Report on Section II.D “Policies and Regulations in Mexico with Regard to Genetic Technology and Food Security”: Country Report: Mexico

Ortiz, Claudia Colmenarez; García, Sol Ortiz

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23995-8_11

Claudia Colmenarez Ortiz⁴ &
Sol Ortiz García⁵

Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GSCL,volume 14))

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Abstract

In 1988 the first application for field trials of a GMO was formally received in Mexico. Since then a Biosafety law, few bylaws and national official standards were enacted in order to regulate the safe use of GMOs and to evaluate, control and avoid adverse effects to human health and the environment. The Law on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms was enacted in 2005 in order to comply with international obligations derived from the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety signed by Mexico in 2000. This law established a biosafety legal framework to regulate the use of GMOs, protect biodiversity, and promote the conservation of organisms which Mexico is center of origin and center of genetic diversity. Since then, 561 permits for the release of GMOs into the environment have been granted between 2005 and 2014. This report gives and overview of the country’s approach to the use of GMOs, the current status of the biosafety legislation in Mexico and the development of policies and regulations since the first introduction of GM crops in the country.

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Notes

1.
Ley sobre Producción, Certificación y Comercio de Semillas published in D.O.F. in July 15, 1991 abrogated from August 14, 2007 repealed by decree published in D.O.F 15-06-2007. The Ley Federal sobre Producción, Certificación y Comercio de Semillas, published in D.O.F. in June 15, 2007. This law replaced the first Seeds Law, GMO’s and all related activities where regulated by the Law on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms published in 2005.
2.
Ley Federal de Sanidad Vegetal published in D.O.F. in January 5, 1994 last amended and published in D.O.F on November 16, 2011.
3.
NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-056-FITO-1995, Por la que se establecen los requisitos fitosanitarios para la movilización nacional, importación y establecimiento de pruebas de campo de organismos manipulados mediante la aplicación de ingeniería genética published in D.O.F. on July 11, 1996. This law was cancelled on October 13, 2006 D.O.F.
4.
North America Free Trade Agreement 32 I.L.M. 289 and 605 (1993).
5.
González Aguirre, R.L, Aguilar Muñoz, E.J., 2006. Bioseguridad y Actores sociales. In Presentation at the 2006 Latin American Studies Association Conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico quoted in Mercer, K.L., Wainwright J.D., 2007. Gene flow from transgenic maize to landraces in Mexico: An analysis. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 123, 109–115.
6.
Quist, D., Chapela I., 2001. Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico. Nature 414, 541–543.
7.
Ibid.
8.
Ley de Bioseguridad de los Organismos Genéticamente Modificados (LBOGM) published in D.O.F. March 18, 2005.
9.
Ibid., Article 1.
10.
Reglamento de la Ley de Bioseguridad de los Organismos Genéticamente Modificados (RLBOGM) published in D.O.F March 19, 2008 last amended and published in D.O.F on March 06, 2009.
11.
National Service of Agro Alimentary Health, Safety and Quality http://www.senasica.gob.mx/?id=2403 accessed 10 July 2013.
12.
Acuerdo por el que se crea la Comisión Intersecretarial de Bioseguridad y Organismos Genéticamente Modificados con el objeto de coordinar las políticas de la Administración Pública Federal relativas a la bioseguridad y a la producción, importación, exportación, movilización, propagación, liberación, consumo y, en general, uso y aprovechamiento de organismos genéticamente modificados, sus productos y subproductos. Published in D.O.F. November 5, 1999.
13.
Inter-Ministerial Commission on Biosafety and Genetically Modified Organisms http://www.cibiogem.gob.mx/Paginas/default.aspx accessed 10 July 2013.
14.
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2226 U.N.T.S. 208; 39 ILM 1027 (2000); UN Doc. UNEP/CBD/ExCOP/1/3, at 42 (2000).
15.
Inter-Secretarial Commission on Biosafety and Genetically Modified Organisms http://www.cibiogem.gob.mx/eng/NISB/Paginas/default.aspx accessed 25 September 2013.
16.
LBOGM Article 33.
17.
Strategic Project for Food Security, see http://www.pesamexico.org/
18.
Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/desarrolloRural/AsistenciaCapacitacion/Paginas/pesa.aspx accessed 14 June 2013.
19.
Law on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms 18 March 2005 http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lbogm.htm and REGULATIONS to the Genetically Modified Organisms Biosafety Law 6 March 2009 http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/regla.htm
20.
See Traxler G., Godoy-Avila S. Transgenic Cotton in Mexico, AgBioForum, 7(1&2): 57–62, 2004.
21.
Intersecretarial Commission on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms http://www.cibiogem.gob.mx/Paginas/FAQs.aspx accessed 14 June 2013.
22.
Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Article 4 (III). Published in D.O.F. February 5, 1917 last amended and published in D.O.F. October 8, 2013.
23.
Constitution of Mexican United States Article 4 (IV).
24.
LBOGM Article 9 (II).
25.
Ibid Article 9 (IV).
26.
Ibid Article 9 (XV).
27.
Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos published in D.O.F February 5, 1917. Last amended and published in D.O.F. October 8, 2013.
28.
Ley de Bioseguridad de Organismos Genéticamente Modificados published in D.O.F. March 18, 2005.
29.
Reglamento de la Ley de Bioseguridad de Organismos Genéticamente Modificados published in D.O.F March 19, 2008. Last amended and published in D.O.F March 6, 2009.
30.
Acuerdo por el que se determinan los Centros de Origen y Centros de Diversidad Genética del Maíz published in D.O.F. November 2, 2012.
31.
Acuerdo por el que se determina la información y documentación que debe de presentarse en el caso de realizar actividades de utilización confinada y se da a conocer el formato único de avisos de utilización confinada de organismos genéticamente modificados published in D.O.F. April 15, 2011.
32.
Reglamento de la Comisión Intersecretarial de los Organismos Genéticamente Modificados published in D.O.F. November 28, 2006.
33.
Acuerdo por el que se expiden las Reglas de Operación de la Comisión Intersecretarial de los Organismos Genéticamente Modificados published in D.O.F. December 5, 2007.
34.
NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-164-SEMARNAT/SAGARPA-2013, Que establece las características y contenido del reporte de resultados de la o las liberaciones realizadas de organismos genéticamente modificados, en relación con los posibles riesgos para el medio ambiente y la diversidad biológica y, adicionalmente, a la sanidad animal, vegetal y acuícola. http://www.conacyt.gob.mx/cibiogem/images/cibiogem/normatividad/vigente/2014_01_03_MAT_semarnat.pdf
35.
Reglas de Operación del Fideicomiso denominado “Fondo para el fomento y apoyo a la investigación científica y tecnológica en Bioseguridad y Biotecnología” FONDO CIBIOGEM aproved and issued in February 12, 2009 by agreement No.AS-XXVII-07/09.
36.
Reglas de operación y funcionamiento de la Red Mexicana de Monitoreo de los Organismos Genéticamente Modificados issued June 23, 2009 http://www.cibiogem.gob.mx/Norm_leyes/Documents/REGLAS_OPERACION_REDMONITOREO.pdf acceded 28 November 2013.
37.
Ley de Ciencia y Tecnología published in D.O.F. June 5, 2002. Last amended and published in D.O.F. January 28, 2011.
38.
Estatuto Orgánico del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología published in D.O.F. June 10, 2010.
39.
Ley Federal de Sanidad Animal published in D.O.F. July 25, 2007. Last amended and published in D.O.F. June 7, 2012.
40.
Ley Federal de Sanidad Vegetal published in D.O.F. January 5, 1994. Last amended and published in D.O.F. November 16, 2011.
41.
Ley de Productos Orgánicos published in D.O.F. February 7, 2006.
42.
Reglamento de la Ley de Productos Orgánicos published in D.O.F. April 1, 2010. Errata D.O.F. April 8, 2010.
43.
Ley Federal de Producción Certificación y Comercio de Semillas published in D.O.F. June 15, 2007.
44.
Ley de Desarrollo Rural Sustentable published in D.O.F. December 7, 2001. Last amended and published in D.O.F. January 12, 2012.
45.
Acuerdo por el que se crea el Comité Técnico Científico de la Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación en materia de organismos genéticamente modificados published in D.O.F. June 22, 2009.
46.
Aviso de cancelación de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-56-FITO-1995, Por la que se establecen los requisitos fitosanitarios para la movilización nacional, importación y establecimiento de pruebas de campo de organismos manipulados mediante la aplicación de ingeniería genética, publicada el 11 de Julio de 1996 published in D.O.F June 22, 2009.
47.
Acuerdo por el que se delegan en el titular del Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria y en sus directores generales de Salud Animal, salud Vegetal e Inocuidad Alimentaria, Acuícola y Pesquera, las facultades y funciones que se indican, published in D.O.F. June 22, 2009.
48.
Guía Modelo para la Solicitud de Permiso de Liberación Experimental de Maíz Genéticamente Modificado, published June 9, 2012 and Guía Modelo para la Solicitud de Permiso de Liberación al Ambiente de Maíz Genéticamente Modificado en Programa Piloto published May 14, 2013 http://www.cibiogem.gob.mx/Norm_leyes/Paginas/default.aspx acceded 29 November 2013.
49.
Guías para la Integración de Solicitudes de Permiso de liberación al Ambiente de Organismos Genéticamente Modificados published in May 9, 2013 http://www.cibiogem.gob.mx/Norm_leyes/Paginas/default.aspx acceded 29 November 2013.
50.
Ley General de Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente published in D.O.F. January 28, 1988. Last amended and published in D.O.F. November 5, 2013.
51.
Reglamento de la Ley General de Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Medio Ambiente en Materia de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental published in D.O.F. April 26, 2012. Errata published in D.O.F. April 27, 2012.
52.
Ley General de Desarrollo Forestal Sustentable published in D.O.F. February 25, 2003.Last amended and published June 7, 2013.
53.
Ley General de Salud published in D.O.F. February 7, 1984 last amended and published in D.O.F. April 24, 2013.
54.
Reglamento de Control Sanitario de Productos y Servicios published in D.O.F. August 9, 1999.
55.
Reglamento de Insumos para la Salud published in D.O.F. January 2, 2008. Last amended and published in D.O.F. October 9, 2012. Last amended and published in D.O.F. October 19, 2011.
56.
Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en materia de Publicidad published in D.O.F. May 4, 2000. Last amended and published in D.O.F. January 19, 2012.
57.
Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en materia de investigación para la Salud http://www.cibiogem.gob.mx/Norm_leyes/Documents/normatividad-SSA/071006RLSMIS.pdf acceded November 24, 2013.
58.
Código Penal Federal published in D.O.F. August 14, 1931. Las amended and published in D.O.F. October 30, 2012.
59.
Ley Federal de Responsabilidad Ambiental published in D.O.F. July 7, 2013.
60.
Mexico signed the Convention on Biological Diversity in June 13, 1992 ratifying in March 11, 1993. http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/ acceded 27 September 2013.
61.
Mexico signed the Cartagena Protocol in May 24, 2000 ratifying in August 27, 2002. http://bch.cbd.int/about/countryprofile.shtml?country=mx acceded 27 September 2013.
62.
Mexico signed the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol in March 12, 2012 ratifying in September 26, 2012. http://bch.cbd.int/protocol/parties/#tab=1 acceded 27 September 2013.
63.
LBOGM Article 3 (XXXIV).
64.
Ibid Article 73.
65.
Ibid Article 79.
66.
LBOGM Article 80.
67.
Ibid Articles 83–84.
68.
Ibid Article 59.
69.
Ibid Articles 3 (XVII).
70.
Ibid Articles 3 (XVIII).
71.
LBOGM Article 3 (XVI).
72.
Ibid Art. 42.
73.
RLBOGM Art. 16 (I a-t).
74.
Ibid.
75.
Law on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms Article 43.
76.
Ibid Art.50.
77.
RLBOGM Art.17.
78.
LBOGM Article 55.
79.
Ibid Article 56.
80.
See supra the authorisation to place in to the market is granted with the authorisation for the commercial release of GMOs.
81.
Law on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms Article 91.
82.
Law on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms Article 92.
83.
Ibid Article 93.
84.
Ibid Article 94.
85.
Ibid Article 95.
86.
Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-001-SAG/FITO-2013, Por la que se establecen los criterios, procedimientos y especificaciones para la elaboración de guías para la descripción varietal y reglas para determinar la calidad de las semillas para siembra. Published in D.O.F. May 30, 2014.
87.
Law on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms Title IV Articles 86–90.
88.
LBOGM Art.88.
89.
Ibid Art. 86.
90.
LBOGM Article 120.
91.
LBOGM Article 101.
92.
Ibid Article 101 para. 4.
93.
Federal Law on Environmental Liability DOF 7-06-2013.
94.
General Law for Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection Art. 168–169,176.
95.
Federal Law on Environmental Liability Art.1 para.3.
96.
Federal Law on Environmental Liability Article 1 para.1.
97.
Ibid Article 11.
98.
Ibid Article 12.
99.
Id.
100.
LBOGM Article 121 para. 1.
101.
Id.
102.
LBOGM Article 121 para. 7.
103.
Law on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms Article 6 (IV).
104.
General Health Law Article 282 bis (1–2).
105.
Law on Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms Article 2 (XXIII).
106.
http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5138185&fecha=09/04/2010 accessed 10 July, 2013.

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Department of European, Public and International Law, Gent University, Gent, B-9000, Belgium
Claudia Colmenarez Ortiz
The National Autonomous University of México (UNAM), Mexico, Mexico
Sol Ortiz García

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Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland
Roland Norer

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Ortiz, C.C., García, S.O. (2016). Report on Section II.D “Policies and Regulations in Mexico with Regard to Genetic Technology and Food Security”: Country Report: Mexico. In: Norer, R. (eds) Genetic Technology and Food Safety. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23995-8_11

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23995-8_11
Published: 18 December 2015
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