Abstract
The potential risks of transporting, transferring and storing very large volumes of crude petroleum and also refined products is discussed together with the associated environmental issues of soil/groundwater contamination and gaseous emissions.
The nature and operations of refining crude oil into the separate classes of hydrocarbon fuels is described with a typical fuel upgrading example. Trends in world fuel consumption are analysed.
The environmental issues of refined hydrocarbon fuels are discussed in terms of their specifications, use and associated emissions. Marine fuel oil is described in depth and the environmental effects of small industrial and domestic fuels described. Automotive diesel composition and combustion is discussed in detail, together with bio-diesel. Aviation jet fuel/kerosine specifications are described for civil and military use. Spark ignition (‘petrol/gasoline’) and aviation gasoline, ‘avgas’, fuel specifications and their emissions are explained.
Trends in fuel specifications and use in the next decade are assessed in terms of the problems of predicting the future, concurrent trends in world population and the gross domestic products/energy demands of developed and developing countries. The utility of alternative fuels is assessed and overall conclusions drawn.
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References
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Fox, M.F. (2016). The Marketing, Distribution and Use of Petroleum Fuels. In: Orszulik, S. (eds) Environmental Technology in the Oil Industry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24334-4_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24334-4_12
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