Abstract
The EEA Agreement, like the Treaty of Rome, makes no exception for natural resources in the application of the principle of non-discrimination on the basis of nationality. The jurisprudence of the Courts confirms that the fundamental rules of the Agreement also apply to the natural resources of the Contracting Parties. This chapter examines problems which may arise with regard to public ownership. It furthermore discusses issues which may result from diverging application in the EEZs, and with regard to both the petroleum and fisheries sectors.
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Notes
- 1.
Case C-483/99 Commission v. France [2002] ECR I-4781, paragraph 46.
- 2.
Case C-452/01 Margrethe Ospelt and Schlössle Weissenberg Familienstiftung [2003] ECR I-9473.
- 3.
Margrethe Ospelt, cited above, paragraph 24.
- 4.
Margrethe Ospelt, cited above, paragraph 34.
- 5.
Margrethe Ospelt, cited above, paragraph 32.
- 6.
Case E-2/06 ESA v. Norway [2007] EFTA Ct. Rep 167.
- 7.
Case E-2/06 ESA v. Norway, cited above, paragraph 57 et seq. See in particular paragraph 62.
- 8.
Commission Directive 2006/111/EC of 16 November 2006 on the transparency of financial relations between Member States and public undertakings as well as on financial transparency within certain undertakings, OJ L 318, 17.11.2006, p. 17.
- 9.
Ibid, at footnote 6.
- 10.
Case E-2/06 ESA v. Norway, cited above, paragraphs 66 and 67.
- 11.
Case E-2/06 ESA v. Norway, cited above, paragraph 72.
- 12.
Case E-2/06 ESA v. Norway, cited above, paragraph 73 et seq.
- 13.
Case E-2/06 ESA v. Norway, cited above, paragraph 78.
- 14.
Case E-2/06 ESA v. Norway, cited above, paragraph 80.
- 15.
Case E-2/06 ESA v. Norway, cited above, paragraph 81.
- 16.
Case E-2/06 ESA v. Norway, cited above, paragraph 83 et seq.
- 17.
Case C-347/10 A. Salemink v. Raad van bestuur van het Uitvoeringsinstituut werknemersverzekeringen, judgment of 17 January 2012, published electronically.
- 18.
Case E-9/97 Erla Maria Sveinbjörnsdottir v. the Government of Iceland, [1998] EFTA Ct. Rep. p. 95.
- 19.
ESA Case no. 2229, reproduced in Annex 4 to Ot.prp. nr. 99 (2005–2006) amending Act of 17 June 1966 No, 10 on prohibition of fishing etc. by foreign nationals in the territorial waters of Norway.
- 20.
Directive 94/22/94 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on the conditions for granting and using authorizations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons, OL J 164 30/06/1994 p. 4.
- 21.
Directive 2004/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 coordinating the procurement procedures of entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors, OJ L 134 30/04/2004 p. 1.
- 22.
Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC, OJ L 211 14/08/2009 p. 94.
- 23.
Case E-2/94 Scottish Salmon Growers Association Ltd v. ESA [1994–1995] EFTA Ct. Rep. p. 59.
- 24.
ESA Case No: 68781, Dec. No: 186/12/COL of 11 July 2012, Letter of formal notice to Norway failing to comply with its obligations under Article 31 by maintaining in force ownership restrictions in the fish farming industry.
- 25.
See for instance Case C-216/87 The Queen v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Jaderow Ltd [1989] ECR 4509.
- 26.
The letter is reproduced in Annex 2 to the document referred to in footnote 20.
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Almestad, K. (2016). Natural Resources. In: Baudenbacher, C. (eds) The Handbook of EEA Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24343-6_35
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