Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neurodegenerative Disorders pp 85–115Cite as

Parkinson’s Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Initial descriptions of Parkinson’s disease and its management following the introduction of levodopa concentrated on the cardinal motor features. Long-term studies and clinico-pathological correlation make it clear, however, that this is a disease with diverse effects, also affecting cognition, mood, autonomic function and the sleep cycle. Patient care has accordingly become increasingly complex. With the exception of deep brain stimulation, diagnostic and therapeutic options have changed little in the past 20 years. Validated biomarkers and disease modifying therapies are still required. This chapter aims to practically address common clinical issues and update the practitioner on advances in the field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Selected Reading

  • Braak H, Bohl JR, Muller CM, Rub U, De Vos RAI, Del Tredici K. Stanley Fahn Lecture 2005: the staging procedure for the inclusion body pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson’s disease reconsidered. Mov Disord. 2006;21:2042–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brusa L, Orlacchio A, Stefani A, Galati S, Pierantozzi M, Iani C, Biagio Mercuri N. Tetrabenazine improves levodopa-induced peak-dose dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Funct Neurol. 2013;28(2):101–5.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Selected Trials of Interest

  • Chaudhuri KR, Schapira AH. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(5):464–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke CE, Worth P, Grosset D, Stewart D. Systematic review of apomorphine infusion, levodopa infusion and deep brain stimulation in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15(10):728–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Lau LM, Schipper CM, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. Prognosis of Parkinson disease: risk of dementia and mortality: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1265–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, Volkmann J, Schäfer H, Bötzel K, Daniels C, Deutschländer A, Dillmann U, Eisner W, Gruber D, Hamel W, Herzog J, Hilker R, Klebe S, Kloss M, Koy J, Krause M, Kupsch A, Lorenz D, Lorenzi S, Mehdorn HM, Moringlane JR, Oertel W, Pinsker MO, Reichmann H, Reuss A, Schneider GH, Schnitzler A, Steude U, Sturm V, Timmermann L, Tronnier V, Trottenberg T, Wojtecki L, Wolf E, Poewe W, Voges J, German Parkinson Study Group, Neurostimulation Section. A randomised trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(9):896–908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, et al. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology. 2007;68(5):384–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S. The freezing phenomenon in parkinsonism. Adv Neurol. 1995;67:53–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S. Parkinson’s disease: 10 years of progress, 1997–2007. Mov Disord. 2010;25 Suppl 1:S2–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Kieburtz K, Rudolph A, Lang A, Olanow CW, Tanner C, Marek K, Parkinson Study Group. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(24):2498–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallett PJ, Cooper O, Sadi D, Robertson H, Mendez I, Isacson O. Long-term health of dopaminergic neuron transplants in Parkinson’s disease patients. Cell Rep. 2014;7:1755–61.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser RA, Rascol O, Korczyn AD, Jon Stoessl A, Watts RL, Poewe W, De Deyn PP, Lang AE. Ten-year follow-up of Parkinson’s disease patients randomized to initial therapy with ropinerole or levodopa. Mov Disord. 2007;22(16):2409–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser RA, Olanow CW, Kieburtz KD, Pourcher E, Docu-Axelerad A, Lew M, Kozyolkin O, Neale A, Resburg C, Meya U, Kenney C, Bandak S. Tozadenant (SYN115) in patients with Parkinson’s disease who have motor fluctuations on levodopa: a phase 2b, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(8):767–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healy DG, Falchi M, O’Sullivan SS, Bonifati V, Durr A, Bressman S, Brice A, Aasly J, Zabetian CP, Goldwurm S, Ferreira JJ, Tolosa E, Kay DM, Klein C, Williams DR, Marras C, Lang AE, Wszolek ZK, Berciano J, Schapira AH, Lynch T, Bhatia KP, Gasser T, Lees AJ, Wood NW, International LRRK2 Consortium. Phenotype, genotype, and worldwide genetic penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson’s disease: a case–control study. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(7):583–90.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hely MA, Reid WGJ, Adena MA, Halliday GM, Morris JGL. The Sydney multicentre study of Parkinson’s disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord. 2008;23(6):837–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn JR, Hansten PD. Preventing rasagiline drug interactions. Pharm Times. 2007. www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2007/2007-01/2007-01-6227.

  • Khasnavis S, Pahan K. Cinnamon treatment upregulates neuroprotective proteins Parkin and DJ-1 and protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2014;9(4):569–81.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang AE. When and how should treatment be started in Parkinson disease? Neurology. 2009;72 Suppl 2:S39–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lees AJ, Katzenschlager R, Head J, Ben-Shlomo Y. Ten-year follow-up of three different initial treatments in do-novo PD: a randomised trial. Neurology. 2001;57:1687–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lippa CF, Duda JE, Grossman M, Hurtig HI, Aarsland D, Boeve BF, Brooks DJ, Dickson DW, Dubois B, Emre M, Fahn S, Farmer JM, Galasko D, Galvin JE, Goetz CG, Growdon JH, Gwinn-Hardy KA, Hardy J, Heutink P, Iwatsubo T, Kosaka K, Lee VM, Leverenz JB, Masliah E, McKeith IG, Nussbaum RL, Olanow CW, Ravina BM, Singleton AB, Tnner CM, Trojanowski JQ, Wszolek ZK, DLB/PDD Working Group. DLB and PDD boundary issues: diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and biomarkers. Neurology. 2007;68(11):812–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucking CB, Durr A, Bonifati V, Vaughan J, De Michele G, Gasser T, Harhangi BS, Meco G, Denèfle P, Wood NW, Agid Y, Brice A, French Parkinson’s Disease Genetics Study Group; European Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility in Parkinson’s Disease. Association between early-onset Parkinson’s disease and mutations in the parkin gene. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1560–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marder K, Tang MX, Mejia H, Alfaro B, Côté L, Louis E, Groves J, Mayeux R. Risk of Parkinson’s disease among first-degree relatives: a community based study. Neurology. 1996;47(1):155–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marras C, Lang A. Parkinson’s disease subtypes lost in translation? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(4):409–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dowd S, Murray B, Roberts K, Cummins G, Magennis B, Lynch T. Pallidopontonigral degeneration: a deceptive familial tauopathy. Mov Disord. 2012;27(7):817–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olanow CW, Goetz CG, Kordower JH, Stoessi AJ, Sossi V, Brin MF, Shannon KM, Nauert GM, Perl DP, Godbold J, Freeman TB. A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2003;54:403–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R, Feigin PD, Jankovic J, Lang A, Langston W, Melamed E, Poewe W, Stocchi F, Tolosa E, ADAGIO Study Investigators. A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagaline in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(13):1268–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olesena J, Gustavssonb A, Svenssond M, et al. The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:155–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson Study Group QE3 Investigators, Beal MF, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Henchcliffe C, Galpern WR, Haas R, Juncos JL, Nutt JG, Voss TS, Ravina B, Shults CM, Helles K, Snively V, Lew MF, Griebner B, Watts A, Gao S, Pourcher E, Bond L, Kompoliti K, Agarwal P, Sia C, Jog M, Cole L, Sultana M, Kurlan R, Richard I, Deeley C, Waters CH, Figueroa A, Arkun A, Brodsky M, Ondo WG, Hunter CB, Jimenez-Shahed J, Palao A, Miyasaki JM, So J, Tetrud J, Reys L, Smith K, Singer C, Blenke A, Russell DS, Cotto C, Friedman JH, Lannon M, Zhang L, Drasby E, Kumar R, Subramanian T, Ford DS, Grimes DA, Cote D, Conway J, Siderowf AD, Evatt ML, Sommerfeld B, Lieberman AN, Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, Merritt S, Swartz CL, Martin WR, King P, Stover N, Guthrie S, Watts RL, Ahmed A, Fernandez HH, Winters A, Mari Z, Dawson TM, Dunlop B, Feigin AS, Shannon B, Nirenberg MJ, Ogg M, Ellias SA, Thomas CA, Frei K, Bodis-Wollner I, Glazman S, Mayer T, Hauser RA, Pahwa R, Langhammer A, Ranawaya R, Derwent L, Sethi KD, Farrow B, Prakash R, Litvan I, Robinson A, Sahay A, Gartner M, Hinson VK, Markind S, Pelikan M, Perlmutter JS, Hartlein J, Molho E, Evans S, Adler CH, Duffy A, Lind M, Elmer L, Davis K, Spears J, Wilson S, Leehey MA, Hermanowicz N, Niswonger S, Shill HA, Obradov S, Rajput A, Cowper M, Lessig S, Song D, Fontaine D, Zadikoff C, Williams K, Blindauer KA, Bergholte J, Propsom CS, Stacy MA, Field J, Mihaila D, Chilton M, Uc EY, Sieren J, Simon DK, Kraics L, Silver A, Boyd JT, Hamill RW, Ingvoldstad C, Young J, Thomas K, Kostyk SK, Wojcieszek J, Pfeiffer RF, Panisset M, Beland M, Reich SG, Cines M, Zappala N, Rivest J, Zweig R, Lumina LP, Hilliard CL, Grill S, Kellermann M, Tuite P, Rolandelli S, Kang UJ, Young J, Rao J, Cook MM, Severt L, Boyar K. A randomized clinical trial of high-dosage coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: no evidence of benefit. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(5):543–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, Ide SE, Dehejia A, Dutra A, Pike B, Root H, Rubenstein J, Boyer R, Stenroos ES, Chandrasekharappa S, Athanassiadou A, Papapetropoulos T, Johnson WG, Lazzarini AM, Duvoisin RC, Di Iorio G, Golbe LI, Nussbaum RL. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson’s disease. Science. 1997;276(5321):2045–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riley BE, Lougheed JC, Callaway K, et al. Structure and function of Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase reveals aspects of RING and HECT ligases. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1982.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schapira AH. Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15 Suppl 4:S41–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schapira AH, Obeso J. Timing of treatment initiation in Parkinson’s disease. A need for reappraisal? Ann Neurol. 2006;59:559–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz ST, Afzal M, Morgan PS, Bajaj N, Gowland PA, et al. The swallow tail appearance of the healthy nigrosome-a new accurate test of Parkinson’s disease: a case–control and retrospective cross-sectional MRI study at 3T. PLoS One. 2014;9(4), E93814.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shoulson I, Oakes D, Fahn S, Lang A, Langston JW, LeWitt P, Olanow CW, Penney JB, Tanner C, Kieburtz K, Rudolph A, Parkinson Study Group. Impact of sustained deprenyl (selegiline) in levodopa-treated Parkinson’s disease: a randomized placebo-controlled extension of the deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidative therapy of parkinsonism trial. Ann Neurol. 2002;51(5):604–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szewczyk-Krolikowski K, Menke RA, Rolinski M, Duff E, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Filippini N, Zamboni G, Hu MT, Mackay CE. Functional connectivity in the basal ganglia network differentiates PD patients from controls. Neurology. 2014;83(3):208–14.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J. Parkinson disease subtypes-review. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(4):499–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Dublin Neurological Institute, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

    Diana A. Olszewska & Tim Lynch

  2. Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Stanley Fahn

  3. Department of Neurology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

    Richard A. Walsh

Authors
  1. Diana A. Olszewska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stanley Fahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Richard A. Walsh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tim Lynch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tim Lynch .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland

    Orla Hardiman

  2. Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland

    Colin P. Doherty

  3. Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland

    Marwa Elamin

  4. Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Inst, Dublin, Ireland

    Peter Bede

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Olszewska, D.A., Fahn, S., Walsh, R.A., Lynch, T. (2016). Parkinson’s Disease. In: Hardiman, O., Doherty, C., Elamin, M., Bede, P. (eds) Neurodegenerative Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23309-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23309-3_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23308-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23309-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation