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The Rights of the Child in a Changing World pp 37–60Cite as

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Tracing Australia’s Implementation of the Provisions Relating to Family Relations

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Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GSCL,volume 13))

Abstract

This paper examines Australia’s efforts in implementation of provisions in the Convention that relate specifically to family relations and family law matters and the results that have been achieved. It recognises that whilst Australia has achieved some milestones in implementing the Convention in this area of law and policy, a more consistent, harmonised and sustained effort towards its full implementation is needed consistent with Australia’s standing as one of the most developed countries in the world.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    UNICEF at <http://www.unicef.org/crc>.

  2. 2.

    Preamble.

  3. 3.

    See https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en.

  4. 4.

    UN News Centre, ‘UN issues call on Member States to ratify convention on rights of the child’ at http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45894&Cr=children&Cr1=rights#.UlgxaLyKyuQ, 43.

  5. 5.

    Status of Ratification, Reservations and Declarations, Convention on the Rights of the Child (as at 13-1-2013) at http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en.

  6. 6.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [10].

  7. 7.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [9].

  8. 8.

    Ibid.

  9. 9.

    CRC/C/AUS/4 (14 June 2011), [6].

  10. 10.

    Preamble.

  11. 11.

    Preamble.

  12. 12.

    Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth) s93(1).

  13. 13.

    Liquor Act 2007 (NSW) s 117(1), Liquor Licensing Act 1997 (SA) s110, Liquor Control Reform Act 1998 (Vic) s119, Liquor Control Act 1988 (WA) s121, Liquor Act 1992 (Qld) s155A, Liquor Act 2010 (ACT) s112, Liquor Licensing Act 1990 (Tas) s70.

  14. 14.

    Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 (NSW) s22, Tobacco Act 1987 (Vic) s12, Tobacco and Other Smoking Products Act 1998 (Qld) s10, Tobacco Products Regulation Act 1997 (SA) s38A, Public Health Act 1997 (Tas) s64, Tobacco Control Act 2006 (WA) s6, Tobacco Act 1927 (ACT) s14.

  15. 15.

    Pursuant to Section 8, the objects of the Act are to provide:

    1. (a)

      That children and young persons receive such care and protection as is necessary for their safety, welfare and well-being, having regard to the capacity of their parents or other persons responsible for them

    2. (b)

      That all institutions, services and facilities responsible for the care and protection of children and young persons provide an environment for them that is free of violence and exploitation and provide services that foster their health, developmental needs, spirituality, self-respect and dignity

    3. (c)

      That appropriate assistance is rendered to parents and other persons responsible for children and young persons in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities in order to promote a safe and nurturing environment

  16. 16.

    Chapter 13 of the Act deals with Children’s Employment, and s221 defines a child variously as under the age of 15 or 16 for different purposes.

  17. 17.

    Section 3 Definitions.

  18. 18.

    Crimes Act 1900 (ACT) s55 (16 years), Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s66C (16 years), Act 1983 (NT) s127 (16 years), Criminal Code Act 1899 (s208 and s215) (the age of consent for anal sex is 18 years and for all other sexual acts is 16 years), Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA) s49 (17 years), Criminal Code Act 1924 (Tas) (s124) (17 years), Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) s45 (16 years), Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913 (WA) s321 (16 years).

  19. 19.

    This is a rebuttable presumption for children aged 10 to under 14 in all jurisdictions: Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) s4N 2002 (ACT) s26, Criminal Code (NT) s38(2), Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld) s29(2), Criminal Code Act 1924 (Tas) s18(2), Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913 (WA) s29 and Common law doli incapax (NSW, Victoria and SA).

  20. 20.

    Schedule 4.

  21. 21.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [82–83].

  22. 22.

    Section 3 Definitions. See also Subdivision E of Division 6 of Part VII.

  23. 23.

    Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (VIC) s387; s397.

  24. 24.

    Government of South Australia, ‘Youth Health Service’, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, available at http://cyh.com/SubContent.aspx?p=223.

  25. 25.

    United Nations, ‘Definition of Youth’, United Nations Youth Fact Sheet available at http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/fact-sheets/youth-definition.pdf.

  26. 26.

    Australian, State, Territory and Local Government Initiative, ‘National Youth Week’ available at http://youthweek.com.

  27. 27.

    Department of Human Services, ‘Youth Allowance Eligibility’ available at http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/youth-allowance.

  28. 28.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [11].

  29. 29.

    The Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006.

  30. 30.

    The Human Rights Act 2004.

  31. 31.

    Section 11 in providing examples of distinction or discrimination refers to ‘race, colour, sex, sexual orientation, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, disability or other status’.

  32. 32.

    Kelly Richards, ‘Trends in Juvenile Detention in Australia’ (2011) Australian Institute of Criminology: Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 416, 5.

  33. 33.

    Youth Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2014 (Qld).

  34. 34.

    At a federal level, see Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986, Age Discrimination Act 2004, Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and Sex Discrimination Act 1984. State and territory anti-discrimination laws: Australian Capital Territory Discrimination Act 1991 (ACT), New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW), Northern Territory Anti-Discrimination Act 1996 (NT), Queensland Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (QLD), South Australia Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (SA), Tasmania Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 (TAS), Victoria Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (VIC) and Western Australia Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (WA).

  35. 35.

    See also, for example, Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth) s 14–15.

  36. 36.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [11].

  37. 37.

    Child Rights Taskforce. ‘Listen to Children’. Child Rights NGO Report Australia (May 2011) available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/crcs60.htm, 4. See also, generally, Harris, M. and Gartland, G. ‘Children of the Intervention: Aboriginal Children Living in the Northern Territory’. A Submission to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (June 2011) available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/crcs60.htm; National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Services. Shadow Report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child Regarding the Review of Australia (July 2011) available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/crcs60.htm.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Ibid.

  40. 40.

    See, for example, generally, International Disability Alliance, IDA Recommendations for Concluding Observations, CRC 60th Session available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/crcs60.htm.

  41. 41.

    Child Rights Taskforce. ‘Listen to Children’. Child Rights NGO Report Australia (May 2011) available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/crcs60.htm, 4–6.

  42. 42.

    See at http://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/childrens-rights/about-childrens-rights.

  43. 43.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [17–18].

  44. 44.

    National Children’s Commissioner, Children’s Rights Report 2013 (November 2013) Australia Human Rights Commission 36.

  45. 45.

    Children and Young People Act 2008 (ACT), Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 (NSW), Care and Protection Children Act 2007 (NT), Child Protection Act 1999 (Qld), Children’s Protection Act 1993 (SA), Children, Young Persons and their Families Act 1997 (Tas), Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (Vic), Children and Community Services Act 2004 (WA).

  46. 46.

    Holzer, P. and Lamont, A. (2009). ‘Australian Child Protection Legislation’. Resource Sheet No. 14 (AIFS) available at: http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/sheets/rs14/rs14.html.

  47. 47.

    Child Rights Taskforce. ‘Listen to Children’. Child Rights NGO Report Australia (May 2011) available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/crcs60.htm, 6.

  48. 48.

    Paragraph (2A).

  49. 49.

    Paragraph (3).

  50. 50.

    Paragraph (3)(a).

  51. 51.

    Paragraph (3)(b).

  52. 52.

    Paragraph (3)(f).

  53. 53.

    Paragraph (ca).

  54. 54.

    Paragraph (d).

  55. 55.

    Paragraph (i).

  56. 56.

    Cited in CRC/C/AUS/4 (4 June 2011), [70].

  57. 57.

    Cattanach v Melchior (2003) 215 CLR 1, 31-2, 39, 57, 107.

  58. 58.

    Ibid. 56, 92, 93, 124, 127-8, 139.

  59. 59.

    Ibid. 75, 144.

  60. 60.

    Secretary, Department of Health and Community Services v J.W.B and S.M.B (1992) 175 CLR 218, 232, 253, 265-9, 309-10.

  61. 61.

    Ibid. 259.

  62. 62.

    Ibid. 260.

  63. 63.

    Ibid. 250.

  64. 64.

    Ibid. 260.

  65. 65.

    Ibid. 270-1.

  66. 66.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [31].

  67. 67.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [31]. See also Child Rights Taskforce. ‘Listen to Children’. Child Rights NGO Report Australia (May 2011) available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/crcs60.htm, 6.

  68. 68.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [32].

  69. 69.

    Children, Youth & Families Act 2005 (Vic) s11; Children and Young People Act 2008 (ACT) s352; Child Protection Act 1999 (Qld) s5E; Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 (NSW) s10; Care and Protection Children Act 2007 (NT) s11; Children’s Protection Act 1993 (SA) s4; Children, Young Persons and their Families Act 1997 (Tas) s56; Children and Community Services Act 2004 (WA) s10.

  70. 70.

    Section 60CD(2)(a) pursuant to subsection 62G(2).

  71. 71.

    Section 60CD(2)(b).

  72. 72.

    Section 60CD(2)(c).

  73. 73.

    Section 60CE.

  74. 74.

    Paragraph 60CC(3)(a).

  75. 75.

    Child Rights Taskforce. ‘Listen to Children’. Child Rights NGO Report Australia (May 2011) available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/crcs60.htm, 8

  76. 76.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [33].

  77. 77.

    Family Law Act (Cth) s69R.

  78. 78.

    See, generally, Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, Monash University. Shadow Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Regarding Australia’s Compliance with Article 7 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (22 June 2011) available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/crcs60.htm.

  79. 79.

    Ibid.

  80. 80.

    Ibid.

  81. 81.

    Family Law Act (Cth) s69P.

  82. 82.

    Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) s69Q. Additionally parentage may be presumed by a court’s finding of such (s69S) or execution of an instrument acknowledging paternity (s69T).

  83. 83.

    See Status of Children Act (NT), Status of Children Act 1996 (NSW), Status of Children Act 1974 (Vic), Parentage Act 2004 (ACT), Status of Children Act 1978 (Qld), Family Relationships Act 1975 (SA), Status of Children Act 1974 (Tas) and Family Court Act 1997 (WA). Some jurisdictions also have specific provisions that deal with presumptions of parentage in the context of intestacy.

  84. 84.

    Status of Children Act 1978 (Qld) ss14-17, Status of Children Act 1974 (Tas) Part III, Status of Children Act 1974 (Vic) Parts II, Family Law Relationships Act 1975 (SA) Part 2A, Status of Children Act 1996 (NSW) s14, Status of Children Act (NT) Part IIIA, Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) s60H.

  85. 85.

    Status of Children Act 1978 (Qld) s 10, Status of Children Act 1974 (Tas) s10, Status of Children Act 1974 (Vic) s10, Family Law Relationships Act 1975 (SA) s9, Status of Children Act 1996 (NSW) Division 3.

  86. 86.

    Assisted reproductive technology is the application of laboratory or clinical technology to gametes (human egg or sperm) and/or embryos for the purposes of reproduction: NHMRC at http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/australian-health-ethics-committee-ahec/assisted-reproductive-technology-art/assisted.

  87. 87.

    Assisted Reproductive Treatment Act 2008 (Vic), Assisted Reproductive Technology Act 2007 (NSW) (the NSW legislation is currently under review), Assisted Reproductive Treatment Act 1988 (SA), Western Australian Human Reproductive Technology Act 1991(WA).

  88. 88.

    Reproductive Technology (Code of Ethical Clinical Practice) Regulations 1995 (SA) cl 31(2).

  89. 89.

    Assisted Reproductive Treatment Act 2008 (Vic) s59.

  90. 90.

    Assisted Reproductive Technology Act 2007 (NSW) s37.

  91. 91.

    Western Australian Human Reproductive Technology Act 1991(WA) s49(2d).

  92. 92.

    Western Australian Human Reproductive Technology Act 1991(WA) s49(2d).

  93. 93.

    NHMRC, ‘Ethical Guidelines on the use of assisted reproductive technology in clinical practice and research’ (2007) (ART Guidelines) available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/e78.pdf.

  94. 94.

    NHMRC, ‘Ethical Guidelines on the use of assisted reproductive technology in clinical practice and research’ (2007) (ART Guidelines), paragraph 6.1.

  95. 95.

    NHMRC, ‘Ethical Guidelines on the use of assisted reproductive technology in clinical practice and research’ (2007) (ART Guidelines) paragraph 6.1.

  96. 96.

    Schneller, E.A. ‘The rights of donor inseminated children to know their genetic origins in Australia’. (2005) 19 Australian Journal of Family Law 222 (accessed via LexisNexis).

  97. 97.

    NHMRC, ‘Ethical Guidelines on the use of assisted reproductive technology in clinical practice and research’ (2007) (ART Guidelines), paragraph 6.11.

  98. 98.

    Adoption Act 1988 (Tas) Section 82, Adoption of Children Act (NT) Section 64, Adoption Act 1988 (SA) Section 27, Adoption Act 1984 (Vic) Section 93, Adoption Act 2009 (Qld) Part 11, Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) Section 133C, Adoption Act 1993 (ACT) Part 5.

  99. 99.

    Adoption Act 1988 (Tas) Section 81, Adoption of Children Act (ACT) Section 64 (children under 16), Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) s 133C, Adoption Act 2009 (Qld) Section 256, Adoption Act 1984 (Vic) Section 94, Adoption Act 1993 (ACT) Section 68.

  100. 100.

    Adoption Act 1988 (SA) Section 27A.

  101. 101.

    Adoptions Act 1994 (WA) Part 4.

  102. 102.

    Richard Chisholm, ‘Information Rights and Donor Conception: Lessons from Adoption?’ (2012) 19 Journal of Law and Medicine 722 and Brooke Skinner-Drawz et al., ‘The Role of Adoption Communicative Openness in Information Seeking Among Adoptees From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood’ (2011) 11 Journal of Family Communication 181.

  103. 103.

    Adoption Act 2000 (NSW), Adoption Act 1993 (ACT), Adoption Act 2009 (Qld), Adoption Act 1988 (Tas), Adoption of Children Act (NT), Adoption Act 1988 (SA), Adoption Act 1994 (WA), Adoption Act 1984 (Vic).

  104. 104.

    Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) s8(1)(a), Adoption Act 1993 (ACT) s4(a) and 5, Adoption Act 2009 (Qld) s6(1), Adoption of Children Act (NT) s8, Adoption Act 1988 (Tas) s8, Adoption Act 1988 (SA) s7, Adoption Act 1994 (WA) s3, Adoption Act 1984 (Vic) s9.

  105. 105.

    Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) s8(1)(a), Adoption Act 2009 (Qld) s6(1) and 9.

  106. 106.

    Adoption Act 1993 (ACT) s4(e) and 35B. See also Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) ss8 and 9, Adoption of Children Act (NT) Section 10(1), Adoption Act 2009 (Qld) Section 44 and 179, Adoption Act 1984 (Vic) Section 14, Adoption Act 1988 (Tas) Section 23, Adoption Act 1988 (SA) Section 8A and Adoption Act 1994 (WA) Section 134.

  107. 107.

    Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) Section 55(1), Adoption of Children Act (NT) Section 10(2), Adoption Act 1988 (SA) Section 16 and Adoption Act 1994 (WA) Section 17. Consent of the child is not required in the ACT: Adoption Act 1993 (ACT) Section 28 nor does the Qld, Tas and Vic legislation make mention of the need for the child’s consent.

  108. 108.

    Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) Section 55(1)(c) and (2), Adoption of Children Act (NT) Section 10(2), Adoption Act 1988 (SA) Section 18 and Adoption Act 1994 (WA) Section 24.

  109. 109.

    Adoption Act 1993 (ACT) Part 4A; Adoption of Children Act (NT) Section 10(2)(b); Adoption Act 1988 (Tas) Part II, Division 5; Adoption Act 1994 (WA) Part 3, Division II; Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) Chapter 5, Part 2; Adoption Act 2009 (Qld) Part 9. Division 3; Adoption Act 1984 (Vic) Part IVA; Adoption Act 1988 (SA) Division 3.

  110. 110.

    See generally http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/36adopting.htm.

  111. 111.

    See generally http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/36adopting.htm.

  112. 112.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (28 August 2012), [53–54].

  113. 113.

    Rossiter, G. ‘Religious education in government schools in Australia’ available at: http://203.10.46.30/ren/reflag/iarfchap.html.

  114. 114.

    See, for example, Education (General Provisions) Act 2006 (Qld) Section 76(1), (5) and (6).

  115. 115.

    CRC/C/AUS/4 at 18.

  116. 116.

    Ibid.

  117. 117.

    Education Act 1990 (NSW) s35 and s47(h), Education Amendment Act 1999 (Tas) s82A, Education and Training Reform Act 2006 (Vic) s2.6.60 and s4.3.1(6)(a) and School Education Regulations 2000 (WA) (only applies to government schools).

  118. 118.

    For example, in the ACT the purpose of the Education (Amendment) Act 2004 was to ban punishment in ‘all schools’. Although the Act does not explicitly state that it relates to both government and nongovernment schools, the interpretation is that it applies to both school systems: Holzer, P. and Lamont, A. (2010). ‘Corporal Punishment: Key Issues’. NCPC Resource Sheet (AIFS) available at http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/sheets/rs19/rs19.html. See also Education General Provisions Regulation Act 2006 (Qld) and Education (Amendment) Act 1991 (SA).

  119. 119.

    Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Schools Australia 2013’ ABS 4221.0, available at http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4221.0main+features42013.

  120. 120.

    Holzer, P. and Lamont, A. (2010). ‘Corporal Punishment: Key Issues’. NCPC Resource Sheet (AIFS) available at: http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/sheets/rs19/rs19.html.

  121. 121.

    See, e.g. Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s61AA, Criminal Code Act (NT) s 27, Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld) s280, Criminal Code Act 1924 (Tas) s50 and Criminal Code Act 1913 (WA) s 257.

  122. 122.

    For example, the ACT, SA and Vic.

  123. 123.

    CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 at 10. See also Bernadette Saunders and Chris Goddard, ‘Some Australian Children’s Perceptions of Physical Punishment in Childhood’ (2008) 22 Children & Society 405 and Seunghee Han, ‘Corporal Punishment and Student Outcomes in Rural Schools’ (2014) 13 Educational Research for Police and Practice 221.

  124. 124.

    Section 61B.

  125. 125.

    Section 61C.

  126. 126.

    Section 61D.

  127. 127.

    Section 61D(1).

  128. 128.

    Section 61DA(1).

  129. 129.

    Section 61DA(2).

  130. 130.

    Section 61DA(4).

  131. 131.

    High Court of Australia in Secretary, Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB (Marion’s case) (1992) 175 CLR 218 approving Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112.

  132. 132.

    Section 12(b)(i).

  133. 133.

    Section 12(b)(ii).

  134. 134.

    Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1997 (ACT); Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1995 (NSW); Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 2003 (Qld); Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act (NT); Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1996 (SA); Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1999 (Tas); Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1996 (Vic); Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1998 (WA).

  135. 135.

    See generally http://www.bdm.vic.gov.au/home/change+of+name/change+your+childs+name/, http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/bdm_con.html, http://www.qld.gov.au/law/births-deaths-marriages-and-divorces/changing-your-name/changing-your-childs-name/, http://www.justice.tas.gov.au/bdm/changeofname/howtoregister, http://www.cbs.sa.gov.au/assets/files/change_name_child.pdf, http://www.nt.gov.au/justice/bdm/births_deaths_marriages/other/reg_name.shtml, http://www.ors.act.gov.au/community/births_deaths_and_marriages#I%20want%20to%20change%20my%20child%27s%20name and http://www.bdm.dotag.wa.gov.au/H/how_to_register_a_child_s_change_of_name.aspx?uid=4090-9458-2925-3474.

  136. 136.

    Industrial relations (Child Employment) Act 2006 (NSW), Children and Young Persons (Care and protection) Act 1998 (NSW), Child Employment Act 2003 (Vic), Child Employment Act 2006 (Qld), Children and Community Services Act 2004 (WA), Children and Young People Act (ACT).

  137. 137.

    See generally http://www.workplaceinfo.com.au/resources/employment-topics-a-z/child-employment-laws.

  138. 138.

    Ibid.

  139. 139.

    Children and Young People Regulation 2009 (ACT): cited at http://www.workplaceinfo.com.au/resources/employment-topics-a-z/child-employment-laws.

  140. 140.

    See generally http://www.workplaceinfo.com.au/resources/employment-topics-a-z/child-employment-laws.

  141. 141.

    See generally F Russo, ‘Caring for Aging Parents: Should there be a Law? Time (Health & Family), 22 July 2013 available at http://healthland.time.com/2013/07/22/caring-for-aging-parents-should-there-be-a-law/.

  142. 142.

    Hayes, A., Qu, L., Weston, R. and Baxter, J. (2011) ‘Families in Australia 2011: Sticking together in good and tough times’ (AIFS, Report for National Families Week, March 2011) available at ww.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/factssheets/2011/fw2011/fw2011a.html..

  143. 143.

    Ibid.

  144. 144.

    Ibid.

  145. 145.

    Kurrie, S. and Naughtin, G (2008). ‘An Overview of Elder Abuse and Neglect in Australia’. 20 Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect 108 and James, M. (1994) ‘Abuse and Neglect of Older People’. 37 Family Matters 94.

  146. 146.

    Australian Institute of Family Studies, ‘Families in Australia 2011: Sticking Together in Good and Tough Times’, Report of National Families Week 2011, available at http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/factssheets/2011/fw2011/fw2011d.html.

  147. 147.

    Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth, Report Card: The Wellbeing of Young Australians (2013) available at: http://www.aracy.org.au/documents/item/126.

  148. 148.

    CRC/C/AUS/C0/4.

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  1. Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney, Law School Building F10, Eastern Avenue, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Rita Shackel

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  1. Faculty of European Legal and Political Studies – Novi Sad, University Educons – Sremska Kamenica, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Olga Cvejić Jančić

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Shackel, R. (2016). The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Tracing Australia’s Implementation of the Provisions Relating to Family Relations. In: Cvejić Jančić, O. (eds) The Rights of the Child in a Changing World. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 13. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23189-1_2

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