On the possibility of physical self-organization of biological and ecological systems. Dokl Biol Sci 378:258–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov VG, Makarieva AM (2002) Greenhouse effect dependence on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse substances and the nature of climate stability on earth. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 2:289–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov VG, Gorshkov VV, Makarieva AM (2000) Biotic regulation of the environment: key issue of global change. Springer-Praxis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov VG, Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VV (2004) Revising the fundamentals of ecological knowledge: the biota-environment interaction. Ecol Complex 1:17–36. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2003.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haber W (2004) Landscape ecology as a bridge from ecosystems to human ecology. Ecol Res 19:99–106. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1703.2003.00615.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanauer N (2012) Rich people do not create jobs. Censored TED talk available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKCvf8E7V1g

  • Kaplan H, Hill K, Lancaster J, Hurtado AM (2000) A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evol Anthropol 9:156–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick DT, Griskevicius V, Neuberg SL, Schaller M (2010) Renovating the pyramid of needs: contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations. Perspect Psychol Sci 5:292–314. doi:10.1177/1745691610369469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesebir S, Graham J, Oishi S (2010) A theory of human needs should be human-centered, not animal-centered: commentary on Kenrick et al. (2010). Perspect Psychol Sci 5:315–319. doi:10.1177/1745691610369470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kharas H, Kohli H (2011) What is the middle income trap, why do countries fall into it, and how can it be avoided? Glob J Emerg Mark Econ 3:281–289. doi:10.1177/097491011100300302

    Google Scholar 

  • Knauft BM (1991) Violence and sociality in human evolution [and comments and replies]. Curr Anthropol 32:321–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerat S, Gauci R, Catford JG, Vierheilig H, Piché Y, Lapointe L (2002) 14C transfer between the spring ephemeral Erythronium americanumand sugar maple saplings via arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in natural stands. Oecologia 132:181–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock J (1988) The Ages of Gaia. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky S, Boehm JK (2010) Human motives, happiness, and the puzzle of parenthood: commentary on Kenrick et al. (2010). Perspect Psychol Sci 5:327–334. doi:10.1177/1745691610369473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG (2001) The greenhouse effect and the stability of the global mean surface temperature. Dokl Earth Sci 377:210–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG (2007) Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture as driver of the hydrological cycle on land. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11:1013–1033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG (2010) The biotic pump: condensation, atmospheric dynamics and climate. Int J Water 5:365–385. doi:10.1504/IJW.2010.038729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Li B-L (2004a) Ontogenetic growth: models and theory. Ecol Model 176:15–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Li B-L (2004b) Body size, energy consumption and allometric scaling: a new dimension in the diversity-stability debate. Ecol Complex 1:139–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Li B-L, Chown SL, Reich PB, Gavrilov VM (2008) Mean mass-specific metabolic rates are strikingly similar across life’s major domains: evidence for life’s metabolic optimum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:16994–16999

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Sheil D, Nobre AD, Bunyard P, Li B-L (2014) Why does air passage over forest yield more rain? Examining the coupling between rainfall, pressure, and atmospheric moisture content. J Hydrometeorol 15:411–426. doi:10.1175/JHM-D-12-0190.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mojzsis SJ, Arrhenius G, McKeegan KD, Harrison TM, Nutman AP, Friend CRL (1996) Evidence of life on Earth before 3,800 million years ago. Nature 384:55–69. doi:10.1038/384055a0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mokyr J (2013) Is technological progress a thing of the past? VOX (CEPR’s policy portal). http://www.voxeu.org/print/9700

  • Nowak MA, Tarnita CE, Wilson EO (2010) The evolution of eusociality. Nature 466:1057–1062. doi:10.1038/nature09205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak et al (2011) Nature 471:E9–E10. doi:10.1038/nature09836 (Reply)

  • Peterson C, Park N (2010) What happened to self-actualization? Commentary on Kenrick et al. (2010). Perspect Psychol Sci 5:320–322. doi:10.1177/1745691610369471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzman DW, Volk T (1989) Biotic enhancement of weathering and habitability of earth. Nature 340:457–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheil D, Murdiyarso D (2009) How forests attract their rain: an examination of a new hypothesis. Bioscience 59:341–347. doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.4.12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Hejden MG, Horton TR (2009) Socialism in soil? The importance of mycorrhizal fungal networks for facilitation in natural ecosystems. J Ecol 97:1139–1150. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01570.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vause WG (1995) The subsidiarity principle in European union law – American federation compared. J Int Law 61–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitman WB, Coleman DC, Wiebe WJ (1998) Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:6578–6583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilderer PA (2009) Climate change and its consequences for water and wastewater management. Front Environ Sci Eng China 3:2–11. doi:10.1007/s11783-009-0001-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

References of Section 3.4

References of Section 3.5

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Christian Werthmann , Ortwin Renn , Anastassia Makarieva , Peter A. Wilderer , Verena Risse or Carolin Böker .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Werthmann, C. et al. (2016). Governance of Societies. In: Wilderer, P.A., Grambow, M. (eds) Global Stability through Decentralization?. Strategies for Sustainability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24358-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics