Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sleep Disorder Comorbidities in Narcolepsy

  • Chapter
Book cover Narcolepsy

Abstract

Comorbidities with other sleep disorders are frequent in narcolepsy, although most of them have been scarcely studied. Especially in pediatric age, they are frequently undetected or misdiagnosed, with an impact in education and family life. Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) are frequent in narcolepsy, and the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome in narcolepsy is similar to typical OSAHS, as narcolepsy is associated with increased BMI. Both disorders may be confounded, as they are associated with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Frequent shift rotation in shift workers may lead to the development of specific sleep disorder, including narcolepsy, and strongly alters the diagnostic value of sleep tests. Nightmares and lucid dreaming have also been demonstrated to be frequent in narcolepsy patients and the neurobiological basis of narcolepsy and patients’ dreaming activities appears to be closely related. Sleepwalking is a common NREM sleep parasomnia in narcolepsy, where genes could be involved in disorders of motor control during sleep. Regarding REM sleep parasomnias, REM sleep behavior disorder is highly frequent in narcolepsy, according to the abnormalities described in REM sleep motor regulation including persistence of muscle tone. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movement in sleep or wakefulness are significantly more prevalent among narcoleptic patients than in controls, and dopaminergic abnormalities associated to hypocretin deficiency are thought to be responsible. The co-occurrence of narcolepsy with psychotic symptoms, like hallucinations, also raises clinical and pathophysiological questions. Finally, the influence of standard pharmacological treatments and sleep hygiene in the management of sleep comorbidities in narcolepsy must be considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. De Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, Gao X, Foye PE, Danielson PE, et al. The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:322–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Peyron C, Tighe DK, van den Pol AN, de Lecea L, Heller HC, Sutcliffe JG, et al. Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems. J Neurosci. 1998;18:9996–10015.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Mignot E. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet. 2000;355:39–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Billiard M, Pasquie-Magnetto V, Heckman M, Carlander B, Besset A, Zachariev Z, et al. Family studies in narcolepsy. Sleep. 1994;17 Suppl 8:S54–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hor H, Bartesaghi L, Kutalik Z, Vicário JL, de Andrés C, Pfister C, et al. A missense mutation in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein as a cause of familial narcolepsy with cataplexy. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;89:474–9 (Erratum in: Am J Hum Genet. 2012; 91: 396).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Kanbayashi T, Goto A, Hishikawa Y, Takahashi Y, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, et al. Hypersomnia due to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a 5-year-old girl. Sleep Med. 2001;2:347–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Nishino S, Kambayashi T. Symptomatic narcolepsy, cataplexy and hypersomnia, and their implications in the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin system. Sleep Med Rev. 2005;9:269–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. American Academy of Sleep Medicine: International classification of sleep disorders, 3rd Ed. (ICSD-3). Diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, Illinois, 2014. American Academy of Sleep Medicine.**

    Google Scholar 

  9. Poli F, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Plazzi G, Lecendreux M, Bassetti CL, et al. Narcolepsy as an adverse event following immunization: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis and presentation. Vaccine. 2012;31:994–1007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Nevšímalová S, Pisko J, Buskova J, Kemlink D, Prihodova I, Sonka K, et al. Narcolepsy: clinical differences and association with other sleep disorders in different age groups. J Neurol. 2013;260:767–75.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Nevšímalová S. Narcolepsy in childhood. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13:169–80.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Guilleminault C, Pelayo R. Narcolepsy in children: a practical guide to its diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Paediatr Drugs. 2000;2:1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Macleod S, Ferrie C, Zuberi SM. Symptoms of narcolepsy in children misinterpreted as epilepsy. Epileptic Disord. 2005;7:13–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Serra L, Montagna P, Mignot E, Lugaresi E, Plazzi G. Cataplexy features in childhood narcolepsy. Mov Disord. 2008;23:858–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Plazzi G, Pizza F, Palaia V, Franceschini C, Poli F, Moghadam KK, et al. Complex movement disorders at disease onset in childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain. 2011;1134:3480–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kubota H, Kanbayashi T, Tanabe Y, Ito M, Takanashi J, Kohno Y, et al. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 levels near the onset of narcolepsy in 2 prepubertal children. Sleep. 2003;26:555–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Plazzi G, Parmeggiani A, Mignot E, Lin L, Scano MC, Posar A, et al. Narcolepsy-cataplexy associated with precocious puberty. Neurology. 2006;66:1577–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Peraita-Adrados R, García-Peñas JJ, Ruiz-Falcó L, Gutiérrez-Solana L, López-Esteban P, Vicario JL, et al. Clinical, polysomnographic and laboratory characteristics of narcolepsy-cataplexy in a sample of children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12:24–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kovalska P, Kemlink D, Buskova J, Nevsimalova S, Sonka K. The occurrence of hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis according to age and disease duration in narcolepsy with cataplexy. J Sleep Res. 2014;23 Suppl 1:P948.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Jambhekar SK, Com G, Jones E, Jackson R, Castro MM, Knight F, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep in children with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7:597–601.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Lecendreux M, Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, Franco P. Narcolepsy with cataplexy in the child: clinical evaluation and therapeutical management. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2008;164:646–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chokroverty S. Sleep apnea in narcolepsy. Sleep. 1986;9(1 Pt 2):250–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Inoue Y, Nanba K, Higami S, Honda Y, Takahashi Y, Arai H. Clinical significance of sleep-related breathing disorder in narcolepsy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;56:269–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sansa G, Iranzo A, Santamaria J. Obstructive sleep apnea in narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2010;11:93–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Jennum P, Ibsen R, Knudsen S, Kjellberg J. Comorbidity and mortality of narcolepsy: a controlled retro- and prospective national study. Sleep. 2013;36:835–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Dahmen N, Bierbrauer J, Kasten M. Increased prevalence of obesity in narcoleptic patients and relatives. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;251:85–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kok SW, Overeem S, Visscher TL, Lammers GJ, Seidell JC, Pijl H, et al. Hypocretin deficiency in narcoleptic humans is associated with abdominal obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11:1147–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Heier MS, Jansson TS, Gautvik KM. Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin 1 deficiency, overweight, and metabolic dysregulation in patients with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7:653–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Frauscher B, Ehrmann L, Mitterling T, Gabelia D, Gschliesser V, Brandauer E, et al. Delayed diagnosis, range of severity, and multiple sleep comorbidities: a clinical and polysomnographic analysis of 100 patients of the Innsbruck narcolepsy cohort. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9:805–12.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Burdakov D, Alexopoulos H. Metabolic state signalling through central hypocretin/orexin neurons. J Cell Mol Med. 2005;9:795–803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Donjacour CE, Aziz NA, Overeem S, Kalsbeek A, Pijl H, Lammers GJ. Glucose and fat metabolism in narcolepsy and the effect of sodium oxybate: a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study. Sleep. 2014;37:795–801.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Sériès F, Sériès I, Cormier Y. Effects of enhancing slow-wave sleep by gamma hydroxybutyrate on obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:1378–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ristanovic R, Black J, Mamelak M, Montplaisir J. Analysis of dose effects of sodium oxybate on nocturnal respiratory disturbances. Sleep. 2002;25:A473–4.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Seeck-Hirschner M, Baier PC, von Freier A, Aldenhoff J, Göder R. Increase in sleep-related breathing disturbances after treatment with sodium oxybate in patients with narcolepsy and mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: two case reports. Sleep Med. 2009;10:154–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. George CF, Feldman N, Inhaber N, Steininger TL, Grzeschik SM, Lai C, et al. A safety trial of sodium oxybate in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: acute effects on sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Med. 2010;11:38–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Guilleminault C, Czeisler C, Coleman R, Miles L. Circadian rhythm disturbances and sleep disorders in shift workers. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1982;36:709–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Li SX, Zhang B, Li AM, Wing YK. Prevalence and correlates of frequent nightmares: a community-based 2-phase study. Sleep. 2010;33:774–80.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Bourguignon A. Narcolepsy and psychoanalysis. In: Guilleminault C, Dement WC, Passouant P, editors. Narcolepsy. New York: Spectrum; 1976. p. 257–61.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Schredl M. Dream content in patients with narcolepsy: preliminary findings. Dreaming. 1998;8:103–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Vogel G. Studies in psychophysiology of dreams. III. The dream of narcolepsy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1960;3:421–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Krishnan RR, Volow MR, Cavenar Jr JO, Miller PP. Dreams of flying in narcoleptic patients. Psychosomatics. 1984;25:423–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sturzenegger C, Bassetti CL. The clinical spectrum of narcolepsy with cataplexy: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res. 2004;13:395–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Cipolli C, Bellucci C, Mattarozzi K, Mazzetti M, Tuozzi G, Plazzi G. Story-like organization of REM-dreams in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy. Brain Res Bull. 2008;77:206–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Mazzetti M, Bellucci C, Mattarozzi K, Plazzi G, Tuozzi G, Cipolli C. REM-dreams recall in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy. Brain Res Bull. 2010;81:133–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rak M, Beitinger P, Steiger A, Schredl M, Dresler M. Increased lucid dreaming frequency in narcolepsy. Sleep. 2014. Pii: sp-00352-14.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Dodet P, Chavez M, Leu-Semenescu S, Golmard JL, Arnulf I. Lucid dreaming in narcolepsy. Sleep. 2015;38:487–97.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Pisko J, Pastorek L, Buskova J, Sonka K, Nevsimalova S. Nightmares in narcolepsy: underinvestigated symptom? Sleep Med. 2014;15:967–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Poryazova R, Schnepf B, Werth E, Khatami R, Dydak U, Meier D. Evidence for metabolic hypothalamo-amygdala dysfunction in narcolepsy. Sleep. 2009;32:607–13.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Schredl M. Dreams in patients with sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13:215–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mansukhani MP, Kotagal S. Sodium oxybate in the treatment of childhood narcolepsy-cataplexy: a retrospective study. Sleep Med. 2012;13:606–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lopez R, Jaussent I, Scholz S, Bayard S, Montplaisir J, Dauvilliers Y. Functional impairment in adult sleepwalkers: a case-control study. Sleep. 2013;36:345–51.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Lecendreux M, Bassetti C, Dauvilliers Y, Mayer G, Neidhart E, Tafti M. HLA and genetic susceptibility to sleepwalking. Mol Psychiatry. 2003;8:114–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mayer G, Kesper K, Peter H, Ploch T, Leinweber T, Peter JH. Comorbidity in narcoleptic patients. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2002;127:1942–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Wang YG, Swick TJ, Carter LP, Thorpy MJ, Benowitz NL. Safety overview of postmarketing and clinical experience of sodium oxybate (Xyrem): abuse, misuse, dependence, and diversion. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5:365–71.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Wallace DM, Maze T, Shafazand S. Sodium oxybate-induced sleep driving and sleep-related eating disorder. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7:310–1.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Geisler P, Meier-Ewert K, Matsubayshi K. Rapid eye movements, muscle twitches and sawtooth waves in the sleep of narcoleptic patients and controls. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1987;67:499–507.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Buskova J, Nevsimalova S, Kemlink D, Sonka K. REM sleep without atonia in narcolepsy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30:757–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Wittig R, Zorick F, Piccione P, Sicklesteel J, Roth T. Narcolepsy and disturbed nocturnal sleep. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1983;14:130–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fantini L, Michaud M, Gosselin N, Lavigne G, Montplaisir J. Periodic leg movements in REM sleep behavior disorder and related autonomic and EEG activation. Neurology. 2002;59:1889–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lu J, Sherman D, Devor M, Saper CB. A putative flip–flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature. 2006;441:589–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, Lucas JA, Parisi JE. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov Disord. 2001;16:622–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Iranzo A, Molinuevo JL, Santamaría J, Serradell M, Martí MJ, Valldeoriola F, et al. Rapid-eye movement sleep behavior disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:572–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Motor dyscontrol in narcolepsy: rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:3–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Nightingale S, Orgill JC, Ebrahim IO, de Lacy SF, Agrawal S, Williams AJ. The association between narcolepsy and REM behavior disorder (RBD). Sleep Med. 2005;6:253–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ferri R, Franceschini C, Zucconi M, Vandi S, Poli F, Bruni O, et al. Searching for a marker of REM sleep behavior disorder: submentalis muscle EMG amplitude analysis during sleep in patients with narcolepsy/cataplexy. Sleep. 2008;31:1409–17.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Dauvilliers Y, Rompré S, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Petit D, Montplaisir J. REM sleep characteristics in narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2007;30:844–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Cipolli C, Franceschini C, Mattarozzi K, Mazzetti M, Plazzi G. Overnight distribution and motor characteristics of REM sleep behavior disorder episodes in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy. Sleep Med. 2011;12:635–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Knudsen S, Gammeltoft S, Jennum PJ. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in patients with narcolepsy is associated with hypocretin-1 deficiency. Brain. 2010;133:568–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Martínez-Orozco FJ, Vicario JL, Villalibre-Valderrey I, De Andrés C, Fernández-Arquero M, Peraita-Adrados R. Narcolepsy with cataplexy and comorbid immunopathological diseases. J Sleep Res. 2014;23:414–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Compta Y, Iranzo A, Santamaria J, Casamitjana R, Graus F. REM sleep behavior disorder and narcoleptic features in anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Sleep. 2007;30:767–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Cochen V, Arnulf I, Demeret S, Neulat ML, Gourlet V, Drouot X, et al. Vivid dreams, hallucinations, psychosis and REM sleep in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Brain. 2005;128:2535–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Cosentino FI, Distefano A, Plazzi G, Schenck CH, Ferri R. A case of REM sleep behavior disorder, narcolepsy-cataplexy, parkinsonism, and rheumatoid arthritis. Behav Neurol. 2014;2014:572931.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Coleman RM, Pollak CP, Weitzman ED. Periodic movements in sleep (nocturnal myoclonus): relation to sleep disorders. Ann Neurol. 1980;8:416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Baker TL, Guilleminault C, Nino-Murcia G, Dement WC. Comparative polysomnographic study of narcolepsy and idiopathic central nervous system hypersomnia. Sleep. 1986;9:232–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Montplaisir J, Michaud M, Denesle R, Gosselin A. Periodic leg movements are not more prevalent in insomnia or hypersomnia but are specifically associated with sleep disorders involving a dopaminergic impairment. Sleep Med. 2000;1:163–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Dauvilliers Y, Pennestri MH, Petit D, Dang-Vu T, Lavigne G, Montplaisir J. Periodic leg movements during sleep and wakefulness in narcolepsy. J Sleep Res. 2007;16:333–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Bahammam A. Periodic leg movements in narcolepsy patients: impact on sleep architecture. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;115:351–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Plazzi G, Ferri R, Antelmi E, Bayard S, Franceschini C, Cosentino FI, et al. Restless legs syndrome is frequent in narcolepsy with cataplexy patients. Sleep. 2010;33:689–94.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Plazzi G, Ferri R, Franceschini C, Vandi S, Detto S, Pizza F, et al. Periodic leg movements during sleep in narcoleptic patients with or without restless legs syndrome. J Sleep Res. 2012;21:155–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Boivin DB, Montplaisir J, Poirier G. The effects of L-dopa on periodic leg movements and sleep organization in narcolepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1989;12:339–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Faull KF, Guilleminault C, Berger PA, Barchas JD. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in narcolepsy and hypersomnia. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:258–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Eisensehr I, Linke R, Tatsch K, von Lindeiner H, Kharraz B, Gildehaus FJ, et al. Alteration of the striatal dopaminergic system in human narcolepsy. Neurology. 2003;60:1817–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Sforza E, Nicolas A, Lavigne G, Gosselin A, Petit D, Montplaisir J. EEG and cardiac activation during periodic leg movements in sleep: support for a hierarchy of arousal responses. Neurology. 1999;52:786–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Ferri R, Zucconi M, Rye DB. Heart rate changes accompanying periodic leg movements during sleep in narcoleptic patients. Sleep. 2011;34:409–10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Broughton RJ, Fleming JA, George CF, Hill JD, Kryger MH, Moldofsky H, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. Neurology. 1997;49:444–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bédard MA, Montplaisir J, Godbout R, Lapierre O. Nocturnal gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Effect on periodic leg movements and sleep organization of narcoleptic patients. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1989;12:29–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Abril B, Carlander B, Touchon J, Dauvilliers Y. Restless legs syndrome in narcolepsy: a side effect of sodium oxybate? Sleep Med. 2007;8:181–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Plazzi G, Pizza F, Vandi S, Aricò D, Bruni O, Dauvilliers Y, et al. Impact of acute administration of sodium oxybate on nocturnal sleep polysomnography and on multiple sleep latency test in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep Med. 2014;15:1046–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rottach KG, Schaner BM, Kirch MH, Zivotofsky AZ, Teufel LM, Gallwitz T, et al. Restless legs syndrome as side effect of second-generation antidepressants. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;43:70–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Fortuyn HA, Lappenschaar GA, Nienhuis FJ, et al. Psychotic symptoms in narcolepsy: phenomenology and a comparison with schizophrenia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:146–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Canellas F, Lin L, Julià MR, Clemente A, Vives-Bauza C, Ollila HM, et al. Dual cases of type 1 narcolepsy with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10:1011–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Carlton R, Lunacsek O, Regan T, Carroll CA. Healthcare costs among patients with excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea, shift work disorder, or narcolepsy. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2014;7:334–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sleep and Epilepsy Unit – Clinical Neurophysiology Service, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain

    Rosa Peraita-Adrados MD, PhD

  2. Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain

    Rosa Peraita-Adrados MD, PhD & Franciso J. Martínez-Orozco MD, PhD

  3. Sleep Unit – Clinical Neurophysiology Service, San Carlos University Hospital, C/Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain

    Franciso J. Martínez-Orozco MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Rosa Peraita-Adrados MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Franciso J. Martínez-Orozco MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rosa Peraita-Adrados MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Montefiore Medical Center Narcolepsy Institute, Bronx, New York, USA

    Meeta Goswami

  2. Montefiore Hospital Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Bronx, New York, USA

    Michael J. Thorpy

  3. Somnogen Canada Inc, President and Chief Executive Officer, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    S.R. Pandi-Perumal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Peraita-Adrados, R., Martínez-Orozco, F.J. (2016). Sleep Disorder Comorbidities in Narcolepsy. In: Goswami, M., Thorpy, M., Pandi-Perumal, S. (eds) Narcolepsy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23739-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23739-8_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23738-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23739-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation