Skip to main content

The Psychobiology of Attachment and the Aetiology of Disease

  • Chapter

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to examine whether adult attachment insecurity confers a risk to physical health by examining the physiological components of the stress experience. It will focus primarily on the association between attachment and physiological stress responses as one potential mechanism that may explain “why” individual differences in regulatory strategies may be implicated in aetiology of disease. We begin by providing a brief overview of stress and health, then describe the impact of attachment processes on stress response, integrate these findings into the broader context of the stress literature, and end by mapping out future directions for contributing research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Beck LA, Pietromonaco PR, DeBuse CJ, Powers SI, Sayer AG (2013) Spouses’ attachment pairings predict neuroendocrine, behavioral, and psychological responses to marital conflict. J Pers Soc Psychology 105(3):388–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biglioli P, Cannata A, Alamanni F, Naliato M, Porqueddu M, Zanobini M, Parolari A (2003) Biological effects of off-pump vs. on-pump coronary artery surgery: focus on inflammation, hemostasis and oxidative stress. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 24(2):260–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bilbo SD, Schwarz JM (2012) The immune system and developmental programming of brain and behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol 33(3):267–286

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blascovich J, Tomaka J (1996) The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 28:1–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby J (1969) Attachment and loss, vol. I. Attachment. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby J (2005) A secure base: clinical applications of attachment theory. Taylor & Francis, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks KP, Robles TF, Schetter CD (2011) Adult attachment and cortisol responses to discussions with a romantic partner. Pers Relat 18(2):302–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter EM, Kirkpatrick LA (1996) Attachment style and presence of a romantic partner as moderators of psychophysiological responses to a stressful laboratory situation. Pers Relat 3(4):351–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Ross NS, Khoury L, Anderson GM, Price LH (2009) Effect of childhood emotional abuse and age on cortisol responsivity in adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 66(1):69–75

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chida Y, Hamer M (2008) Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: a quantitative review of 30 years of investigations. Psychol Bull 134(6):829

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita BF, Barlow DH (1998) The development of anxiety: the role of control in the early environment. Psychol Bull 124(1):3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen A, Heavey CL (1990) Gender and social structure in the demand/withdraw pattern of marital conflict. J Pers Soc Psychol 59(1):73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciechanowski P, Russo J, Katon W, Von Korff M, Ludman E, Lin E, Bush T (2004) Influence of patient attachment style on self-care and outcomes in diabetes. Psychosom Med 66(5):720–728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Doyle WJ, Miller GE, Frank E, Rabin BS, Turner RB (2012) Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(16):5995–5999

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damjanovic AK, Yang Y, Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Nguyen H, Laskowski B, Weng NP (2007) Accelerated telomere erosion is associated with a declining immune function of caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease patients. J Immunol 179(6):4249–4254

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis D, Shaver PR, Vernon ML (2003) Physical, emotional, and behavioral reactions to breaking up: The roles of gender, age, emotional involvement, and attachment style. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 29(7):871–884

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denson TF, Spanovic M, Miller N (2009) Cognitive appraisals and emotions predict cortisol and immune responses: a meta-analysis of acute laboratory social stressors and emotion inductions. Psychol Bull 135(6):823

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dewitte M, Houwer J, Buysse A, Koster EH (2008) Proximity seeking in adult attachment: examining the role of automatic approach–avoidance tendencies. Br J Soc Psychol 47(4):557–573

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dewitte M, De Houwer J, Goubert L, Buysse A (2010) A multi-modal approach to the study of attachment-related distress. Biol Psychol 85(1):149–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond LM (2001) Contributions of psychophysiology to research on adult attachment: review and recommendations. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 5(4):276–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond LM, Hicks AM, Otter-Henderson KD (2008) Every time you go away: changes in affect, behavior, and physiology associated with travel-related separations from romantic partners. J Pers Soc Psychol 95(2):385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME (2004) Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull 130(3):355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ditzen B, Schmidt S, Strauss B, Nater UM, Ehlert U, Heinrichs M (2008) Adult attachment and social support interact to reduce psychological but not cortisol responses to stress. J Psychosom Res 64(5):479–486

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (2010) C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet 375(9709):132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ershler WB, Keller ET (2000) Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty. Annu Rev Med 51(1):245–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagundes CP, Jaremka LM, Glaser R, Alfano CM, Povoski SP, Lipari AM, Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2014) Attachment anxiety is related to Epstein–Barr virus latency. Brain Behav Immun 41:232–238

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feeney JA (1995) Adult attachment, coping style and health locus of control as predictors of health behaviour. Aust J Psychol 47(3):171–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felitti MD, Vincent J, Anda MD, Robert F, Nordenberg MD, Williamson MS, James S (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med 14(4):245–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fraley RC, Shaver PR (1997) Adult attachment and the suppression of unwanted thoughts. J Pers Soc Psychol 73(5):1080

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fraley RC, Shaver PR (2000) Adult romantic attachment: theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Rev Gen Psychol 4(2):132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraley RC, Davis KE, Shaver PR (1998) Dismissing-avoidance and the defensive organization of emotion, cognition, and behavior. In: Simpson JA, Rholes WS (eds) Attachment theory and close relationships. Guilford, New York, pp 249–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries E, Hesse J, Hellhammer J, Hellhammer DH (2005) A new view on hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30(10):1010–1016

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fries E, Dettenborn L, Kirschbaum C (2009) The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol 72(1):67–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Mascetti GG, Gardini S, Zambelli U, Timpano M, Brambilla F (2001) Neuroendocrine responses to experimentally-induced psychological stress in healthy humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26(1):91–107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2005) Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol 5(3):243–251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser R, Litsky ML, Padgett DA, Baiocchi RA, Yang EV, Chen M, Williams MV (2006) EBV-encoded dUTPase induces immune dysregulation: implications for the pathophysiology of EBV-associated disease. Virology 346(1):205–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg S, MacKay-Soroka S, Rochester M (1994) Affect, attachment, and maternal responsiveness. Infant Behav Dev 17(3):335–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gouin JP, Glaser R, Loving TJ, Malarkey WB, Stowell J, Houts C, Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2009) Attachment avoidance predicts inflammatory responses to marital conflict. Brain Behav Immun 23(7):898–904

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnar MR (1998) Quality of early care and buffering of neuroendocrine stress reactions: potential effects on the developing human brain. Prev Med 27(2):208–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnar MR, Brodersen L, Nachmias M, Buss K, Rigatuso J (1996) Stress reactivity and attachment security. Dev Psychobiol 29(3):191–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer M, Endrighi R, Venuraju SM, Lahiri A, Steptoe A (2012) Cortisol responses to mental stress and the progression of coronary artery calcification in healthy men and women. PLoS One 7(2), e31356

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Tracy RP, Corti MC, Wacholder S, Ettinger WH Jr, Wallace R (1999) Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly. Am J Med 106(5):506–512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazan C, Shaver P (1987) Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. J Pers Soc Psychol 52(3):511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heim C, Ehlert U, Hellhammer DH (2000) The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25(1):1–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks AM, Diamond LM (2011) Don’t go to bed angry: attachment, conflict, and affective and physiological reactivity. Pers Relat 18(2):266–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irwin MR, Cole SW (2011) Reciprocal regulation of the neural and innate immune systems. Nat Rev Immunol 11(9):625–632

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaremka LM, Glaser R, Loving TJ, Malarkey WB, Stowell JR, Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2013) Attachment anxiety is linked to alterations in cortisol production and cellular immunity. Psychol Sci 24(3):272–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juster RP, McEwen BS, Lupien SJ (2010) Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(1):2–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaptoge S, Seshasai SRK, Gao P, Freitag DF, Butterworth AS, Borglykke A, Danesh J (2013) Inflammatory cytokines and risk of coronary heart disease: new prospective study and updated meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht367

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd T, Sheffield D (2005) Attachment style and symptom reporting: examining the mediating effects of anger and social support. Br J Health Psychol 10(4):531–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd T, Hamer M, Steptoe A (2011) Examining the association between adult attachment style and cortisol responses to acute stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36(6):771–779

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd T, Hamer M, Steptoe A (2013) Adult attachment style and cortisol responses across the day in older adults. Psychophysiology 50(9):841–847

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd T, Carvalho LA, Steptoe A (2014a) The relationship between cortisol responses to laboratory stress and cortisol profiles in daily life. Biol Psychol 99:34–40

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd T, Poole L, Leigh E, Ronaldson A, Jahangiri M, Steptoe A (2014b) Attachment anxiety predicts IL-6 and length of hospital stay in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) patients. J Psychosom Res 77(2):155–157

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirschbaum C, Klauer T, Filipp SH, Hellhammer DH (1995) Sex-specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress. Psychosom Med 57(1):23–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari M, Shipley M, Stafford M, Kivimaki M (2011) Association of diurnal patterns in salivary cortisol with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: findings from the Whitehall II study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(5):1478–1485

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kunz-Ebrecht SR, Mohamed-Ali V, Feldman PJ, Kirschbaum C, Steptoe A (2003) Cortisol responses to mild psychological stress are inversely associated with proinflammatory cytokines. Brain Behav Immun 17(5):373–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurent H, Powers S (2007) Emotion regulation in emerging adult couples: temperament, attachment, and HPA response to conflict. Biol Psychol 76(1):61–71

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus RS, Folkman S (1984) Stress. Appraisal and coping 456

    Google Scholar 

  • Libby P (2007) Inflammatory mechanisms: the molecular basis of inflammation and disease. Nutr Rev 65(s3):S140–S146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lueken L, Lemery K (2004) Early caregiving and physiological stress response. Clin Psychol Rev 24(2):171–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lupien SJ, McEwen BS (1997) The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognition: integration of animal and human model studies. Brain Res Rev 24(1):1–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C (2009) Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 10(6):434–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maunder RG, Hunter JJ (2001) Attachment and psychosomatic medicine: developmental contributions to stress and disease. Psychosom Med 63(4):556–567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Hunter JJ, Greenberg GR, Steinhart AH (2005) Attachment insecurity moderates the relationship between disease activity and depressive symptoms in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11(10):919–926

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Nolan RP, Hunter JJ, Tannenbaum DW (2006) The relationship of attachment insecurity to subjective stress and autonomic function during standardized acute stress in healthy adults. J Psychosom Res 60(3):283–290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maunder RG, Peladeau N, Savage D, Lancee WJ (2010) The prevalence of childhood adversity among healthcare workers and its relationship to adult life events, distress and impairment. Child Abuse Negl 34(2):114–123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (1998) Stress, adaptation, and disease: allostasis and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci 840(1):33–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (2000a) Allostasis and allostatic load: implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology 22(2):108–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (2000b) Effects of adverse experiences for brain structure and function. Biol Psychiatry 48(8):721–731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (2007) Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiol Rev 87(3):873–904

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (2008) Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eur J Pharmacol 583(2):174–185

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McWilliams LA, Bailey SJ (2010) Associations between adult attachment ratings and health conditions: evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Health Psychol 29(4):446

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer M, Florian V (1998) The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events. In: Simpson JA, Rholes WS, editors. Attachment Theory and Close Relationships. Guildford Press, New York, pp. 143–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer M, Gillath O, Shaver PR (2002) Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. J Pers Soc Psychol 83(4):881

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer M, Shaver PR, Pereg D (2003) Attachment theory and affect regulation: the dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motiv Emot 27(2):77–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, Nieman LK (2006) Cushing’s syndrome. Lancet 367(9522):1605–1617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nijm J, Jonasson L (2009) Inflammation and cortisol response in coronary artery disease. Ann Med 41(3):224–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donovan G, Blazevich AJ, Boreham C, Cooper AR, Crank H, Ekelund U, Stamatakis E (2010) The ABC of physical activity for health: a consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. J Sports Sci 28(6):573–591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picardi A, Battisti F, Tarsitani L, Baldassari M, Copertaro A, Mocchegiani E, Biondi M (2007) Attachment security and immunity in healthy women. Psychosom Med 69(1):40–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierrehumbert B, Torrisi R, Glatz N, Dimitrova N, Heinrichs M, Halfon O (2009) The influence of attachment on perceived stress and cortisol response to acute stress in women sexually abused in childhood or adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(6):924–938

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pietromonaco PR, Greenwood D, Barrett LF (2004) Conflict in adult close relationships. In: Rholes WS, Simpson JA (eds) Adult attachment: theory, research, and clinical implications. Guilford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietromonaco PR, Barrett LF, Powers SI (2006) Adult attachment theory and affective reactivity and regulation. In: Snyder DK, Simpson JA, Hughes JN (eds) Emotion regulation in families and close relationships: pathways to dysfunction and health. American Psychological Association, Washington D.C., pp 57–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietromonaco PR, DeBuse CJ, Powers SI (2013) Does attachment get under the skin? Adult romantic attachment and cortisol responses to stress. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 22(1):63–68

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powers SI, Pietromonaco PR, Gunlicks M, Sayer A (2006) Dating couples’ attachment styles and patterns of cortisol reactivity and recovery in response to a relationship conflict. J Pers Soc Psychol 90(4):613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig J, Englund MM, Simpson JA, Collins WA (2013) Predicting adult physical illness from infant attachment: a prospective longitudinal study. Health Psychol 32(4):409

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quirin M, Pruessner JC, Kuhl J (2008) HPA system regulation and adult attachment anxiety: individual differences in reactive and awakening cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33(5):581–590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raison CL, Miller AH (2003) When not enough is too much: the role of insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Am J Psychiatr 160(9):1554–1565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Repetti RL, Taylor SE, Seeman TE (2002) Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychol Bull 128(2):330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin-Graboi A (2008) Attachment status and salivary cortisol in a normal day and during simulated interpersonal stress in young men. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress 11(3):210–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robles TF, Carroll JE (2011) Restorative biological processes and health. Soc Personal Psychol Compass 5(8):518–537

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robles TF, Kane HS (2014) The attachment system and physiology in adulthood: normative processes, individual differences, and implications for health. J Pers 82(6):515–527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez M, Ladd CO, Plotsky PM (2001) Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models. Dev Psychopathol 13(03):419–449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders J, Hawe E, Brull DJ, Hubbart C, Lowe G, Rumley A, Montgomery HE (2009) Higher IL-6 levels but not IL6–174G> C or− 572G> C genotype are associated with post-operative complication following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Atherosclerosis 204(1):196–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU (2000) How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions 1. Endocr Rev 21(1):55–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segerstrom SC, Miller GE (2004) Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull 130(4):601

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segerstrom SC, O’Connor DB (2012) Stress, health and illness: four challenges for the future. Psychol Health 27(2):128–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver PR, Mikulincer M (2007) Adult attachment strategies and the regulation of emotion. In: Gross JJ (ed) Handbook of emotion regulation. Guilford, New York, pp 446–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Smeets T (2010) Autonomic and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal stress resilience: impact of cardiac vagal tone. Biol Psychol 84(2):290–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stassen FR, Vega-Córdova X, Vliegen I, Bruggeman CA (2006) Immune activation following cytomegalovirus infection: more important than direct viral effects in cardiovascular disease? J Clin Virol 35(3):349–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe A (1991) Invited review: the links between stress and illness. J Psychosom Res 35(6):633–644

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe A, Kivimäki M (2012) Stress and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 9(6):360–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe A, Marmot M (2002) The role of psychobiological pathways in socio-economic inequalities in cardiovascular disease risk. Eur Heart J 23(1):13–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steptoe A, Hamer M, Chida Y (2007) The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: a review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 21(7):901–912

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling P, Eyer J (1988) Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In: Fisher S, Reason J, editors. Handbook of life stress, cognition and health. New York, John Wiley & Sons, p. 629–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Stroud LR, Salovey P, Epel ES (2002) Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress. Biol Psychiatry 52(327):318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SE (2010) Mechanisms linking early life stress to adult health outcomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(19):8507–8512

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teicher MH, Andersen SL, Polcari A, Anderson CM, Navalta CP, Kim DM (2003) The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27(1):33–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorp AA, Owen N, Neuhaus M, Dunstan DW (2011) Sedentary behaviors and subsequent health outcomes in adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies, 1996–2011. Am J Prev Med 41(2):207–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitworth JA, Williamson PM, Mangos G, Kelly JJ (2005) Cardiovascular consequences of cortisol excess. Vasc Health Risk Manag 1(4):291

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tara Kidd PhD, MSc, BSc (Hons), Cpsychol .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kidd, T. (2016). The Psychobiology of Attachment and the Aetiology of Disease. In: Hunter, J., Maunder, R. (eds) Improving Patient Treatment with Attachment Theory. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23300-0_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23300-0_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23299-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23300-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics