Abstract
In this paper we study the automatic synthesis of robotic controllers for the coordinated movement of multiple mobile robots. The algorithm used to learn the controllers is a noise-resistant version of Particle Swarm Optimization, which is applied in two different settings: centralized and distributed learning. In centralized learning, every robot runs the same controller and the performance is evaluated with a global metric. In the distributed learning, robots run different controllers and the performance is evaluated independently on each robot with a local metric. Our results from learning in simulation show that it is possible to learn a cooperative task in a fully distributed way employing a local metric, and we validate the simulations with real robot experiments where the best solutions from distributed and centralized learning achieve similar performances.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Floreano, D., Mondada, F.: Evolution of homing navigation in a real mobile robot. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B Cybern. 26(3), 396–407 (1996)
Baldassarre, G., Trianni, V., Bonani, M., Mondada, F., Dorigo, M., Nolfi, S.: Self-organized coordinated motion in groups of physically connected robots. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics: a publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society 37(1), 224–39 (2007)
Gauci, M., Chen, J., Dodd, T., Groß, R.: Evolving aggregation behaviors in multi-robot systems with binary sensors. In: Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems, Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, pp. 355–367 (2014)
Jin, Y., Branke, J.: Evolutionary optimization in uncertain environments: a survey. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 9(3), 303–317 (2005)
Pugh, J., Martinoli, A.: Distributed scalable multi-robot learning using particle swarm optimization. Swarm Intell. 3(3), 203–222 (2009)
Balch, T., Arkin, R.: Behavior-based formation control for multi-robot teams. IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom. 14(6), 926–939 (1998)
Fredslund, J., Mataric, M.J.: A general algorithm for robot formations using local sensing and minimal communication. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, Special Issue on Multi Robot Systems 18(5), 837–846 (2002)
Olfati-Saber, R.: Flocking for multi-agent dynamic systems: algorithms and theory. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 51, 401–420 (2006)
Antonelli, G., Arrichiello, F., Chiaverini, S.: Flocking for multi-robot systems via the null-space-based behavioral control. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 1409–1414 (2008)
Navarro, I., Matía, F.: A framework for collective movement of mobile robots based on distributed decisions. Robot. Auton. Syst. 59(10), 685–697 (2011)
Mataric;, M.: Learning in behavior-based multi-robot systems: policies, models, and other agents. Cogn. Syst. Res. 2, 81–93 (2001)
Parker, L.E.: L-ALLIANCE: task-oriented multi-robot learning in behavior-based systems. In: Advanced Robotics, Special Issue on Selected Papers from IROS’96, pp. 305–322 (1997)
Di Mario, E., Martinoli, A.: Distributed particle swarm optimization for limited time adaptation with real robots. Robotica 32(02), 193–208 (2014)
Reynolds, C.W.: Flocks, herds, and schools: a distributed behavioral model. Comput. Graph. 21(4), 25–34 (1987)
Morihiro, K., Isokawa, T., Nishimura, H., Matsui, N.: Emergence of flocking behavior based on reinforcement learning. Knowl. Based Intell. Inf. Eng. Syst. 4253, 699–706 (2006)
Lee, S.M., Myung, H.: Particle swarm optimization-based distributed control scheme for flocking robots. Robot Intell. Technol. Appl. 208, 517–524 (2013)
Vatankhah, R., Etemadi, S., Honarvar, M., Alasty, A., Boroushaki, M., Vossoughi, G.: Online velocity optimization of robotic swarm flocking using particle swarm optimization (pso) method. In: International Symposium on Mechatronics and its Applications (2009)
Celikkanat, H.: Optimization of self-organized flocking of a robot swarm via evolutionary strategies. In: International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences (2008)
Kennedy, J., Eberhart, R.: Particle swarm optimization. In: IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 1942–1948 (1995)
Pugh, J., Zhang, Y., Martinoli, A.: Particle swarm optimization for unsupervised robotic learning. In: IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, pp. 92–99 (2005)
Di Mario, E., Martinoli, A.: Distributed particle swarm optimization for limited time adaptation in autonomous robots. In: Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems, Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, pp. 383–396 (2014)
Zhang, Y., Antonsson, E., Martinoli, A.: Evolutionary engineering design synthesis of on-board traffic monitoring sensors. Res. Eng. Des. 19(2), 113–125 (2008)
Di Mario, E., Navarro, I., Martinoli, A.: Analysis of fitness noise in particle swarm optimization: from robotic learning to benchmark functions. In: IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 2785–2792 (2014)
Di Mario, E., Navarro, I.n., Martinoli, A.: The role of environmental and controller complexity in the distributed optimization of multi-robot obstacle avoidance. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 571–577 (2014)
Pugh, J., Raemy, X., Favre, C., Falconi, R., Martinoli, A.: A fast on-board relative positioning module for multi-robot systems. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics Focused Section on Mechatronics in Multi Robot Systems, pp. 151–162 (2009)
Michel, O.: Webots: professional mobile robot simulation. Adv. Robot. Syst. 1(1), 39–42 (2004)
Lochmatter, T., Roduit, P., Cianci, C., Correll, N., Jacot, J., Martinoli, A.: SwisTrack: a flexible open source tracking software for multi-agent systems. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 4004–4010 (2008)
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation through the National Center of Competence in Research Robotics.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Di Mario, E., Navarro, I., Martinoli, A. (2016). Distributed Learning of Cooperative Robotic Behaviors Using Particle Swarm Optimization. In: Hsieh, M., Khatib, O., Kumar, V. (eds) Experimental Robotics. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, vol 109. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23778-7_39
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23778-7_39
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23777-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23778-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)