Abstract
The causal set approach to quantum gravity is based on the hypothesis that the underlying structure of spacetime is that of a random partial order. We survey some of the interesting mathematics that has arisen in connection with the causal set hypothesis, and describe how the mathematical theory can be translated to the application area. We highlight a number of open problems of interest to those working in causal set theory.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
M. Albert, A. Frieze, Random graph orders. Order 6, 19–30 (1989)
D. Aldous, P. Diaconis, Longest increasing subsequences: from patience sorting to the Baik-Deift-Johansson Theorem. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 36, 413–432 (1999)
N. Alon, E.R. Scheinerman, Degrees of freedom versus dimension for containment orders. Order 5, 11–16 (1988)
N. Alon, B. Bollobás, G. Brightwell, S. Janson, Linear extensions of a random partial order. Ann. Appl. Probab. 4, 108–123 (1994)
E. Bachmat, Discrete space-time and its applications, in Random Matrices, Integrable Systems and Applications: A Conference in Honor of Percy Deift’s 60th Birthday, ed. by J. Baik, L-C. Li, T. Kriecherbauer, K. McLaughlin, C. Tomei. Contemporary Mathematics Book Series (American Mathematical Society, Providence, 2008)
J. Baik, P. Deift, K. Johansson, On the distribution of the length of the longest increasing subsequence of random permutations. J. Am. Math. Soc. 12, 1119–1178 (1999)
A. Barak, P. Erdős, On the maximal number of strongly independent vertices in a random acyclic directed graph. SIAM. J. Algebraic Discret. Methods. 5, 508–514 (1984)
B. Bollobás, G. Brightwell, Box-spaces and random partial orders. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 324, 59–72 (1991)
B. Bollobás, G. Brightwell, The width of random graph orders. Math. Sci. 20, 69–90 (1995)
B. Bollobás, G. Brightwell, The dimension of random graph orders, in The Mathematics of Paul Erdős II, ed. by R.L. Graham, J. Nešetřil (Springer, New York, 1996), pp. 51–69
B. Bollobás, G. Brightwell, The structure of random graph orders. SIAM J. Discret. Math. 10, 318–335 (1997)
B. Bollobás, P. Winkler, The longest chain among random points in Euclidean space. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 103, 347–353 (1988)
L. Bombelli, Statistical Lorentzian geometry and the closeness of Lorentzian manifolds. J. Math. Phys. 41, 6944–6958 (2000)
L. Bombelli, D.A. Meyer, The origin of Lorentzian geometry. Phys. Lett. A 141, 226–228 (1989)
L. Bombelli, J. Lee, D. Meyer, R.D. Sorkin, Spacetime as a causal set. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 521–524 (1987)
G. Brightwell, Linear extensions of infinite posets. Discret. Math. 70, 113–136 (1988)
G. Brightwell, Models of random partial orders, in Surveys in Combinatorics 1993, ed. by K. Walker. London Mathematical Society Lecture Notes Series, vol. 187 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993), pp. 53–83
G. Brightwell, N. Georgiou, Continuum limits for classical sequential growth models. Random Struct. Algorithm 36, 218–250 (2010)
G. Brightwell, R. Gregory, The structure of random discrete spacetime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 260–263 (1991)
G. Brightwell, M. Luczak, Order-invariant measures on causal sets. Ann. Appl. Probab. 21, 1493–1536 (2011)
G. Brightwell, M. Luczak, Order-invariant measures on fixed causal sets. Comb. Prob. Comput. 21, 330–357 (2012)
G. Brightwell, H.-J. Prömel, A. Steger, The average number of linear extensions of a partial order. J. Comb. Theory (A) 73, 193–206 (1996)
G. Brightwell, P. Winkler, Sphere orders. Order 6, 235–240 (1989)
G. Brightwell, H.F. Dowker, R.S. García, J. Henson, R.D. Sorkin, “Observables” in causal set cosmology. Phys. Rev. D 67, 084031 (2003)
G. Brightwell, J. Henson, S. Surya, A 2D model of causal set quantum gravity: the emergence of the continuum. Classical Quantum Gravity 25, 105025 (2008)
F. Dowker, Introduction to causal sets and their phenomenology. Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 45, 1651–1667 (2013)
F. Dowker, S. Surya, Observables in extended percolation models of causal set cosmology. Classical Quantum Gravity 23, 1381–1390 (2006)
F. Dowker, J. Henson, R.D. Sorkin, Quantum gravity phenomenology, Lorentz invariance and discreteness. Mod. Phys. Lett. A19, 1829–1840 (2004)
M. El-Zahar, N. Sauer, Asymptotic enumeration of two-dimensional posets. Order 5, 239–244 (1988)
S. Felsner, P.C. Fishburn, W.T. Trotter, Finite three dimensional partial orders which are not sphere orders. Discret. Math. 201, 101–132 (1999)
H.-O. Georgii, Gibbs Measures and Phase Transitions. de Gruyter Studies in Mathematics, vol. 9 (de Gruyter, Berlin, 1988)
N. Georgiou, The random binary growth model. Random Struct. Algorithm. 27, 520–552 (2005)
S.W. Hawking, A.R. King, P.J. McCarthy, A new topology for curved spacetime which incorporates the causal, differential and conformal structures. J. Math. Phys. 17, 174–181 (1976)
J. Henson, The causal set approach to quantum gravity, in Approaches to Quantum Gravity: Towards a New Understanding of Space and Time, ed. by D. Oriti (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009), pp. 26–43
E. Hewitt, L.J. Savage, Symmetric measures on Cartesian products. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 80, 470–501 (1955)
J. Hladký, A. Máthé, V. Patel, O. Pikhurko, Poset limits can be totally ordered. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 367, 4319–4337 (2015)
S. Janson, Poset limits and exchangeable random posets. Combinatorica 31, 529–563 (2011)
S. Kerov, The boundary of Young lattice and random Young tableaux, in Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics, ed. by L.J. Billera, C. Greene, R. Simion, R.P. Stanley. DIMACS Series, Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 24 (American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1996), pp. 133–158
J.H. Kim, B. Pittel, On tail distribution of interpost distance. J. Comb. Theor. B 80, 49–56 (2000)
D. Kleitman, B. Rothschild, Asymptotic enumeration of partial orders on a finite set. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 205, 205–220 (1975)
D. Malament, The class of continuous timelike curves determines the topology of spacetime. J. Math. Phys. 18, 1399–1404 (1977)
D.A. Meyer, Spherical containment and the Minkowski dimension of partial orders. Order 10, 227–237 (1993)
J. Myrheim, Statistical geometry. CERN preprint TH-2538 (1978)
B. Pittel, R. Tungol, A phase transition phenomenon in a random directed acyclic graph. Random Struct. Algorithm 18, 164–184 (2001)
H.J. Prömel, A. Steger, A. Taraz, Phase transitions in the evolution of partial orders. J. Comb. Theor. Ser. A 94, 230–275 (2001)
H.J. Prömel, A. Steger, A. Taraz, Counting partial orders with a fixed number of comparable pairs. Comb. Probab. Comput. 10, 159–177 (2001)
D. Rideout, R.D. Sorkin, A classical sequential growth dynamics for causal sets. Phys. Rev. D 61, 024002 (2000)
D. Rideout, R.D. Sorkin, Evidence for a continuum limit in causal set dynamics. Phys. Rev. D 63, 104011 (2001)
D. Rideout, P. Wallden, Spacelike distance from discrete causal order. Classical Quantum Gravity 26, 155013 (2009)
K. Simon, D. Crippa, F. Collenberg, On the distribution of the transitive closure in a random acyclic digraph, in Algorithms ESA’93 (Bad Honnef 1993). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 726 (1993), pp. 345–356
R.D. Sorkin, Causal sets: discrete gravity (notes for the Valdivia summer school), in Proceedings of the Valdivia Summer School, Valdivia, Chile, January 2002 ed. by A. Gomberoff, D. Marolf. Lectures on Quantum Gravity (Plenum, New York, 2005)
S. Surya, Directions in causal set quantum gravity, in Recent Research in Quantum Gravity, ed. by A. Dasgupta (Nova Science Publishers, New York, 2012)
M. Varadarajan, D. Rideout, A general solution for classical sequential growth dynamics of causal sets. Phys. Rev. D 73, 104021 (2006)
P. Winkler, Random orders. Order 1, 317–335 (1985)
P. Winkler, Random orders of dimension 2. Order 7, 329–339 (1991)
Acknowledgements
Malwina Luczak’s research was supported by an EPSRC Leadership Fellowship, grant reference EP/J004022/2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brightwell, G., Luczak, M. (2016). The mathematics of causal sets. In: Beveridge, A., Griggs, J., Hogben, L., Musiker, G., Tetali, P. (eds) Recent Trends in Combinatorics. The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, vol 159. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24298-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24298-9_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24296-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24298-9
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)