Abstract
The taxonomic treatment of the grass tribe Triticeae Dumort. as well as the treatment of its most prominent member, the wheat genus Triticum, is under long-standing debate. Even after decades of research, published studies are largely contradictory and incompatible. The reasons are multifaceted and include the complex mode of evolution of genera and species, due to recurrent hybridization among species resulting in many allopolyploids, and the taxonomic representation of such relationships. The high number of existing species and genera, their worldwide distribution in temperate regions, and their economic importance made them of interest to many taxonomists around the globe. Finally, conceptual and methodological achievements in taxonomy and different opinions of taxonomists resulted in the existence of various different treatments and several correct scientific names for many taxa of Triticeae. The classificatory systems that were proposed for Triticum exhibit a striking example for how different opinions of taxonomist influence the naming of plants. This chapter reviews important historical and current taxonomic treatments of the tribe Triticeae, the wheat genus Triticum, and their underlying methods and perceptions. Current challenges in Triticeae taxonomy are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Barkworth ME (2000) Changing perceptions of the Triticeae. In: Jacobs SWL, Everett J (eds) Grasses: Systematics and evolution. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, VIC, pp 110–120
Barkworth ME, von Bothmer R (2005) Twenty-one years later: The impact of Löve and Dewey’s genomic classification proposal. Czech J Genet Plant Breed 41:3–9
Barkworth ME, von Bothmer R (2009) Scientific names in the Triticeae. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of Triticeae. Springer, New York, NY, pp 3–30
Baum BR, Estes JR, Gupta PK (1987) Assessment of the genomic system of classification in the Triticeae. Am J Bot 74:1388–1395
Bentham G (1882) Notes on Gramineae. J Linn Soc Lond Bot 19:14–134. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1881.tb00355.x
Blattner FR (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of Hordeum (Poaceae) as inferred by nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 33:289–299. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.012
Blattner FR (2009) Progress in phylogenetic analysis and a new infrageneric classification of the barley genus Hordeum (Poaceae: Triticeae). Breed Sci 59:471–480
Bordbar F, Rahiminejad MR, Saeidi H, Blattner FR (2011) Phylogeny and genetic diversity of D-genome species of Aegilops and Triticum (Triticeae, Poaceae) from Iran based on microsatellites, ITS, and trnL-F. Plant Syst Evol 291:117–131. doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0375-1
Bowden WM (1959) The taxonomy and nomenclature of the wheats, barleys, and ryes and their wild relatives. Can J Bot 37:657–684
Brassac J, Blattner FR (2015) Species-level phylogeny and polyploid relationships in Hordeum (Poaceae) inferred by next-generation sequencing and in silico cloning of multiple nuclear loci. Syst Biol 64:792–808. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syv035
Brassac J, Jakob SS, Blattner FR (2012) Progenitor-derivative relationships of Hordeum polyploids (Poaceae, Triticeae) inferred from sequences of TOPO6, a nuclear low-copy gene region. PLoS ONE 7, e33808. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033808
Brickell CD, Alexander C, David JC et al. (2009) International code of nomenclature for cultivated plants. International Society for Horticultural Science, Korbeek-Lo
Brummitt RK (2006) Am I a bony fish? Taxon 55:268–269
Cracraft J (1983) Species concepts and speciation analysis. Curr Ornithol 1:159–187
de Bustos A, Jouve N (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Secale based on the characterisation of rDNA ITS sequences. Plant Syst Evol 235:147–154
de Queiroz K (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation. Syst Biol 56:879–886. doi:10.1080/10635150701701083
Dewey DR (1984) The genomic system of classification as a guide to intergeneric hybridization with the perennial Triticeae. In: Gustafson JP (ed) Gene manipulation in plant improvement. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, NY, pp 209–279
Dorofeev VF, Filatenko AA, Migushova EF et al. (1979) Wheat vol 1. In: Dorofeev VF, Korovina ON (eds) Flora of cultivated plants, vol 1. Kolos, Leningrad, p 346
Dvořák J, Zhang H-B (1992) Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the genus Triticum from variation in repeated nucleotide sequences. Theor Appl Genet 84:419–429
Escobar JS, Cenci A, Bolognini J et al. (2010) An integrative test of the dead-end hypothesis of selfing evolution in Triticeae (Poaceae): Selfing evolution in grasses. Evolution 64:2855–2872. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01045.x
Escobar JS, Scornavacca C, Cenci A et al. (2011) Multigenic phylogeny and analysis of tree incongruences in Triticeae (Poaceae). BMC Evol Biol 11:181
Fan X, Liu J, Sha L-N et al. (2014) Evolutionary pattern of rDNA following polyploidy in Leymus (Triticeae: Poaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 77:296–306. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.016
Farooq S, Iqbal N, Shah TM (1990) Promotion of homoeologous chromosome pairing in hybrids of Triticum aestivum × Aegilops variabilis. Genome 33:825–828
Feldman M, Kislev ME (2007) Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat. Isr J Plant Sci 55:207–221. doi:10.1560/IJPS.55.3-4.207
Feldman M, Levy AA (2012) Genome evolution due to allopolyploidization in wheat. Genetics 192:763–774. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.146316
Flaksberger KA (1935) Wheat. In: Wulff EV (ed) Flora of cultivated plants. State Agric Publ Co Mosc St Petersburg, Russia, pp 19–434
Frederiksen S, Petersen G (1998) A taxonomic revision of Secale (Triticeae, Poaceae). Nord J Bot 18:399–420
Golovnina KA, Glushkov SA, Blinov AG et al. (2007) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Triticum L. Plant Syst Evol 264:195–216. doi:10.1007/s00606-006-0478-x
Golovnina KA, Kondratenko EY, Blinov AG, Goncharov NP (2009) Phylogeny of the A genomes of wild and cultivated wheat species. Russ J Genet 45:1360–1367
Goncharov NP (2002) Comparative genetics of wheats and their related species. Siberian University Press, Novosibirsk
Goncharov NP (2011) Genus Triticum L. taxonomy: The present and the future. Plant Syst Evol 295:1–11. doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0480-9
Goncharov NP, Golovnina KA, Kondratenko EY (2009) Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of natural and artificial wheat species. Breed Sci 59:492–498. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.59.492
Gottschalk W (1973) The genetic control of meiosis. Genetics 74:s99
Hackel E (1887) Gramineae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 1–97
Hammer K, Filatenko AA, Pistrick K (2011) Taxonomic remarks on Triticum L. and ×Triticosecale Wittm. Genet Resour Crop Evol 58:3–10
Hitchcock AS (1935) Manual of the grasses of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Hitchcock AS (1951) Manual of the grasses of the United States. Edition 2, revised by A. Chase. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Hsiao C, Chatterton NJ, Asay KH, Jensen KB (1995) Phylogenetic relationships of the monogenomic species of the wheat tribe, Triticeae (Poaceae), inferred from nuclear rDNA (internal transcribed spacer) sequences. Genome 38:211–223. doi:10.1139/g95-026
Jakob SS, Blattner FR (2010) Two extinct diploid progenitors were involved in allopolyploid formation in the Hordeum murinum (Poaceae: Triticeae) taxon complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 55:650–659. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.021
Jarvie JK, Barkworth ME (1990) Isozyme similarity in Thinopyrum and its relatives (Triticeae: Gramineae). Genome 33:885–891
Kellogg EA (1989) Comments on genomic genera in the Triticeae (Poaceae). Am J Bot 76:796–805
Kellogg EA (1992) Tools for studying the chloroplast genome in the Triticeae (Gramineae): An EcoRI map, a diagnostic deletion, and support for Bromus as an outgroup. Am J Bot 79:186–197. doi:10.2307/2445107
Kellogg EA, Appels R, Mason-Gamer RJ (1996) When genes tell different stories: The diploid genera of Triticeae (Gramineae). Syst Bot 21:321–347
Kihara H (1930) Genomanalyse bei Triticum und Aegilops. Cytologia (Tokyo) 1:263–284
Kilian B, Martin W, Salamini F (2010) Genetic diversity, evolution and domestication of wheat and barley in the Fertile Crescent. In: Glaubrecht M (ed) Evolution in action. Springer, Berlin, pp 137–166
Körnicke F (1885) Die Arten und Varietäten des Getreides. In: Körnicke F, Werner H (eds) Handbuch des Getreidebaus, vol 1. Springer, Berlin
Lemmon EM, Lemmon AR (2013) High-throughput genomic data in systematics and phylogenetics. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 44:99–121. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135822
Linnaeus CV (1753) Species Plantarum, vol 2: 696. Impensis Laurentii Salvii Stockholm, Stockholm
Löve A (1984) Conspectus of the Triticeae. Feddes Repert 95:425–521
Mac Key J (1966) Species relationship in Triticum. Hereditas 2:237–276
Mac Key J (1977) Sec. Dicoccoides Flaksb. of wheat, its phylogeny, diversification and subdivision. In: Proceedings of the symposium on extended availability of wheat genetic resources, Bari, pp 5–46
Mac Key J (1989) Genus Triticum and its systematics. In: Shumny VK (ed) Vavilov’s legacy in modern biology (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow, pp 170–185
Mac Key J (2005) Wheat: Its concept, evolution and taxonomy. In: Royo C et al. (eds) Durum wheat breeding. Current approaches and future strategies, vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 3–61
Mansfeld R (1951) Das morphologische System des Saatweizens, Triticum aestivum L. sl. Theor Appl Genet 21:41–60
Marcussen T, Sandve SR, Heier L et al. (2014) Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat. Science 345:1250092. doi:10.1126/science.1250092
Martis MM, Klemme S, Banaei-Moghaddam AM et al. (2012) Selfish supernumerary chromosome reveals its origin as a mosaic of host genome and organellar sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:13343–13346. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204237109
Mason-Gamer RJ (2004) Reticulate evolution, introgression, and intertribal gene capture in an allohexaploid grass. Syst Biol 53:25–37. doi:10.1080/10635150490424402
Mason-Gamer RJ (2005) The β-amylase genes of grasses and a phylogenetic analysis of the Triticeae (Poaceae). Am J Bot 92:1045–1058. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.6.1045
Mason-Gamer RJ (2008) Allohexaploidy, introgression, and the complex phylogenetic history of Elymus repens (Poaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 47:598–611. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.008
Mason-Gamer RJ (2013) Phylogeny of a genomically diverse group of Elymus (Poaceae) allopolyploids reveals multiple levels of reticulation. PLoS ONE 8, e78449. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078449
Mason-Gamer RJ, Kellogg EA (1996) Testing for phylogenetic conflict among molecular data sets in the tribe Triticeae (Gramineae). Syst Biol 45:524–545. doi:10.1093/sysbio/45.4.524
Mason-Gamer RJ, Kellogg EA (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of the Triticeae using the starch synthase gene, and a preliminary analysis of some North American Elymus species. In: Jacobs SWL, Everett J (eds) Grasses: Systematics and evolution. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, VIC, pp 102–109
Mason-Gamer RJ, Orme NL, Anderson CM (2002) Phylogenetic analysis of North American Elymus and the monogenomic Triticeae (Poaceae) using three chloroplast DNA data sets. Genome 45:991–1002. doi:10.1139/g02-065
Matsuoka Y (2011) Evolution of polyploid Triticum wheats under cultivation: The role of domestication, natural hybridization and allopolyploid speciation in their diversification. Plant Cell Physiol 52:750–764. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcr018
Mayr E (1942) Systematics and the origin of species, from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
McIntyre CL (1988) Variation at isozyme loci in Triticeae. Plant Syst Evol 160:123–142
McNeill J, Barrie FR, Buck WR, et al. (2012) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Regnum Veg 154
Mochida K, Shinozaki K (2013) Unlocking Triticeae genomics to sustainably feed the future. Plant Cell Physiol 54:1931–1950. doi:10.1093/pcp/pct163
Monte JV, McIntyre CL, Gustafson JP (1993) Analysis of phylogenetic relationships in the Triticeae tribe using RFLPs. Theor Appl Genet 86:649–655
Moore G (2009) Early stages of meiosis in wheat- and the role of Ph1. In: Muehlbauer GJ, Feuillet C (eds) Genetics and genomics of Triticeae. Springer, New York, NY, pp 237–252
Nevski SA (1934) Agrostological studies IV. The systematics of the tribe Hordeeae. Flora Sist. Vysshikh Rasteniin 1. Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta Adakademii Nauk SSSR, pp 9–32
Ogihara Y, Tsunewaki K (1988) Diversity and evolution of chloroplast DNA in Triticum and Aegilops as revealed by restriction fragment analysis. Theor Appl Genet 76:321–332
Padial JM, Miralles A, De la Riva I, Vences M (2010) The integrative future of taxonomy. Front Zool 7:1–14
Percival J (1921) The wheat plant: A monograph. Duckworth, London
Petersen G (2002) Molecular evolution and phylogenetic application of DMC1. Mol Phylogenet Evol 22:43–50. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1011
Petersen G, Seberg O (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of the Triticeae (Poaceae) based on rpoA sequence data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 7:217–230. doi:10.1006/mpev.1996.0389
Petersen G, Seberg O (2000) Phylogenetic evidence for excision of Stowaway Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements in Triticeae (Poaceae). Mol Biol Evol 17:1589–1596
Petersen G, Seberg O, Aagesen L, Frederiksen S (2004) An empirical test of the treatment of indels during optimization alignment based on the phylogeny of the genus Secale (Poaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 30:733–742
Petersen G, Seberg O, Yde M, Berthelsen K (2006) Phylogenetic relationships of Triticum and Aegilops and evidence for the origin of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat (Triticum aestivum). Mol Phylogenet Evol 39:70–82. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.023
Petersen G, Seberg O, Salomon B (2011) The origin of the H, St, W, and Y genomes in allotetraploid species of Elymus L. and Stenostachys Turcz. (Poaceae: Triticeae). Plant Syst Evol 291:197–210
Reveal JL (2004) Latest news on vascular plant family nomenclature: Earlier validation of certain tribal names in Poaceae, version 27 Nov 2004. http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/NEWS.html. Accessed 12 Mar 2015
Reveal JL (2011) Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium, version 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/famPO-PZ.html. Accessed 12 Mar 2015
Rosen DE (1979) Fishes from the uplands and intermontane basins of Guatemala: Revisionary studies and comparative geography. Bull Am Mus Natl Hist 162:267–376
Schneider J, Döring E, Hilu KW, Röser M (2009) Phylogenetic structure of the grass subfamily Pooideae based on comparison of plastid matK gene-3′ trnK exon and nuclear ITS sequences. Taxon 405–424
Seberg O, Frederiksen S (2001) A phylogenetic analysis of the monogenomic Triticeae (Poaceae) based on morphology. Bot J Linn Soc 136:75–97
Seberg O, Petersen G (1998) A critical review of concepts and methods used in classical genome analysis. Bot Rev 64:372–417
Soltis DE, Soltis PS (1999) Polyploidy: Recurrent formation and genome evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 14:348–352. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01638-9
Soreng RJ, Davis JI, Doyle JJ (1990) A phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction site variation in Poaceae subfam. Pooideae. Plant Syst Evol 172:83–97
Stebbins GL (1956) Taxonomy and the evolution of genera, with special reference to the family Gramineae. Evolution 10:235–245
Tzvelev NN (1976) Zlaki SSSR Grasses of the Soviet Union. Leningr. Engl. Ed. 1983 Transl Sharma BR
van Slageren MW (1994) Wild wheats: A monograph of Aegilops L. and Amblyopyrum (Jaub. & Spach) Eig (Poaceae). Wageningen Agric. Univ. Pap.
van Slageren MW, Payne T (2013) Concepts and nomenclature of the Farro wheats, with special reference to Emmer, Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Poaceae). Kew Bull 68:477–494. doi:10.1007/s12225-013-9459-8
Vavilov N (1925) Studies on the origin of cultivated plants. Bull Appl Bot 26:1–248
Wang RRC, von Bothmer R, Dvorak J, et al. (1994) Genome symbols in the Triticeae (Poaceae). Proceedings second International Triticeae Symposium. Logan, pp 20–24
Watson L, Clifford HT, Dallwitz MJ (1985) The classification of Poaceae: Subfamilies and supertribes. Aust J Bot 33:433–484
Welker CAD, Kellogg EA, Prado J (2014) Andropogoneae versus Sacchareae (Poaceae: Panicoideae): The end of a great controversy. Taxon 63:643–646. doi:10.12705/633.5
Yan C, Sun G (2012) Multiple origins of allopolyploid wheatgrass Elymus caninus revealed by RPB2, PepC and trnD/T genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 64:441–451. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.017
Yan C, Sun G, Sun D (2011) Distinct origin of the Y and St genome in Elymus species: Evidence from the analysis of a large sample of St genome species using two nuclear genes. PLoS ONE 6, e26853. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026853
Yen C, Yang JL (2009) Historical review and prospect of taxonomy of tribe Triticeae Dumortier (Poaceae). Breed Sci 59:513–518
Yen C, Yang J-L, Yen Y (2005) Hitoshi Kihara, Áskell Löve and the modern genetic concept of the genera in the tribe Triticeae (Poaceae). Acta Phytotax Sin 43:82–93
Zohary D, Hopf M, Weiss E (2012) Domestication of plants in the Old World: The origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Acknowledgements
I thank Frank Blattner, Jonathan Brassac, Klaus Pistrick, and Hart Poskar for valuable remarks and suggestions on the manuscript. The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) financially supported this work through grant number BL 462/10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bernhardt, N. (2015). Taxonomic Treatments of Triticeae and the Wheat Genus Triticum . In: Molnár-Láng, M., Ceoloni, C., Doležel, J. (eds) Alien Introgression in Wheat. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23494-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23494-6_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23493-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23494-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)