Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An Integrated Model of “Free Will” and New Free Will Questionnaires

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Unifying Causality and Psychology

  • 1704 Accesses

Abstract

The question of free will is related closely to that of self-control and its depletion. Self-control can be depleted in successive relevant self-control tasks in the laboratory in which the first one serves to degrade self-control in the second. The phenomenon has been termed ego-depletion, and it has been related to physiological depletion in available glucose. This model is a resource one, and other models have been developed for self-control depletion that are inclusive of motivational and social factors. In this chapter, I present an integrated biopsychosocial model of self-control, across these various factors thought to affect self-control, which helps explain the depletion effect. Also, I present a biopsychosocial concept of free will. Further, I develop a new free will questionnaire that is consistent with the biopsychosocial approach to free will. The chapter also deals with dual process cognitive models, which I integrate into the general theme of the chapter. Finally, the chapter integrates some of my other work on activation/inhibition coordination and cognitive stages in development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Balon, S., & Rimé, J. L. B. (2013). Passion and personality: Is passionate behaviour a function of personality? Revue Européenee de Psychologie Appliquée, 63, 59–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balleine, B. W., Delgado, M. R., & Hikosaka, O. (2007). The role of the dorsal striatum in reward and decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8161–8165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horseman of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (pp. 1–40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargh, J. A. (2005). Bypassing the will: Towards demystifying behavioral priming effects. In R. Hassin, J. Uleman, & J. Bargh (Eds.), The new unconscious (pp. 37–58). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrouillet, P. (2011). Dual-process theories of reasoning: The test of development. Developmental Review, 31, 151–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Free will in scientific psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 14–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Bargh, J. A. (2014). Conscious and unconscious: Toward an integrative understanding of human mental life and action. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 35–49). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavesky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252–1265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Masicampo, E. J. (2010). Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animal-culture interface. Psychological Review, 117, 945–971.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., Masicampo, E. J., & DeWall, C. N. (2009). Prosocial benefits of feeling free: Disbelief in free will increases aggression and reduces helpfulness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 260–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., Masicampo, E. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2011). Do conscious thoughts cause behavior? Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 331–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckes, L., & Coan, J. A. (2011). Social baseline theory: The role of social proximity in emotion and economy of action. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 976–988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bélanger, J. J., Caouette, J., Sharvit, K., & Dugas, M. (2014). The psychology of martyrdom: Making the ultimate sacrifice in the name of a cause. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 494–515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botvinick, M., & Braver, T. (2015). Motivation and cognitive control: From behavior to neural mechanism. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 83–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, G., Shin, L. M., Holmes, J., Rosen, D. R., & Vogt, B. A. (2003). The multi-source interference task: Validation study with fMRI in individual subjects. Molecular Psychiatry, 8, 60–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, C. S., & Van Veen, V. (2007). Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: An update of theory and data. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 367–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. C., Kofler, L. M., Forster, D. E., & McCullough, M. E. (2015). A series of meta-analytic tests of the depletion effect: Self-control does not seem to rely on a limited resource. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, 796–815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., & Joormann, J. (2013). Two-mode models of self-regulation and serotonergic functioning: Divergent manifestations of impulse and constraint. In B. W. Sokol, M. E. Grouzet, & U. Müller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 255–278). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S., Westman, M., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2015). The commerce and crossover of resources: Resource conservation in the service of resilience. Stress and Health, 31, 95–105.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coan, J. A. (2008). Toward a neuroscience of attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 241–265). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coan, J. A., Brown, C. L., & Beckes, L. (2014). Out social baseline: The role of social proximity in economy of action. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Mechanisms of social connection: From brain to group (pp. 89–104). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2006). Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural response to threat. Psychological Science, 17, 1032–1039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cushman, F., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Finding faults: How moral dilemmas illuminate cognitive structure. Social Neuroscience, 7, 269–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). The importance of autonomy for development and well-being. In B. W. Sokol, M. E. Grouzet, & U. Müller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 19–46). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Deery, O., Davis, T., & Carey, J. (2015a). The free-will intuition scale and the question of natural compatibilism. Philosophical Psychology, 28, 776–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deery, O., Davis, T., & Carey, J. (2015b). Defending the free-will intuitions scale: Reply to Stephen Morris. Philosophical Psychology, 28, 808–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. (1985). Satisfaction with life scale. Retrieved from PsycTESTS. doi:10.1037/t01069-000.

  • Duckworth, A. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2013). Self-regulation and school success. In B. W. Sokol, M. E. Grouzet, & U. Müller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 208–230). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets and human nature: Promoting change in the Middle East, the schoolyard, the racial divide, and willpower. American Psychologist, 67, 614–622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eagle, D. M., & Baunez, C. (2010). Is there an inhibitory-response control system in the rat? Evidence from anatomical and pharmacological studies of behavioral inhibition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 34, 50–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, G. M., & Tononi, G. (2000). A universe of consciousness: How matter becomes imagination. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ent, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2014). Embodied free will beliefs: Some effects of physical states on metaphysical opinions. Consciousness and Cognition, 27, 147–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ent, M. R., Baumeister, R. F., & Vonasch, A. J. (2012). Power, leadership, and self-regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 619–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. R., Boggero, I. A., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2015). The nature of self-regulatory fatigue and “ego depletion”: Lessons from physical fatigue. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. St. B. T. (2009). How many dual-process theories do we need? One, two, or many? In J. St. B. T. Evans & K. Frankish (Eds.), In two minds: Dual processes and beyond (pp. 33–54). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. St. B. T. (2010). Thinking twice: Two minds in one brain. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. St. B. T. (2011a). The psychology of reasoning: Reflections on four decades of research. In K. Manktelow, D. Over, & S. Elquayam (Eds.), The science of reason (pp. 423–444). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. St. B. T. (2011b). Dual process theories of reasoning: Contemporary issues and developmental applications. Developmental Review, 31, 86–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 223–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernet, C., Lavigne, G. L., Vallerand, R. J., & Austin, S. (2014). Fired up with passion: Investigating how job autonomy and passion predict burnout at career start in teachers. Work & Stress, 28, 270–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1933/1965). Warum krieg (Why war)? Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 22, 197–224. London: Hogarth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gailliot, M. T., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). Self-regulation and sexual restraint: Dispositionally and temporarily poor self-regulatory abilities contribute to failure at restraining sexual behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 173–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C., N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., et al. J. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 325–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gailliot, M. T., Gitter, S. A., Baker, M. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Breaking the rules: Low trait or state self-control increases social norm violations. Psychology, 3, 1074–1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galinsky, A. D., Maddux, W. W., Gilin, D., & White, J. D. (2008). Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent: The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations. Psychological Science, 19, 378–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gawronski, B., Sherman, J. W., & Trope, Y. (2014). Two of what?: A conceptual analysis of dual-process theories. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 3–19). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grouzet, M. E. (2013). Self-regulation and autonomy: The dialectic between organismic and sociocognitive valuing processes. In B. W. Sokol, M. E. Grouzet, & U. Müller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 47–77). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Grouzet, M. E., Sokol, B. W., & Müller, U. (2013). Self-regulation and autonomy: An introduction. In B. W. Sokol, M. E. Grouzet, & U. Müller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 1–16). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S. (2015). Conservation of resources theory and the “strength” model of self-control: Conceptual overlap and commonalities. Stress and Health, 31, 89–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 495–525.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heatherton, T. F., & Wagner, D. D. (2011). Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 132–139.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation resources: A new attempt at a conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inzlicht, M., & Al-Khindi, T. (2012). ERN and the placebo: A misattribution approach to studying the arousal properties of the error-related negativity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 799–807.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inzlicht, M., & Gutsell, J. N. (2007). Running on empty: Neural signals for self-control failure. Psychological Science, 18, 933–937.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inzlicht, M., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2012). What is ego depletion? Toward a mechanistic revision of the resource model of self-control. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 450–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inzlicht, M., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2013). Beyond simple utility in predicting self-control fatigue: A proximate alternative to the opportunity cost model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 695–696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Job, V., Dweck, C. S., & Walton, G. M. (2010). Ego depletion – Is it all in your head? Implicit theories about willpower affect self-regulation. Psychological Science, 21, 1686–1693.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnucan, C. J. E., & Kuebli, J. E. (2013). Understanding explanatory talk through Vygotsky’s theory of self-regulation. In B. W. Sokol, M. E. Grouzet, & U. Müller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 231–252). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, C. B. (2011). Development in the early years: Socialization, motor development, and consciousness. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 165–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzban, R., Duckworth, A., Kable, J. W., & Myers, J. (2013a). An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 661–726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzban, R., Duckworth, A., Kable, J. W., & Myers, J. (2013b). Cost-benefit models as the next, best option for understanding subjective effort. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 707–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lafrenière, M.-A., Vallerand, R. J., & Sedikides, C. (2013). On the relation between self-enhancement and life satisfaction: The moderating role of passion. Self and Identity, 12, 597–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lavigne, G. L., Forest, J., Fernet, C., & Crevier-Braud, L. (2014). Passion at work and workers’ evaluations of job demands and resources: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44, 255–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Emotion and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 799–823.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lévy, P. (1997). Collective intelligence: Mankind’s emerging world in cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. New York: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W., Lafrenière, M.-A., Carbonneau, N., Bureau, J. S., Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J., et al. (2013). Passion: Does one scale fit all? Construct validity of two-factor passion scale and psychometric invariance over different activities and languages. Psychological Assessment, 25, 796–809.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Toward a physiology of dual-process reasoning and judgment: Lemonade, willpower, and expensive rule-based analysis. Psychological Science, 19, 255–260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minda, J. P., & Rabi, R. (2015). Ego depletion interferes with rule-defined category learning but not non-rule-defined category learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 35. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00035.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Molden, D. C., Hui, C. M., Noreen, E. E., Meier, B. P., Scholer, A. A., D’Agostino, P. R., et al. (2012). The motivational versus metabolic effects of carbohydrates on self-control. Psychological Science, 23, 1130–1137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moller, A. C., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). Choice and ego depletion: The moderating role of autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1024–1036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morsella, E. (2005). The function of phenomenal states: Supramodular interaction theory. Psychological Review, 112, 1000–1021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muraven, M., & Slessareva, E. (2003). Mechanisms of self-control failure: Motivation and limited resources. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 894–906.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadelhoffer, T., Shepard, J., Nahmias, E., Sripada, C., & Thomson Ross, L. (2014). The free will inventory: Measuring beliefs about agency and responsibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 25, 27–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, K. (2007). Young minds in social worlds: Experience, meaning, and memory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, B. R. (2015). “Wait! Just let me not think about that for a minute”: What role do implicit processes play in higher-level cognition? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 65–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, S., & Knobe, J. (2007). Moral responsibility and determinism: The cognitive science of folk intuitions. Noûs, 41, 663–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nucci, L. (2013). “It’s a part of life to do what you what”: The role of personal choice in social development. In B. W. Sokol, M. E. Grouzet, & U. Müller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 165–188). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Paulhus, D. L., & Carey, J. M. (2011). The FAD-Plus: Measuring lay beliefs regarding free will and related constructs. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 96–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1974/1980). Adaptation and intelligence: Organic selection and phenocopy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1941). Le développement des quantités physiques chez l’enfant. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Delachaux & Niestlé.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1954). La genèse des structures logiques élémentaires. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Delachaux & Niestlé.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pons, F., Harris, P., & de Rosnay, M. (2012). Piaget and consciousness: Retrospect and prospect. In E. Marti & C. Rodriguez (Eds.), After Piaget (pp. 95–122). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabi, R., & Minda, J. P. (2014). Rule-based category learning in children: The role of age and executive functioning. PLoS One, 9, e85316. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085316.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rakos, R. F., Laurene, K. R., Skala, S., & Slane, S. (2008). Belief in free will: Measurement and conceptualization innovations. Behavior and Social Issues, 17, 20–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigoni, D., Kühn, S., Gaudino, G., Sartori, G., & Brass, M. (2012). Reducing self-control by weakening belief in free will. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 1482–1490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rochat, P. (2003). Five levels of self-awareness as they unfold early in life. Consciousness and Cognition, 12, 717–731.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. A., Shirk, S. D., Burgin, C. J., & Martin, L. L. (2012). The gargle effect: Rinsing the mouth with glucose enhances self-control. Psychological Science, 23, 1470–1472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmeichel, B. J., Harmon-Jones, C., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). Exercising self-control increases approach motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 162–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmeichel, B. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2009). Self-affirmation and self-control: Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 770–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segerstrom, S. C., & Nes, L. S. (2007). Heart rate variability reflects self-regulatory strength, effort, and fatigue. Science, 18, 275–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., & Trope, Y. (2014). Dual-process theories of the social mind. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sloman, S. A. (2014). Two systems of reasoning: An update. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 69–79). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sokol, B. W., Grouzet, M. E., & Müller, U. (2013). Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Spunt, R. P., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). An integrative model of the neural systems supporting the comprehension of observed emotional behavior. NeuroImage, 59, 3050–3059.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spunt, R. P., & Lieberman, M. D. (2013). The busy social brain: Evidence for automaticity and control in the neural systems supporting social cognition and action understanding. Psychological Science, 24, 80–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spunt, R. P., & Lieberman, M. D. (2014). Automaticity, control, and the social brain. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 279–296). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sripada, C., Kessler, D., & Jonides, J. (2014). Methylphenidate blocks effort-induced depletion of regulatory control in healthy volunteers. Psychological Science, 25, 1227–1234.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. E. (2009). Distinguishing the reflective, algorithmic, and autonomous minds: Is it time for a tri-process theory? In J. S. B. T. Evans & K. Frankish (Eds.), In two minds: Dual processes and beyond (pp. 55–88). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. E. (2011). Rationality and the reflective mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011). The complexity of developmental predictions from dual process models. Developmental Review, 31, 103–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2014). Rationality, intelligence, and the defining features of type 1 and type 2 processing. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 80–91). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenseng, F., Forest, J., & Curran, T. (2015). Positive emotions in recreational sport activities: The role of passion and belongingness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1117–1129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. J. L., Yakobov, E., Scott, W., & Tait, R. (2014). Perceived injustice and adverse recovery outcomes. Psychological Injury and Law, 7, 325–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J., O’Donnell, M., Stafford, L., & Nordfjaern, T. (2014). Association between attributions of responsibilities for motor vehicle crashes, depressive symptoms, and return to work. Rehabilitation Psychology, 59, 376–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trevarthen, C., & Aitken, K. J. (2001). Infant intersubjectivity: Research, theory, and clinical applications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 3–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R. J. (2010). On passion for life activities: The dualistic model of passion. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 97–193). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R. J., Mageau, G. A., Ratelle, C., Léonard, M., Blanchard, C., Koestner, R., et al. (2003). Les passions de l’âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 756–767.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R. J., & Verner-Filion, J. (2013). Making people’s life most worth living: On the importance of passion for positive psychology. Terapia Psicológica, 31, 35–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2012). Motivation, personal beliefs, and limited resources all contribute to self control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 943–947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2013). Erratum to “motivation, personal beliefs, and limited resources all contribute to self control.”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 184–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., Schmeichel, B. J., Twenge, J. M., Nelson, N. M., & Tice, D. M. (2014). Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: A limited-resource account of decision making, self-regulation, and active initiative. Motivation Science, 1, 19–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, D. D., Altman, M., Boswell, R. G., Kelley, W. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (2013). Self-regulatory depletion enhances neural responses to rewards and impairs top-down control. Psychological Science, 24, 2262–2271.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2013). Self-regulatory depletion increases emotional reactivity in the amygdala. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 410–417.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, A. C., & Tucker, D. M. (2013). Self-regulation of neural development. In B. W. Sokol, M. E. Grouzet, & U. Müller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegner, D. M. (2002). The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiecki, T. V., & Frank, M. J. (2013). A computational model of inhibitory control in frontal cortex and basal ganglia. Psychological Review, 120, 329–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, G. (1997). Adult development, therapy, and culture: A postmodern synthesis. New York: Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Young, G. (2011). Development and causality: Neo-Piagetian perspectives. New York: Springer Science + Business Media.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zelazo, P. D., Hong Gao, H., & Todd, R. (2007). The development of consciousness. In P. D. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of consciousness (pp. 405–432). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S., Shi, R., Liu, X., & Miao, D. (2014). Passion for a leisure activity, presence of meaning, and search of meaning: The mediating role of emotion. Social Indicators Research, 115, 1123–1135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Toronto, ON, Canada

    Gerald Young

Authors
  1. Gerald Young
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Young, G. (2016). An Integrated Model of “Free Will” and New Free Will Questionnaires. In: Unifying Causality and Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24094-7_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation