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Mapping Transition in the Pamirs pp 17–40Cite as

Pamir or Pamirs: Perceptions and Interpretations

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Part of the book series: Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research ((AAHER))

Abstract

For centuries, animal husbandry in Central Asian mountain regions has been characterised by seasonal mobility over considerable distances, bridging remarkable elevation differences and commuting between precolonial states and domains. During Russian colonial rule and the socialist period, pastoral movements across the borders of the newly created colonial administrative units and the Soviet Republics were also not uncommon. In the course of the establishment of independent states in 1991, a break occurred that strongly restricted the trans-boundary mobility practices. Using examples from the Fergana Region, this chapter reconstructs historical demarcation patterns and the underlying interests of those in charge who advocated changes, while also looking at the effects of those changes on the mobility practices of the affected livestock owners. Finally, the paper compares the current and historical border regimes and links them to related socioecological challenges, which can represent serious threats to the fragile integrity of Central Asia’s post-Soviet societies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ivan Ivanovich Zarubin (1935: Archive: Fond 121 Opis 1 Akt 60:fol. 99–100): kixn (längar) ailóq.

  2. 2.

    Alexander Cunningham (1854:47); James Legge (1886:21); see Wilhelm Geiger (1887:5); Bernhard Stern (1893:193); Michail Ivanovich Veniukof (1866:250).

  3. 3.

    Samuel Beal (1884); George Curzon (1896: 28); René Grousset (1986:219); Alexander von Humboldt (1844, II: 402); Nicolas Severtzow (1890:463).

  4. 4.

    My own translation based on the German edition of René Grousset (1986:219–220).

  5. 5.

    René Grousset (1986:220). My own translation based on the German edition.

  6. 6.

    See for the history of exploration Svetlana Gorshenina (2003); Hermann Kreutzmann (2015); Robert Middleton (2010); Alexei Postnikov (1998).

  7. 7.

    William Robertson (1893:19–20). Colonel Dmitriy Ivanov gathered his knowledge from an extensive Russian expedition to the Pamirs in 1883.

  8. 8.

    Curzon (2012:147–148).

  9. 9.

    Ole Olufsen (1911:6–46).

  10. 10.

    Ellsworth Huntington (1907, 1915); Ellsworth Huntington and Sumner Cushing (1924); for a critical assessment see Hermann Kreutzmann (2004).

  11. 11.

    Ellsworth Huntington (1907:107).

  12. 12.

    Waldemar Jochelson (1928:107); Vladimir Minorsky (1936).

  13. 13.

    See Jules Brocherel (1902); Guillaume Capus (1890a, b); Hermann Kreutzmann (2003, 2007, 2012a); Till Mostowlansky (2012); Nazif Shahrani (1979).

  14. 14.

    See Tobias Kraudzun (2011), Till Mostowlansky (2013).

  15. 15.

    See An Sha-Zhou et al. (2011); James Millward (2007); Hermann Kreutzmann (2012b); Zhao Xinchun (2011).

  16. 16.

    See Hermann Kreutzmann (2005, 2012c); Matthias Weinreich (2009).

  17. 17.

    IOL/P&S/12/4609: India Office Library & Records: Departmental Papers: Political & Secret Internal Files & Collections 1931–1947: Memorandum on the proposed motor road from North West India to Sinkiang via Gilgit, Chungking, 8.6.1944: pp. 6–15; Anonymous (1951:81).

  18. 18.

    William Conway (1894:144).

  19. 19.

    IOR/2/1064/45: India Office Records: Crown Representative’s Records - Indian State Residencies: Kashmir Residency Files: Indo-Chinese Turkistan trade. Report by S. H. Godfrey, Political Agent Gilgit, to A. C. Talbot, Resident Kashmir, Gilgit 17.12.1896: quotation from Captain E. T. Medley, commanding the troops at Gilgit.

  20. 20.

    Henry Trotter (1875:278); Thomas Edward Gordon (1876:162), for the history and present-day transformations of pastoralism in Shewa Pamir, see Hermann Kreutzmann and Stefan Schütte (2011); Herbert Franz Schurmann (1962:402, 407).

  21. 21.

    Stephen Wheeler (1889:51). This statement is based on earlier interpretations by Ney Elias (1886:24), Alexander von Humboldt (1844, II:402) and Henry Rawlinson (1872:491).

  22. 22.

    Okimir Agachanjanc (1980:21–23); Yuri Badenkov (1992:270).

  23. 23.

    George Curzon (1896:33–35, 2012:80).

  24. 24.

    George Curzon (1896:33–35, 2012:80); Ralph Cobbold (1900:33).

  25. 25.

    See John Biddulph (1880:26); Reginald Schomberg (1936:38–59); Shipton et al. (1938:328–330); Francis Younghusband (1896:263–264).

  26. 26.

    Hiltrud Herbers (2001); Konstantin Flegontovich Kotov (1960); Hermann Kreutzmann (2013, 2015:384 –396).

  27. 27.

    Hermann Kreutzmann (2003, 2007, 2012b, 2015:456 – 467); Marielle Leseur (2009).

  28. 28.

    See Aga Khan Development Network (2011), Hermann Kreutzmann (2015:445– 449).

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Acknowledgements

Research in the Pamir regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and China was made possible by various generous grants of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Volkswagen Foundation from 1989 to 2014. The human capacity wing of the German Society for International Development (formerly InWEnt, now GIZ) provided valuable insights into effects of development-related activities in the Pamirs during my participation as their academic advisor to the mountain development programme (2006–2012). The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) has funded the competence network ‘Crossroads Asia’ since 2010 which gratefully enabled cross-border perspectives and stimulated further fieldwork and reflections.

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  1. Human Geography, Department of Earth Sciences, Centre for Development Studies (ZELF), Institute of Geographic Sciences, Freie Universität, Malteserstrasse 74-100, D-12249, Berlin, Germany

    Hermann Kreutzmann

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  1. Centre for Development Studies, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Haus K, Berlin, Germany

    Hermann Kreutzmann

  2. Faculty of Environmental Earth Scie, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

    Teiji Watanabe

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Kreutzmann, H. (2016). Pamir or Pamirs: Perceptions and Interpretations. In: Kreutzmann, H., Watanabe, T. (eds) Mapping Transition in the Pamirs. Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23198-3_2

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