Skip to main content

Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Injuries

  • Chapter
  • 1065 Accesses

Part of the book series: Contemporary Pediatric and Adolescent Sports Medicine ((PASM))

Abstract

As young athletes participate in organized sports with increasing frequency and at a younger age, injuries to the oral and maxillofacial region are common. Dental injuries are one of the most common injuries in sports and span a spectrum of minor tooth fractures and loss of teeth to facial bone fractures and trauma to the temporomandibular joints. The prognosis of many dental injuries is dependent upon the appropriate evaluation and prompt treatment, which can minimize the negative long-term sequela of such injuries. The prevention of dental and facial injuries has become a priority with the recommendation of mouthguard use by many professional organized sports and medical associations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

Trauma

  1. Powers MP, Quereshy FA, Ramsey CA. Diagnosis and management of dentoalveolar injuries. In: Fonseca JF, Walker RV, Betts NJ, Barber HD, Powers MP, editors. Oral and maxillofacial trauma. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 427–77.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Meadow D, Lindner G, Needleman H. Oral trauma in children. Pediatr Dent. 1984;6(4):248–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Nalliah RP, Anderson IM, Lee MK, Rampa S, Allareddy V, Allareddy V. Epidemiology of hospital-based emergency department visits due to sports injuries. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014;30(8):511–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dental Trauma

  1. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Bakland LK, Flores MT. Traumatic dental injuries: a manual. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, editors. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  3. McTigue DJ. Introduction to dental trauma: managing traumatic injuries in the primary dentition. In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, McTigue DJ, Nowak A, editors. Pediatric dentistry: infancy through adolescence. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p. 213–24.

    Google Scholar 

  4. McTigue DJ. Introduction to dental trauma: managing traumatic injuries in the young permanent dentition. In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, McTigue DJ, Nowak A, editors. Pediatric dentistry: infancy through adolescence. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p. 531–45.

    Google Scholar 

  5. The application of the International Classification of Diseases to dentistry and stomatology, IDC-DA. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ellis RG, Davey EW. Classification and treatment of injuries to the teeth of children. 5th ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical; 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bakland LK, Andreasen FM, Andreasen JO. Management of traumatized teeth. In: Walton RE, Torabinejad M, editors. Principles and practice of endodontics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002. p. 445–65.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Andreasen JO, Lauridsen E, Gerds TA, Ahrensburg SS. Dental trauma guide: a source of evidence-based treatment guidelines for dental trauma. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(5):345–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Diangelis AJ, International Association of Dental Traumatology, et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures and luxations of permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(1):2–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Skeie A, Hjørting-Hansen E, Schwartz O. Effect of treatment delay upon pulp and periodontal healing of traumatic dental injuries—a review article. Dent Traumatol. 2002;18(3):116–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lauridsen E, Hermann NV, Gerds TA, Kreiborg S, Andreasen JO. Pattern of traumatic dental injuries in the permanent dentition among children, adolescents, and adults. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(5):358–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lauridsen E, Hermann NV, Gerds TA, Ahrensburg SS, Kreiborg S, Andreasen JO. Combination injuries 1. The risk of pulp necrosis in permanent teeth with concussion injuries and concomitant crown fractures. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28:364–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lauridsen E, Hermann NV, Gerds TA, Ahrensburg SS, Kreiborg S, Andreasen JO. Combination injuries 2. The risk of pulp necrosis in permanent teeth with subluxation injuries and concomitant crown fractures. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28:371–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lauridsen E, Hermann NV, Gerds TA, Ahrensburg SS, Kreiborg S, Andreasen JO. Combination injuries 3. The risk of pulp necrosis in permanent teeth with extrusion or lateral luxation and concomitant crown fractures without pulp exposure. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28:379–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Robertson A, Andreasen FM, Andreasen JO, Norén JG. Long-term prognosis of crown-fractured permanent incisors. The effect of stage of root development and associated luxation injury. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2000;10(3):191–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hecova H, Tzigkounakis V, Merglova V, Netolicky J. A retrospective study of 889 injured permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2010;26(6):466–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Andreasen JO, Ahrensburg SS, Tsilingaridis G. Root fractures: the influence of type of healing and location of fracture on tooth survival rates - an analysis of 492 cases. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(5):404–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Andersson L, et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(2):88–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Malmgren B, et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 3. Injuries in the primary dentition. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(3):174–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jaramillo DE, Bakland LK. Trauma kits for the dental office. Dent Clin North Am. 2009;53(4):751–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mouthguards

  1. National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) position statement and recommendations for mouthguard use in sports. http://www.nfhs.org/sports-resource-content/position-statement-and-recommendations-for-mouthguard-use-in-sports/

  2. Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M, Guskiewicz KM, Halstead M, Herring SA, Kutcher JS, Pana A, Putukian M, Roberts WO. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(1):15–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Powell JW, Barber-Foss KD. Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. JAMA. 1999;282(10):958–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. ADA Council on Access, Prevention and Interprofessional Relations; ADA Council on Scientific Affairs.Using mouthguards to reduce the incidence and severity of sports-related oral injuries. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(12):1712–20; quiz 1731.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ranalli DN. Sports dentistry and mouth protection. In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, McTigue DJ, Nowak A, editors. Pediatric dentistry: infancy through adolescence. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p. 635–44.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Guevara PA, Ranalli DN. Techniques for mouthguard fabrication. Dent Clin North Am. 1991;35(4):667–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Winters J, DeMont R. Role of mouthguards in reducing mild traumatic brain injury/concussion incidence in high school football athletes. Gen Dent. 2014;62:34–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cohenca N, Roges RA, Roges R. The incidence and severity of dental trauma in intercollegiate athletes. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138(8):1121–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Labella CR, Smith BW, Sigurdsson A. Effect of mouthguards on dental injuries and concussions in college basketball. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(1):41–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wisniewski JF, Guskiewicz K, Trope M, Sigurdsson A. Incidence of cerebral concussions associated with type of mouthguard used in college football. Dent Traumatol. 2004;20(3):143–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Newsome PR, Tran DC, Cooke MS. The role of the mouthguard in the prevention of sports-related dental injuries: a review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2001;11(6):396–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Knapik JJ, Marshall SW, Lee RB, Darakjy SS, Jones SB, Mitchener TA, delaCruz GG, delaCruz GG, Jones BH. Mouthguards in sport activities: history, physical properties and injury prevention effectiveness. Sports Med. 2007;37(2):117–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Patrick DG, van Noort R, Found MS. Scale of protection and the various types of sports mouthguard. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(5):278–81.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mihalik JP, McCaffrey MA, Rivera EM, Pardini JE, Guskiewicz KM, Collins MW, Lovell MR. Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sports-related cerebral concussion. Dent Traumatol. 2007;23(1):14–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

TMJ

  1. Kademani D, Rombach DM, Quinn PD. Trauma to the temporomandibular joint region. In: Fonseca JF, Walker RV, Betts NJ, Barber HD, Powers MP, editors. Oral and maxillofacial trauma. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 523–68.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kaban LB. Diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the facial bones in children 1943–1993. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;51(7):722–9. Review.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lindahl L. Condylar fractures of the mandible. I. Classification and relation to age, occlusion, and concomitant injuries of teeth and teeth-supporting structures, and fractures of the mandibular body. Int J Oral Surg. 1977;6(1):12–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Amaratunga NA. The relation of age to the immobilization period required for healing of mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45(2):111–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lindahl L. Condylar fractures of the mandible. III. Positional changes of the chin. Int J Oral Surg. 1977;6(3):166–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Dahlström L, Kahnberg KE, Lindahl L. 15 years follow-up on condylar fractures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;18(1):18–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gassner R, Tuli T, Hächl O, Moreira R, Ulmer H. Craniomaxillofacial trauma in children: a review of 3,385 cases with 6,060 injuries in 10 years. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(4):399–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Haug RH, Foss J. Maxillofacial injuries in the pediatric patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;90(2):126–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Shaikh ZS, Worrall SF. Epidemiology of facial trauma in a sample of patients aged 1–18 years. Injury. 2002;33(8):669–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Silvennoinen U, Lindqvist C, Oikarinen K. Dental injuries in association with mandibular condyle fractures. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1993 Dec;9(6):254–9.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zimmermann CE, Troulis MJ, Kaban LB. Pediatric facial fractures: recent advances in prevention, diagnosis and management. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35(1):2–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zachariades N, Mezitis M, Mourouzis C, Papadakis D, Spanou A. Fractures of the mandibular condyle: a review of 466 cases. Literature review, reflections on treatment and proposals. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2006;34(7):421–32. Epub 2006 Oct 19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hall RK. Injuries of the face and jaws in children. Int J Oral Surg. 1972;1(2):65–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Alexander Keith DMD, BDS .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wrzosek, M.K., Keith, D.A. (2016). Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Injuries. In: O'Brien, M., Meehan III, W. (eds) Head and Neck Injuries in Young Athletes. Contemporary Pediatric and Adolescent Sports Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23549-3_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23549-3_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23548-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23549-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics