Abstract
Given the advantages of utilizing CNFs in polymers for improvement in mechanical properties, current research has progressed to the reinforcement of composites with three or more phases in order to elicit specified composite property enhancements and support tailorability and multifunctionality within composite systems. Since there are several possible categories in which to classify such composites, the following sections will focus on two types of composites that have been prominent in the literature: (1) particle reinforced composites with CNFs and (2) continuous fiber composite laminates with CNFs. In this chapter, the processing methods used to enhance the mechanical properties of the composite are discussed first, and then the studies involving composites containing polymer matrices, CNFs, and additional phases are reviewed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gupta, N., Lin, T., & Shapiro, M. (2007). Clay-epoxy nanocomposites: processing and properties. JOM Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society, 59(3), 61–65.
Wang, J., & Qin, S. (2007). Study on the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy–nanoclay composites: the effect of ultrasonic stirring time. Materials Letters, 61(19–20), 4222–4224.
Park, J. H., & Jana, S. C. (2003). Mechanism of exfoliation of nanoclay particles in epoxy—clay nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 36(8), 2758–2768.
Hilding, J., Grulke, E. A., Zhang, Z. G., & Lockwood, F. (2003). Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in liquids. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 24(1), 1–41.
Asif, A., Rao, V. L., & Ninan, K. N. (2010). Nanoclay reinforced thermoplastic toughened epoxy hybrid syntactic foam: Surface morphology, mechanical and thermo mechanical properties. Materials Science and Engineering A, 527(23), 6184–6192.
Wouterson, E. M., Boey, F. Y. C., Hu, X., & Wong, S.-C. (2007). Effect of fiber reinforcement on the tensile, fracture and thermal properties of syntactic foam. Polymer, 48(11), 3183–3191.
Ferreira, J. A. M., Capela, C., & Costa, J. D. (2010). A study of the mechanical behaviour on fibre reinforced hollow microspheres hybrid composites. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41(3), 345–352.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Shi, J., Toghiani, H., Xue, Y., & Pittman, C. U, Jr. (2009). Flexural properties and micromorphologies of wood flour/carbon nanofiber/maleated polypropylene/polypropylene composites. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 40(6–7), 948–953.
Jang, J.-S., Varischetti, J., Lee, G. W., & Suhr, J. (2011). Experimental and analytical investigation of mechanical damping and CTE of both SiO2 particle and carbon nanofiber reinforced hybrid epoxy composites. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42(1), 98–103.
Uddin, M. F., & Sun, C. T. (2010). Improved dispersion and mechanical properties of hybrid nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology, 70(2), 223–230.
Poveda, R., & Gupta, N. (2014). Carbon-Nanofiber-Reinforced Syntactic Foams: Compressive Properties and Strain Rate Sensitivity. JOM Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society, 6(1), 66–77.
Colloca, M., Gupta, N., & Porfiri, M. (2013). Tensile properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced multiscale syntactic foams Composite Part B. Engineering, 44(1), 584–591.
Dimchev, M., Caeti, R., & Gupta, N. (2010). Effect of carbon nanofibers on tensile and compressive characteristics of hollow particle filled composites. Materials and Design, 31(3), 1332–1337.
Poveda, R. L., Dorogokupets, G., & Gupta, N. (2013). Carbon nanofiber reinforced syntactic foams: Degradation mechanism for long term moisture exposure and residual compressive properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98(10), 2041–2053.
Poveda, R. L., Achar, S., & Gupta, N. (2014). Viscoelastic properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced multiscale syntactic foam. Composites Part B Engineering, 58, 208–216.
Zhang, L., & Ma, J. (2013). Effect of carbon nanofiber reinforcement on mechanical properties of syntactic foam. Materials Science and Engineering A, 574, 191–196.
Zhu, Y., Bakis, C. E., & Adair, J. H. (2012). Effects of carbon nanofiller functionalization and distribution on interlaminar fracture toughness of multi-scale reinforced polymer composites. Carbon, 50(3), 1316–1331.
Green, K. J., Dean, D. R., Vaidya, U. K., & Nyairo, E. (2009). Multiscale fiber reinforced composites based on a carbon nanofiber/epoxy nanophased polymer matrix: Synthesis, mechanical, and thermomechanical behavior. Composites: Part A, 40(9), 1470–1475.
Hossain, M. K., Hossain, M. E., Hosur, M. V., & Jeelani, S. (2011). Flexural and compression response of woven E-glass/polyester–CNF nanophased composites. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42(11), 1774–1782.
Sadeghian, R., Gangireddy, S., Minaie, B., & Hsiao, K.-T. (2006). Manufacturing carbon nanofibers toughened polyester/glass fiber composites using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding for enhancing the mode-I delamination resistance. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 37(10), 1787–1795.
Hossain, M. K., Hossain, M. E., Dewan, M. W., Hosur, M., & Jeelani, S. (2013). Effects of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on thermal and interlaminar shear responses of E-glass/polyester composites. Composites Part B Engineering, 44(1), 313–320.
Palmeri, M. J., Putz, K. W., Ramanathan, T., & Brinson, L. C. (2011). Multi-scale reinforcement of CFRPs using carbon nanofibers. Composites Science and Technology, 71(2), 79–86.
Rana, S., Alagirusamy, R., & Joshi, M. (2011). Development of carbon nanofibre incorporated three phase carbon/epoxy composites with enhanced mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42(5), 439–445.
Rana, S., Alagirusamy, R., Fangueiro, R., & Joshi, M. (2012). Effect of carbon nanofiber functionalization on the in-plane mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy multiscale composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 125(3), 1951–1958.
Hu, N., Li, Y., Nakamura, T., Katsumata, T., Koshikawa, T., & Arai, M. (2012). Reinforcement effects of MWCNT and VGCF in bulk composites and interlayer of CFRP laminates. Composites Part B Engineering, 43(1), 3–9.
Rodriguez, A. J., Guzman, M. E., Lim, C.-S., & Minaie, B. (2011). Mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber/fiber-reinforced hierarchical polymer composites manufactured with multiscale-reinforcement fabrics. Carbon, 49(3), 937–948.
Chen, Q., Zhang, L., Rahman, A., Zhou, Z., Wu, X.-F., & Fong, H. (2011). Hybrid multi-scale epoxy composite made of conventional carbon fiber fabrics with interlaminar regions containing electrospun carbon nanofiber mats. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42(12), 2036–2042.
Chen, Q., Zhao, Y., Zhou, Z., Rahman, A., Wu, X.-F., Wu, W., et al. (2013). Fabrication and mechanical properties of hybrid multi-scale epoxy composites reinforced with conventional carbon fiber fabrics surface-attached with electrospun carbon nanofiber mats. Composites Part B Engineering, 44(1), 1–7.
Li, Y., Hori, N., Arai, M., Hu, N., Liu, Y., & Fukunaga, H. (2009). Improvement of interlaminar mechanical properties of CFRP laminates using VGCF. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 40(12), 2004–2012.
Bortz, D. R., Merino, C., & Martin-Gullon, I. (2011). Mechanical characterization of hierarchical carbon fiber/nanofiber composite laminates. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42(11), 1584–1591.
Khan, S. U., & Kim, J.-K. (2012). Improved interlaminar shear properties of multiscale carbon fiber composites with bucky paper interleaves made from carbon nanofibers. Carbon, 50(14), 5265–5277.
Arai, M., Noro, Y., Sugimoto, K.-I., & Endo, M. (2008). Mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP laminates toughened by carbon nanofiber interlayer. Composites Science and Technology, 68(2), 516–525.
Arai, M., Hirokawa, J.-I., Hanamura, Y., Ito, H., Hojo, M., & Quaresimin, M. (2014). Characteristics of Mode I fatigue crack propagation of CFRP laminates toughened with CNF interlayer. Composites Part B Engineering, 65, 26–33.
Koissin, V., Warnet, L. L., & Akkerman, R. (2013). Delamination in carbon-fibre composites improved with in situ grown nanofibres. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 101, 140–148.
Gao, S. L., Mäder, E., & Plonka, R. (2007). Nanostructured coatings of glass fibers: Improvement of alkali resistance and mechanical properties. Acta Materialia, 55(3), 1043–1052.
Tibbetts, G. G. (1989). Vapor-grown carbon fibers: Status and prospects. Carbon, 27(5), 745–747.
Rodriguez, A. J., Guzman, M. E., Lim, C.-S., & Minaie, B. (2010). Synthesis of multiscale reinforcement fabric by electrophoretic deposition of amine-functionalized carbon nanofibers onto carbon fiber layers. Carbon, 48(11), 3256–3259.
Minus, M., & Kumar, S. (2005). The processing, properties, and structure of carbon fibers. JOM Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society, 57(2), 52–58.
Poveda, R. L., & Gupta, N. (2013). Post-impact residual high strain rate compressive properties of carbon fiber laminates. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 32(8), 564–573.
Arai, M., Sasaki, T., Hirota, S., Ito, H., Hu, N., & Quaresimin, M. (2012). Mixed modes interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP laminates toughened with CNF interlayer. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, 25(3), 321–330.
Tibbetts, G. G., Lake, M. L., Strong, K. L., & Rice, B. P. (2007). A review of the fabrication and properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber/polymer composites. Composites Science and Technology, 67(7–8), 1709–1718.
Raza, M. A., Westwood, A., & Stirling, C. (2012). Effect of processing technique on the transport and mechanical properties of vapour grown carbon nanofibre/rubbery epoxy composites for electronic packaging applications. Carbon, 50(1), 84–97.
Raza, M. A., Westwood, A. V. K., Stirling, C., & Hondow, N. (2011). Transport and mechanical properties of vapour grown carbon nanofibre/silicone composites. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42(10), 1335–1343.
Poveda, R., & Gupta, N. (2014). Carbon-nanofiber-reinforced syntactic foams: compressive properties and strain rate sensitivity. JOM Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society, 6(1), 66–77.
Gupta, N., Zeltmann, S. E., Shunmugasamy, V. C., & Pinisetty, D.: Applications of polymer matrix syntactic foams. JOM: Journal of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 66(2), 245–254.
Wouterson, E. M., Boey, F. Y. C., Wong, S. C., Chen, L., & Hu, X. (2007). Nano-toughening versus micro-toughening of polymer syntactic foams. Composites Science and Technology, 67(14), 2924–2933.
Zhang, L., & Ma, J. (2009). Processing and characterization of syntactic carbon foams containing hollow carbon microspheres. Carbon, 47(6), 1451–1456.
Bortz, D. R., Merino, C., & Martin-Gullon, I. (2011). Carbon nanofibers enhance the fracture toughness and fatigue performance of a structural epoxy system. Composites Science and Technology, 71(1), 31–38.
Sui, G., Zhong, W.-H., Fuqua, M. A., & Ulven, C. A. (2007). Crystalline structure and properties of carbon nanofiber composites prepared by melt extrusion. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 208(17), 1928–1936.
Vera-Agullo, J., Varela-Rizo, H., Conesa, J. A., Almansa, C., Merino, C., & Martin-Gullon, I. (2007). Evidence for growth mechanism and helix-spiral cone structure of stacked-cup carbon nanofibers. Carbon, 45(14), 2751–2758.
Palmeri, M. J., Putz, K. W., & Brinson, L. C. (2010). Sacrificial bonds in stacked-cup carbon nanofibers: biomimetic toughening mechanisms for composite systems. ACS Nano, 4(7), 4256–4264.
Al-Saleh, M. H., & Sundararaj, U. (2011). Review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber/polymer composites. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42(12), 2126–2142.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Poveda, R.L., Gupta, N. (2016). CNF Reinforced Multiscale Composites. In: Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. SpringerBriefs in Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23787-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23787-9_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23786-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23787-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)