Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Health Disparities in Respiratory Medicine pp 295–323Cite as

Health Disparities in Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

  • Chapter

  • 756 Accesses

Part of the book series: Respiratory Medicine ((RM))

Abstract

Sleep has physical and mental restorative properties that are essential for survival and health. However, physiological changes during sleep can predispose to sleep-disordered breathing such as central apneas, snoring, respiratory effort-related arousals, and obstructive apneas in the obese or those with an anatomically or functionally compromised upper airway. Sleep-disordered breathing, especially obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is strongly associated with metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and greater mortality. Yet, OSA is still unknown to many, and there is growing evidence to suggest significant health disparities with respect to the distribution, diagnosis, and management of OSA. This chapter will review the available literature on disparities in obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in the U.S. and highlight important gaps in knowledge that may be the focus of future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tobler I. Why do we sleep? Contributions from animal research. Ther Umsch. 2000;57(7):417–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Siegel JM. Do all animals sleep? Trends Neurosci. 2008;31(4):208–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Sleep facilitates clearance of metabolites from the brain: glymphatic function in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Rejuvenation Res. 2013;16(6):518–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cirelli C, Tononi G. Is sleep essential? PLoS Biol. 2008;6(8), e216.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fagard RH, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA. Night-day blood pressure ratio and dipping pattern as predictors of death and cardiovascular events in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23(10):645–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rod NH, Kumari M, Lange T, Kivimäki M, Shipley M, Ferrie J. The joint effect of sleep duration and disturbed sleep on cause-specific mortality: results from the Whitehall II Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2014;9(4), e91965.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Baeck A, Rentmeesters N, Holtackers S, Op de Beeck HP. The effect of sleep in perceptual learning with complex objects. Vision Res. 2014;99:180–5. pii: S0042-6989(13)00238-1.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Potkin KT, Bunney Jr WE. Sleep improves memory: the effect of sleep on long term memory in early adolescence. PLoS One. 2012;7(8), e42191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Bellesi M, Pfister-Genskow M, Maret S, Keles S, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Effects of sleep and wake on oligodendrocytes and their precursors. J Neurosci. 2013;33(36):14288–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Aserinsky E. The discovery of REM sleep. J Hist Neurosci. 1996;5(3):213–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. John 11:11-14, King James Version (KJV), 1611, public domain.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Pikovsky O, Oron M, Shiyovich A, Perry ZH, Nesher L. The impact of sleep deprivation on sleepiness, risk factors and professional performance in medical residents. Isr Med Assoc J. 2013;15(12):739–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Day A, Haj-Bakri S, Lubchansky S, Mehta S. Sleep, anxiety and fatigue in family members of patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a questionnaire study. Crit Care. 2013;17(3):R91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Prather AA, Bogdan R, Hariri AR. Impact of sleep quality on amygdala reactivity, negative affect, and perceived stress. Psychosom Med. 2013;75(4):350–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Dlugaj M, Weinreich G, Weimar C, Stang A, Dragano N, Wessendorf TE, Eschler H, Winkler A, Wege N, Moebus S, Möhlenkamp S, Erbel R, Jöckel KH. Sleep-disordered breathing, sleep quality, and mild cognitive impairment in the general population. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;14:479–97.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Logue EE, Scott ED, Palmieri PA, Dudley P. Sleep duration, quality, or stability and obesity in an urban family medicine center. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(2):177–82.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Gangwisch JE, Heymsfield SB, Boden-Albala B, Buijs RM, Kreier F, Pickering TG, Rundle AG, Zammit GK, Malaspina D. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: analyses of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hypertension. 2006;47:833–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ayas NT, White DP, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Malhotra A, Hu FB. A prospective study of sleep duration and coronary heart disease in women. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:205–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Simpson N, Dinges DF. Sleep and inflammation. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(Suppl):244–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mullington JM, Haack M, Toth M, Serrador JM, Meier-Ewert HK. Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;1:294–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Faraut B, Boudjeltia KZ, Vanhamme L, Kerkhofs M. Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;1:137–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gastaut H, Tassinari CA, Duron B. [Polygraphic study of diurnal and nocturnal (hypnic and respiratory) episodal manifestations of Pickwick syndrome]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1965;112(6):568–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kapur VK, Redline S, Nieto FJ, Young TB, Newman AB, Henderson JA, Sleep Heart Health Research Group. The relationship between chronically disrupted sleep and healthcare use. Sleep. 2002;25(3):289–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Shepard Jr JW. Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and stroke in relation to obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Chest Med. 1992;13:437–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schäfer H, Koehler U, Ewig S, Hasper E, Tasci S, Lüderitz B. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk marker in coronary artery disease. Cardiology. 1999;92(2):79–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sell RE, Bardwell W, Palinkas L, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale J, Loredo JS. Ethnic differences in sleep-health knowledge. Sleep. 2009;32(Abstract Suppl):A392.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Khoo MC, Gottschalk A, Pack AI. Sleep-induced periodic breathing and apnea: a theoretical study. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1991;70(5):2014–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dempsey JA, Smith CA, Blain GM, Xie A, Gong Y, Teodorescu M. Role of central/peripheral chemoreceptors and their interdependence in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;758:343–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Trinder J, Whitworth F, Kay A, Wilkin P. Respiratory instability during sleep onset. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73(6):2462–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Eckert DJ, Jordan AS, Merchia P, Malhotra A. Central sleep apnea: pathophysiology and treatment. Chest. 2007;131(2):595–607.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. White DP. Pathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(11):1363–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wellman A, Jordan AS, Malhotra A, Fogel RB, Katz ES, Schory K, Edwards JK, White DP. Ventilatory control and airway anatomy in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(11):1225–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Goldberg GR, Prentice AM, Davies HL, Murgatroyd PR. Overnight and basal metabolic rates in men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1988;42(2):137–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Findley LJ, Ries AL, Tisi GM, Wagner PD. Hypoxemia during apnea in normal subjects: mechanisms and impact of lung volume. J Appl Physiol. 1983;55(6):1777–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wilkinson V, Malhotra A, Nicholas CL, Worsnop C, Jordan AS, Butler JE, Saboisky JP, Gandevia SC, White DP, Trinder J. Discharge patterns of human genioglossus motor units during sleep onset. Sleep. 2008;31(4):525–33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Prisk GK. Microgravity. Compr Physiol. 2011;1(1):485–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(17):1230–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Baldwin C, Griffith KA, Nieto FJ, O’Connor G, Walsleben J, Redline S. Association of sleep disordered breathing and sleep symptoms with quality of life in The Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep. 2001;24(1):96–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Masa JF, Rubio M, Findley LJ. Habitually sleepy drivers have a high frequency of automobile crashes associated with respiratory disorders during sleep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1407–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Durán J, Esnaola S, Rubio R, Iztueta A. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yr. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(3 Pt 1):685–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Redline S, Sotres-Alvarez D, Loredo J, Hall M, Patel SR, Ramos A, Shah N, Ries A, Arens R, Barnhart J, Youngblood M, Zee P, Daviglus ML. Sleep-disordered breathing in Hispanic/Latino individuals of diverse backgrounds. The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189(3):335–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Stepnowsky C, Johnson S, Dimsdale J, Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep apnea and health-related quality of life in African-American elderly. Ann Behav Med. 2000;22(2):116–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ancoli-Israel S, Stepnowsky C, Dimsdale J, Marler M, Cohen-Zion M, Johnson S. The effect of race and sleep-disordered breathing on nocturnal BP “dipping”: analysis in an older population. Chest. 2002;122(4):1148–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Profant J, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. Are there ethnic differences in sleep architecture? Am J Hum Biol. 2002;14:321–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Loredo JS, Soler X, Bardwell W, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE, Palinkas LA. Sleep health in U.S. Hispanic population. Sleep. 2010;33(7):962–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Tomfohr L, Pung MA, Edwards KM, Dimsdale JE. Racial differences in sleep architecture: the role of ethnic discrimination. Biol Psychol. 2012;89(1):34–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kingsbury JH, Buxton OM, Emmons KM, Redline S. Sleep and its relationship to racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2013;7(5):387–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Boss EF, Smith DF, Ishman SL. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(3):299–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. 2003 National sleep disorders research plan. Sleep. 2003;26:253–7.

    Google Scholar 

  50. United States Census 2010. http://www.census.gov/2010census/.

  51. Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan S; for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications. 1st ed. Westchester: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Tamisier R, Pepin JL, Wuyam B, Smith R, Argod J, Levy P. Characterization of pharyngeal resistance during sleep in a spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89(1):120–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Clerk A, Simmons J, Labanowski M. From obstructive sleep apnea syndrome to upper airway resistance syndrome: consistency of daytime sleepiness. Sleep. 1992;15(6 Suppl):S13–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Exar EN, Collop NA. The upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest. 1999;115(4):1127–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bao G, Guilleminault C. Upper airway resistance syndrome—one decade later. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2004;10(6):461–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Guilleminault C, Kirisoglu C, Poyares D, Palombini L, Leger D, Farid-Moayer M, Ohayon MM. Upper airway resistance syndrome: a long-term outcome study. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40(3):273–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Chen YH, Keller JK, Kang JH, Hsieh HJ, Lin HC. Obstructive sleep apnea and the subsequent risk of depressive disorder: a population-based follow-up study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(5):417–23.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Day R, Gerhardstein R, Lumley A, Roth T, Rosenthal L. The behavioral morbidity of obstructive sleep apnea. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1999;41(5):341–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Karimi M, Eder DN, Eskandari D, Zou D, Hedner JA, Grote L. Impaired vigilance and increased accident rate in public transport operators is associated with sleep disorders. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;51:208–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Schmidt-Nowara WW, Coultas DB, Wiggins C, Skipper BE, Samet JM. Snoring in a Hispanic-American population. Risk factors and association with hypertension and other morbidity. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(3):597–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ram S, Seirawan H, Kumar SK, Clark GT. Prevalence and impact of sleep disorders and sleep habits in the United States. Sleep Breath. 2010;14(1):63–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hiestand DM, Britz P, Goldman M, Phillips B. Prevalence of symptoms and risk of sleep apnea in the US population: results from the national sleep foundation sleep in America 2005 poll. Chest. 2006;130(3):780–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Grandner MA, Petrov ME, Rattanaumpawan P, Jackson N, Platt A, Patel NP. Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(9):897–905.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Quan SF, Howard BV, Iber C, Kiley JP, Nieto FJ, O’Connor GT, Rapoport DM, Redline S, Robbins J, Samet JM, Wahl PW. The Sleep Heart Health Study: design, rationale, and methods. Sleep. 1997;20(12):1077–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. O’Connor GT, Lind BK, Lee ET, Nieto FJ, Redline S, Samet JM, Boland LL, Walsleben JA, Foster GL, Sleep Heart Health Study Investigators. Variation in symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing with race and ethnicity: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep. 2003;26(1):74–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Baldwin CM, Ervin AM, Mays MZ, Robbins J, Shafazand S, Walsleben J, Weaver T. Sleep disturbances, quality of life, and ethnicity: the Sleep Heart Health Study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(2):176–83.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Ramos-Sepulveda A, Wohlgemuth W, Gardener H, Lorenzo D, Dib S, Wallace DM, Nolan B, Boden-Albala B, Elkind MS, Sacco RL, Rundek T. Snoring and insomnia are not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the Northern Manhattan Study. Int J Stroke. 2010;5(4):264–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Ramos AR, Wohlgemuth WK, Dong C, Gardener H, Wright CB, Boden-Albala B, Elkind MS, Sacco RL, Rundek T. Race-ethnic differences of sleep symptoms in an elderly multi-ethnic cohort: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;37(3–4):210–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Goodwin JL, Babar SI, Kaemingk KL, Rosen GM, Morgan WJ, Sherrill DL, Quan SF, Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study. Symptoms related to sleep-disordered breathing in white and Hispanic children: the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study. Chest. 2003;124(1):196–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Goldstein NA, Abramowitz T, Weedon J, Koliskor B, Turner S, Taioli E. Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of snoring and sleep disordered breathing in young children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7(2):163–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Frey WC, Pilcher J. Obstructive sleep-related breathing disorders in patients evaluated for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2003;13(5):676–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Rees K, Kingshott RN, Wraith PK, Douglas NJ. Frequency and significance of increased upper airway resistance during sleep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1210–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gold AR, Marcus CL, Dipalo F, Gold MS. Upper airway collapsibility during sleep in upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest. 2002;121(5):1531–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Guilleminault C, Poyares D, Palombini L, Koester U, Pelin Z, Black J. Variability of respiratory effort in relation to sleep stages in normal controls and upper airway resistance syndrome patients. Sleep Med. 2001;2(5):397–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Pépin JL, Guillot M, Tamisier R, Lévy P. The upper airway resistance syndrome. Respiration. 2012;83(6):559–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kristo DA, Lettieri CJ, Andrada T, Taylor Y, Eliasson AH. Silent upper airway resistance syndrome: prevalence in a mixed military population. Chest. 2005;127(5):1654–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Stoohs RA, Knaack L, Blum HC, Janicki J, Hohenhorst W. Differences in clinical features of upper airway resistance syndrome, primary snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Sleep Med. 2008;9(2):121–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, Daniels S, Floras JS, Hunt CE, Olson LJ, Pickering TG, Russell R, Woo M, Young T. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(8):686–717.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Carlson JT, Hedner J, Elam M, Ejnell H, Sellgren J, Wallin BG. Augmented resting sympathetic activity in awake patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1993;103(6):1763–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Fletcher EC, Lesske J, Qian W, Miller III CC, Unger T. Repetitive, episodic hypoxia causes diurnal elevation of blood pressure in rats. Hypertension. 1992;19(6 Pt 1):555–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Fletcher EC. Invited review: physiological consequences of intermittent hypoxia: systemic blood pressure. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001;90(4):1600–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, Lee ET, Newman AB, Nieto FJ, O’Connor GT, Boland LL, Schwartz JE, Samet JM. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(1):19–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Mehra R, Benjamin EJ, Gottlieb DJ, Nawabit R, Kirchner HL, Sahadevan J, Redline S. Association of nocturnal arrhythmias with sleep-disordered breathing: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(8):910–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Punjabi NM, Shahar E, Redline S, Gottlieb DJ, Givelber R, Resnick HE, Sleep Heart Health Study Investigators. Sleep-disordered breathing, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(6):521–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Wang X, Bi Y, Zhang Q, Pan F. Obstructive sleep apnoea and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Respirology. 2013;18(1):140–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Schwartz AR, Patil SP, Laffan AM, Polotsky V, Schneider H, Smith PL. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(2):185–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Arnardottir ES, Maislin G, Schwab RJ, Staley B, Benediktsdottir B, Olafsson I, Juliusson S, Romer M, Gislason T, Pack AI. The interaction of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity on the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6: the Icelandic Sleep Apnea Cohort. Sleep. 2012;35(7):921–32.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. von Känel R, Loredo JS, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. Association between sleep apnea severity and blood coagulability: treatment effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep Breath. 2006;10(3):139–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Drager LF, Togeiro SM, Polotsky VY, Lorenzi-Filho G. Obstructive sleep apnea: a cardiometabolic risk in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(7):569–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Punjabi NM, Caffo BS, Goodwin JL, Gottlieb DJ, Newman AB, O’Connor GT, Rapoport DM, Redline S, Resnick HE, Robbins JA, Shahar E, Unruh ML, Samet JM. Sleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2009;6(8), e1000132.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Peppard PE, Young T, Barnet JH, Palta M, Hagen EW, Hla KM. Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(9):1006–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Young T, Shahar E, Nieto FJ, Redline S, Newman AB, Gottlieb DJ, Walsleben JA, Finn L, Enright P, Samet JM, Sleep Heart Health Study Research Group. Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(8):893–900.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Ten Have T, Rein J, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of gender. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(3 Pt 1):608–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V. Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(3 Pt 1):722–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ancoli-Israel S, Kripke DF, Klauber MR, Mason WJ, Fell R, Kaplan O. Sleep-disordered breathing in community dwelling elderly. Sleep. 1991;14:486–95.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Kripke DF, Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR, Wingard DL, Mason WJ, Mullaney DJ. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in ages 40-64 years: a population-based survey. Sleep. 1997;20(1):65–76.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Sorlie PD, Avilés-Santa LM, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kaplan RC, Daviglus ML, Giachello AL, Schneiderman N, Raij L, Talavera G, Allison M, Lavange L, Chambless LE, Heiss G. Design and implementation of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Ann Epidemiol. 2010;20(8):629–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR, Stepnowsky C, Estline E, Chinn A, Fell R. Sleep-disordered breathing in African-American elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(6 Pt 1):1946–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Redline S, Tishler PV, Hans MG, Tosteson TD, Strohl KP, Spry K. Racial differences in sleep-disordered breathing in African-Americans and Caucasians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155(1):186–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Ip MS, Lam B, Lauder IJ, Tsang KW, Chung KF, Mok YW, Lam WK. A community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese men in Hong Kong. Chest. 2001;119(1):62–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ip MS, Lam B, Tang LC, Lauder IJ, Ip TY, Lam WK. A community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese women in Hong Kong: prevalence and gender differences. Chest. 2004;125(1):127–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Udwadia ZF, Doshi AV, Lonkar SG, Singh CI. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnea in middle-aged urban Indian men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(2):168–73. Epub 2003 Nov 6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kim J, In K, Kim J, You S, Kang K, Shim J, Lee S, Lee J, Lee S, Park C, Shin C. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Korean men and women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(10):1108–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Budhiraja R, Goodwin JL, Parthasarathy S, Quan SF. Comparison of nasal pressure transducer and thermistor for detection of respiratory events during polysomnography in children. Sleep. 2005;28(9):1117–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Redline S, Budhiraja R, Kapur V, Marcus CL, Mateika JH, Mehra R, Parthasarthy S, Somers VK, Strohl KP, Sulit LG, Gozal D, Wise MS, Quan SF. The scoring of respiratory events in sleep: reliability and validity. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(2):169–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Shepertycky MR, Banno K, Kryger MH. Differences between men and women in the clinical presentation of patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 2005;28(3):309–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Gottlieb DJ, Whitney CW, Bonekat WH, Iber C, James GD, Lebowitz M, Nieto FJ, Rosenberg CE. Relation of sleepiness to respiratory disturbance index: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(2):502–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Gottlieb DJ, Yao Q, Redline S, Ali T, Mahowald MW. Does snoring predict sleepiness independently of apnea and hypopnea frequency? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1512–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Subramanian S, Guntupalli B, Murugan T, Bopparaju S, Chanamolu S, Casturi L, Surani S. Gender and ethnic differences in prevalence of self-reported insomnia among patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2011;15(4):711–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP. Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(7):485–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Eliasson AH, Kashani MD, Howard RS, Vernalis MN, Modlin RE; for the Integrative Cardiac Health Project Registry. Fatigued on Venus, sleepy on Mars-gender and racial differences in symptoms of sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2015;19:99–107. Epub ahead of print.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Subramanian S, Jayaraman G, Majid H, Aguilar R, Surani S. Influence of gender and anthropometric measures on severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2012;16(4):1091–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Simpson L, Mukherjee S, Cooper MN, Ward KL, Lee JD, Fedson AC, Potter J, Hillman DR, Eastwood P, Palmer LJ, Kirkness J. Sex differences in the association of regional fat distribution with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2010;33(4):467–74.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Scharf SM, Seiden L, DeMore J, Carter-Pokras O. Racial differences in clinical presentation of patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath. 2004;8(4):173–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Baron KG, Liu K, Chan C, Shahar E, Hasnain-Wynia R, Zee P. Race and ethnic variation in excessive daytime sleepiness: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Behav Sleep Med. 2010;8(4):231–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Hayes AL, Spilsbury JC, Patel SR. The Epworth score in African American populations. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5(4):344–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Newman AB, Foster G, Givelber R, Nieto FJ, Redline S, Young T. Progression and regression of sleep-disordered breathing with changes in weight. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(20):2408–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Quan SF, O’Connor GT, Quan JS, Redline S, Resnick HE, Shahar E, Siscovick D, Sherrill DL. Association of physical activity with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath. 2007;11(3):149–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Redline S, Yenokyan G, Gottlieb DJ, Shahar E, O’Connor GT, Resnick HE, Diener-West M, Sanders MH, Wolf PA, Geraghty EM, Tauqeer A, Lebowitz M, Punjabi NM. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea and incident stroke: The Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(2):269–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  120. Young T, Evans L, Finn L, Palta M. Estimation of the clinically diagnosed proportion of sleep apnea syndrome in middle-aged men and women. Sleep. 1997;20(9):705–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kapur V, Strohl K, Dodge R, Iber C, Nieto FJ, O’Connor G, Redline S. Underdiagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome in U.S. communities. Sleep Breath. 2002;6(2):49–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. National Sleep Foundation. 2010 Sleep in America Poll summary of findings. 2010. www.sleepfoundation.org.

  123. Joo MJ, Herdegen JJ. Sleep apnea in an urban public hospital: assessment of severity and treatment adherence. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3:285–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Platt AB, Field SH, Asch DA, Chen Z, Patel NP, Gupta R, Roche DF, Gurubhagavatula I, Christie JD, Kuna ST. Neighborhood of residence is associated with daily adherence to CPAP therapy. Sleep. 2009;32(6):799–806.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Simon-Tuval T, Reuveni H, Greenberg-Dotan S, Oksenberg A, Tal A, Tarasiuk A. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for CPAP acceptance among adult OSAS patients requiring treatment. Sleep. 2009;32(4):545–52.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Billings ME, Auckley D, Benca R, Foldvary-Schaefer N, Iber C, Redline S, Rosen CL, Zee P, Kapur VK. Race and residential socioeconomics as predictors of CPAP adherence. Sleep. 2011;34(12):1653–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Shahar E, Redline S, Young T, Boland LL, Baldwin CM, Nieto FJ, O’Connor GT, Rapoport DM, Robbins JA. Hormone-replacement therapy and sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(9):1186–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Pickett CK, Regensteiner JG, Woodard WD, Hagerman DD, Weil JV, Moore LG. Progestin and estrogen reduce sleep-disordered breathing in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1989;66(4):1656–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lu Y, Liu Y, Li Y. Comparison of natural estrogens and synthetic derivative on genioglossus function and estrogen receptors expression in rats with chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;140:71–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Cistulli PA, Barnes DJ, Grunstein RR, Sullivan CE. Effect of short-term hormone replacement in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in postmenopausal women. Thorax. 1994;49(7):699–702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Bourjeily G, Ankner G, Mohsenin V. Sleep-disordered breathing in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 2011;32(1):175–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Venkata C, Venkateshiah SB. Sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009;22(2):158–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Hoyos CM, Killick R, Yee BJ, Grunstein RR, Liu PY. Effects of testosterone therapy on sleep and breathing in obese men with severe obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;77:599–607.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Cistulli PA, Grunstein RR, Sullivan CE. Effect of testosterone administration on upper airway collapsibility during sleep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(2 Pt 1):530–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Hanafy HM. Testosterone therapy and obstructive sleep apnea: is there a real connection? J Sex Med. 2007;4:1241–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Wang Y, Beydoun MA. The obesity epidemic in the United States—gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:6–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Sakakibara H, Tong M, Matsushita K, Hirata M, Konishi Y, Suetsugu S. Cephalometric abnormalities in non-obese and obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J. 1999;13(2):403–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Ishiguro K, Kobayashi T, Kitamura N, Saito C. Relationship between severity of sleep-disordered breathing and craniofacial morphology in Japanese male patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107(3):343–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Albajalan OB, Samsudin AR, Hassan R. Craniofacial morphology of Malay patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33(5):509–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Ito D, Akashiba T, Yamamoto H, Kosaka N, Horie T. Craniofacial abnormalities in Japanese patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Respirology. 2001;6(2):157–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S. The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(4):947–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Liu Y, Lowe AA, Zeng X, Fu M, Fleetham JA. Cephalometric comparisons between Chinese and Caucasian patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117(4):479–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Lee RW, Vasudavan S, Hui DS, Prvan T, Petocz P, Darendeliler MA, Cistulli PA. Differences in craniofacial structures and obesity in Caucasian and Chinese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2010;33(8):1075–80.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Sutherland K, Lee RW, Cistulli PA. Obesity and craniofacial structure as risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea: impact of ethnicity. Respirology. 2012;17(2):213–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Evans GW, Kantrowitz E. Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23:303–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Ansarin K, Sahebi L, Sabur S. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: complaints and housing characteristics in a population in the United States. Sao Paulo Med J. 2013;131(4):220–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Villaneuva AT, Buchanan PR, Yee BJ, Grunstein RR. Ethnicity and obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med Rev. 2005;9(6):419–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA, 92103, USA

    Jose S. Loredo M.D., M.S., M.P.H.

Authors
  1. Jose S. Loredo M.D., M.S., M.P.H.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jose S. Loredo M.D., M.S., M.P.H. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Arizona Respiratory Center and Departmen, University of Arizona Arizona Respiratory Center and Departmen, TUCSON, Arizona, USA

    Lynn B. Gerald

  2. Arizona Respiratory Center and Departmen, University of Arizona Arizona Respiratory Center and Departmen, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Cristine E. Berry

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Loredo, J.S. (2016). Health Disparities in Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders. In: Gerald, L., Berry, C. (eds) Health Disparities in Respiratory Medicine. Respiratory Medicine. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23675-9_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23675-9_14

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23674-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23675-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation