Abstract
It has commonly been suggested that the Hukou system has created a particular form of social origin amongst Chinese citizens, namely Hukou status, which is the key ground for over 200 million rural migrant workers to be treated discriminatorily. It also creates a challenge for China to deliver her signatory promise under ILO Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention No. 111, which explicitly prohibits discrimination on the ground of “social origin”. This chapter discusses the nature of so-called Hukou discrimination against rural migrant workers and the role of labour legal instruments, including Convention No. 111, in combating such inequality. The chapter concludes that mainstream scholarship to date has overstated the role of rural/urban Hukou registration, while, at the same time, it has, relatively speaking, under-emphasized the growing significance of registered residency in contributing to labour inequality. Therefore, Convention No. 111 remains valid and significant in guiding China to eradicate Hukou inequality for rural migrant workers.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
The core Conventions ratified by China are: the Equal Remuneration Convention No. 100 (ratified on 2 November 1990); the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention No. 111 (ratified on 12 January 2006); the Minimum Age Convention No. 138 (ratified on 28 April 1999); and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention No. 182 (ratified on 8 August 2002).
- 2.
[Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng fǎ), 1994.
- 3.
[Regulations on Household Registration] 中华人民共和国户口登记条例 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó hù kǒu dēng jì tiáo lì), 1958.
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
Windrow and Guha 2005, at p. 3.
- 6.
[Regulation on Household Registration] 中华人民共和国户口登记条例 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó hù kǒu dēng jì tiáo lì), 1958, Article 7.
- 7.
Ibid., Article 20.
- 8.
The cover of the Hukoubu is plastic or laminated, of reddish brown colour, together with the national emblem printed in gold. The inside pages are not numbered, and contain full information on all household members, such as date of birth, birthplace and gender.
- 9.
The details of those conditions and terms are as follows: first, the Hukoubu is an identification document which indicates the citizen’s identity and the relationship between family members. It is used and managed by PSBs for household inquiries. The householder or members of the household have to present this certificate to police for investigation and verification whenever needed. Second, the householder has to keep the Hukoubu in proper condition and not to alter, transfer or lend the register privately and must report immediately to the PSB when the household register is lost or damaged. Third, the Hukoubu is the property of the issuing authority. Fourth, the householder has to report to the police station on any change in registered items. Fifth, if the whole household moves out of the registered region, it should apply for cancellation of household registration.
- 10.
See [Regulation on Household Registration] 中华人民共和国户口登记条例 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó hù kǒu dēng jì tiáo lì), 1958, Articles 3 and 10.
- 11.
[Agricultural to Non-agricultural] 农转非 (nóng zhuǎn fēi) refers to the process for those who hold agricultural Hukou status to transfer to non-agricultural Hukou registration.
- 12.
Chan and Zhang 1999, at p. 821.
- 13.
The People’s Commune was a formal administrative body which organised farmers collectively during the period 1958–1985.
- 14.
[Regulation on Household Registration] 中华人民共和国户口登记条例 (zhōng huá rén mín gong hé guó hù kǒu dēng jì tiáo lì), 1958, Article 4.
- 15.
[Luo] 罗平汉 2000, at p. 39.
- 16.
The state used administrative controls to intervene directly in the economy by owning the means of production, planning all production and distribution arrangements by setting prices as well as employment quotas and wages.
- 17.
Wang 2005, at p. 78.
- 18.
[Gao] 高涛 2013, at p. 22.
- 19.
ILO website, Q&As on business, discrimination and equality, 2012.
- 20.
Lin et al. 1996.
- 21.
White 1993, at p. 100.
- 22.
See Solinger 1999.
- 23.
[Circular on Accelerating the Reform of the Grain Circulation System] 国务院关于加快粮食流通体制改革的通知 (guó wù yuàn guān yú jiā kuài liáng shí liú tōng tǐ zhì gǎi gé de tōng zhī), 1993.
- 24.
Tan 2005, at p. 7.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
[Gao] 高涛 2013, at pp. 20–22.
- 27.
[Circular on Prevention of Applying Unfair Methods to Recruit or Transfer Workers] 国务院关于严禁在招收、调配职工工作中搞不正之风的通知 (guó wù yuàn guān yú yán jìn zài zhāo shōu, diào pèi zhí gōng gōng zuò zhōng gǎo bù zhèng zhī fēng de tōng zhī), 1993.
- 28.
[Interim Provisions on Recruitment for State-Run Enterprises] 国营企业招用工人暂行规定 (guó yíng qǐ yè zhāo yòng gōng rén zàn xíng guī dìng), 1986.
- 29.
See Chan 1995.
- 30.
Potter 2001, at p. 104.
- 31.
[Interim Provisions on Implementing the Employment Contract System in State-run Enterprises] 国营企业实行劳动合同制暂行规定 (guó yíng qǐ yè shí xíng láo dòng hé tóng zhì zàn xíng guī dìng), 1986.
- 32.
For example, both the [Changchun Measure of FIEs Labour] 长春外商投资企业劳动管理办法 (cháng chūn wài shāng tóu zī qǐ yè láo dòng guǎn lǐ bàn fǎ), 1993 and the [Tianjin Measure of FIEs Labour Management] 天津外商投资企业劳动管理办法 (tiān jīn wài shāng tóu zī qǐ yè láo dòng guǎn lǐ bàn fǎ), 1994 allowed their local FIEs to recruit workers cross-regionally without approval in advance.
- 33.
See Goodall and Warner 1997.
- 34.
Cook and Maurer-Fazio 1999, at p. 87.
- 35.
See Meng and Zhang 2001. Sampling area: Shanghai; Sample size: Shanghai floating Population survey: 6,609 observations; Shanghai Residents and Floating Population Survey: 3,000 observations; Ibid., at p. 488.
- 36.
[Opinion on Considering the Protection on Labour Insurance and Welfare of Workers in the Process of Economic Reform] 关于在经济改革中要注意保障企业职工的劳动保险、福利待遇的意见 (guān yú zài jīng jì gǎi gé zhōng yào zhù yì bǎo zhàng qǐ yè zhí gōng de láo dòng bǎo xiǎn, fú lì dài yù de yì jiàn), 1983. [Labour Insurance Regulations of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动保险条例 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng bǎo xiǎn tiáo lì), 1951.
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
[Opinion on Considering the Protection on Labour Insurance and Welfare of Workers in the Process of Economic Reform] 关于在经济改革中要注意保障企业职工的劳动保险、福利待遇的意见 (guān yú zài jīng jì gǎi gé zhōng yào zhù yì bǎo zhàng qǐ yè zhí gōng de láo dòng bǎo xiǎn, fú lì dài yù de yì jiàn), 1983, Article 6.
- 39.
[Circular on Enforcing the Adjustment of Job Vacancies] 劳动部关于加强职工余缺调剂工作的通知 (láo dòng bù guān yú jiā qiáng zhí gōng yú quē tiáo jì gōng zuò de tōng zhī), 1990.
- 40.
The Ministry of Labour stressed the principle of equality and transparency at any stage of recruitment for all kinds of “employer unit”. See [Circular on Illegal Charges for Recruiting Workers] 关于严禁用人单位录用职工非法收费的通知 (guān yú yán jìn yòng rén dān wèi lù yòng zhí gōng fēi fǎ shōu fèi de tōng zhī), 1995.
- 41.
[Labour Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动合同法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng hé tóng fǎ), 2007.
- 42.
Ibid., Article 7.
- 43.
Ibid., Articles 30–32.
- 44.
[Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng zhēng yì tiáo jiě zhòng cái fǎ), 2007.
- 45.
Ibid., Article 1.
- 46.
Ibid., Articles 47 and 53.
- 47.
[Employment Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国就业促进法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó jiù yè cù jìn fǎ), 2007.
- 48.
[Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国社会保险法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó shè huì bǎo xiǎn fǎ), 2010.
- 49.
See Article 2 of the [Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国社会保险法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó shè huì bǎo xiǎn fǎ), 2010. The five types of social insurance scheme addressed by the Social Insurance Law are basic pension, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance.
- 50.
[Interim Provisions for Managing Trans-Provincial Employment of Rural Workers] 农村劳动力跨省流动就业管理暂行规定 (nóng cūn láo dòng lì kuà shěng liú dòng jiù yè guǎn lǐ zàn xíng guī dìng), 1994.
- 51.
[Administrative License Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国行政许可法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó xíng zhèng xǔ kě fǎ), 2003.
- 52.
The purpose of “profession reservation provisions” issued by local authorities does not fit into any category of eligible situation for administrative permission listed in Article 12 of the [Administrative License Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国行政许可法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó xíng zhèng xǔ kě fǎ), 2003. Moreover, Article 13 stipulates that administrative permission shall not be set when matters can be solved through the market. In the case of labour mobility, the rule of the labour market is to override restrictions.
- 53.
For further details, see Chinese Central Government website, 2006.
- 54.
See Chan 2004.
- 55.
[Circular on Conducting the Spring-Breeze Movement to Perfect Employment Service for Rural Migrant Workers] 关于开展春风行动完善农民工就业服务的通知 (guān yú kāi zhǎn chūn fēng xíng dòng wán shàn nóng mín gōng jiù yè fú wù de tōng zhī), 2004.
- 56.
[Circular on Further Regulating Employment Skills Training for Rural Migrant Workers] 进一步规范农民工培训工作的通知 (jìn yī bù guī fàn nóng mín gōng péi xùn gōng zuò de tōng zhī), 2009.
- 57.
ILO website, Q&As on business, discrimination and equality, 2012.
- 58.
[Luo] 罗干 1995.
- 59.
[Regulations on Unemployment Insurance] 失业保险条例 (shī yè bǎo xiǎn tiáo lì), 1999.
- 60.
According to the [Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国社会保险法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó shè huì bǎo xiǎn fǎ), 2010, the central agency responsible for social insurance is the Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security, and local agencies are the local labour bureaus.
- 61.
See [Explanation on Various Provisions of Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China] 关于《劳动法》若干条文的说明 (guān yú láo dòng fǎ ruò gān tiáo wén de shuō míng), 1994.
- 62.
Rota-based agricultural workers were recruited into the mining and construction industries during the 1980s. The idea was to boost the labour force for those industrial sectors which involve heavy physical activity. Due to the nature of this work, the workforce has to be physically strong, and renewed regularly for health protection purposes. Over the 1980s, the urban workforce was still fixed by the planned economy for life, which did not match the demand from these sectors. The State Council issued three directives to allow the mining, construction and transportation industry to recruit fixed-term farmers to fill their vacancies from 1984. The workers recruited under this scheme were called rota-based workers, which had to be replaced on a regular basis to “protect their health”. The maximum term is 8 years.
- 63.
Actually the inquiry raised from local People’s Courts to the No. 1 Civil Tribunal of the Supreme Court was whether the [Trial Measure on Work-related Injury Insurance] 工伤保险暂行办法 (gōng shāng bǎo xiǎn zàn xíng bàn fǎ) applies to rota-based agricultural workers. The core issue, therefore, is whether rota-based agricultural workers are qualified as “workers”, insofar as they are defined by the Labour Law, regardless of their Hukou registration status.
- 64.
The direction of inquiry seems to be the wrong way around. According to the [Law on Legislation of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国立法法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó lì fǎ fǎ), 2000, the Supreme Court holds the power of judicial interpretation. It is perfectly enabled to resolve confusion under its own jurisdiction. The rota-based agricultural worker scheme was created by a State Council directive. Hence, the State Council or NPC Standing Committee which enacted the Labour Law should be the ideal candidate to seek authoritative advice or clarification. The MoLSS can provide a ministerial opinion but carries much less weight than the Supreme Court, the State Council and the NPC.
- 65.
The MoLSS articulated that, when an employment relationship is formed with agricultural workers (including rota-based agricultural workers), the Labour Law applies. The employment relationship-based approach is confirmed by the Labour Law, and wards off speculation arising from the worker’s social status.
- 66.
See Zhao and Li 2006.
- 67.
According to one report, 13 provinces and municipalities have already cancelled the category of agricultural (rural)/ non-agricultural (urban) Hukou status since 2008. Cited from Sina news 2008.
- 68.
- 69.
Ibid., Chapter 2, Article 4.
References
Literature
Chan, Anita. 1995. The emerging patterns of industrial relations in China and the rise of two new labour movements. China Information 9(4): 36–59.
Chan, Anita. 2004. A new China? Some hope for optimism for Chinese labor. New Labor Forum 13(3): 16–75.
Chan, Kam Wing, and Li Zhang. 1999. The Hukou system and rural-urban migration in China: Processes and changes. The China Quarterly 160: 818–855.
Cook, Sarah, and Margaret Maurer-Fazio. 1999. Introduction. In The workers’ state meets the market, ed. Sarah Cook and Margaret Maurer-Fazio, 1–15. London: Frank Cass.
[Gao, Tao] 高涛. 2013. [Agriculture to non-agriculture] 农转非 (nóng zhuǎn fēi). [Archives World] 档案天地 10: 20–22.
Goodall, Keith, and Malcolm Warner. 1997. Human resources in Sino-Foreign joint ventures: Selected case studies in Shanghai, compared with Beijing. International Journal of Human Resource Management 8(5): 569–594.
Lin, Justin Yifu, Li Zhou, and Cai Fang. 1996. The China miracle: Development strategy and economic reform. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
[Luo, Pinghan] 罗平汉. 2000. [Analysis of supply mechanism in people’s commune] 人民剬社供给制探析 (rén mín gōng shè gōng jǐ zhì tàn xī). [Contemporary China History Study] 当代中国史研究 (dāng dài zhōng guó shǐ yán jiū) 7(3): 38–46.
Meng, Xin, and Junsen Zhang. 2001. The two-tier labor market in urban China: Occupational segregation and wage differentials between urban residents and rural migrants in Shanghai. Journal of Comparative Economics 29(3): 485–540.
Potter, Pitman B. 2001. The Chinese legal system: Globalization and local legal culture. London/New York: Routledge.
Solinger, Dorothy. 1999. Contesting citizenship in urban China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tan Shen. 2005. Rural workforce migration: A summary of some studies. Available at: http://e-sociology.cass.cn/pub/english/PAPERS/P020050202558916718281.pdf. Last accessed 19 June 2015.
Wang, Fei-Ling. 2005. Organizing through division and exclusion: China’s Hukou system. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
White, Gordon. 1993. Riding the tiger: The politics of economic reform in post-Mao China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Windrow, Hayden, and Anik Guha. 2005. The hukou system, migrant workers, & state power in the People’s Republic of China. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 3(1): 1–18.
Zhao, Litao, and Jianying Li. 2006. China transforming its hukou system: Path dependence and local interests. EAI working paper No. 128. Singapore: East Asian Institute.
Documents and Official Publications
ILO Documents
Convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation, adopted 25 June 1958, ILO C111. Entry into force 15 June 1960. (Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention).
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, adopted 26 June 1973, ILO C138. Entry into force 19 June 1976. (Minimum Age Convention).
Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, adopted 17 June 1999, ILO C182. Entry into force 19 November 2000. (Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention).
Equal Remuneration Convention, adopted 29 June 1951, ILO C100. Entry into force 23 May 1953.
Other ILO Documentation
ILO website on Q&As on Business, Discrimination and Equality. International Labour Organization, Available at: http://www.ilo.org/empent/areas/business-helpdesk/WCMS_DOC_ENT_HLP_BDE_FAQ_EN/lang--en/index.htm#Q2. Last accessed 19 June 2015.
Chinese Regulation
Laws by the National People’s Congress
[Law on Legislation of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国立法法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó lì fǎ fǎ), National People’s Congress, adopted 15 March 2000, effective 1 July 2000.
Laws by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress
[Administrative License Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国行政许可法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó xíng zhèng xǔ kě fǎ), Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, adopted 27 August 2003, effective 1 July 2004.
[Employment Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国就业促进法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó jiù yè cù jìn fǎ), Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, adopted 30 August 2007, effective 1 January 2008. Revised and effective 24 April 2015.
[Labour Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动合同法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng hé tóng fǎ), Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, adopted 29 June 2007, effective 1 January 2008. Revised 28 December 2012, effective 1 July 2013.
[Labour Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng zhēng yì tiáo jiě zhòng cái fǎ), Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, adopted 29 December 2007, effective 1 May 2008.
[Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng fǎ), Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, adopted 5 July 1994, effective 1 January 1995.
[Regulations on Household Registration] 中华人民共和国户口登记条例 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó hù kǒu dēng jì tiáo lì), Standing Committee of the First National People’s Congress, adopted and effective 9 January 1958.
[Social Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国社会保险法 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó shè huì bǎo xiǎn fǎ), Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, adopted 28 October 2010, effective 1 July 2011.
Regulations by the State Council
[Circular on Accelerating the Reform of the Grain Circulation System] 国务院关于加快粮食流通体制改革的通知 (guó wù yuàn guān yú jiā kuài liáng shí liú tōng tǐ zhì gǎi gé de tōng zhī), State Council, adopted and effective 15 February 1993.
[Circular on Prevention of Applying Unfair Methods to Recruit or Transfer Workers] 国务院关于严禁在招收、调配职工工作中搞不正之风的通知 (guó wù yuàn guān yú yán jìn zài zhāo shōu, diào pèi zhí gōng gōng zuò zhōng gǎo bù zhèng zhī fēng de tōng zhī), State Council, adopted and effective 19 April 1982.
[Interim Provisions on Implementing the Labour Contract System in State-Run Enterprises] 国营企业实行劳动合同制暂行规定 (guó yíng qǐ yè shí xíng láo dòng hé tóng zhì zàn xíng guī dìng), State Council, adopted 12 July 1986, effective 1 October 1986.
[Labour Insurance Regulations of the People’s Republic of China] 中华人民共和国劳动保险条例 (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó láo dòng bǎo xiǎn tiáo lì), State Council, adopted and effective 26 February 1951.
[Opinion on Further Reform of the Hukou System] 国务院关于进一步推进户籍制度改革的意见 (guó wù yuàn guān yú jìn yī bù tuī jìn hù jí zhì dù gǎi gé de yì jiàn), State Council, adopted 25 July 2014, effective 30 July 2014.
[Regulations on Unemployment Insurance] 失业保险条例 (shī yè bǎo xiǎn tiáo lì), State Council, adopted and effective 22 January 1999.
Administrative Regulations
[Circular on Conducting the Spring-Breeze Movement to Perfect Employment Service for Rural Migrant Workers] 关于开展春风行动完善农民工就业服务的通知 (guān yú kāi zhǎn chūn fēng xíng dòng wán shàn nóng mín gōng jiù yè fú wù de tōng zhī), Ministry of Labour and Social Security, adopted and effective 16 December 2004.
[Circular on Enforcing the Adjustment of Job Vacancies], 劳动部关于加强职工余缺调剂工作的通知 (láo dòng bù guān yú jiā qiáng zhí gōng yú quē diào jì gōng zuò de tōng zhī), Ministry of Labour, adopted and effective 15 June 1990.
[Circular on Fully Applying the Labour Contract Mechanism] 劳动部关于全面实行劳动合同制的通知 (láo dòng bù guān yú quán miàn shí xíng láo dòng hé tóng zhì de tōng zhī), Ministry of Labour, adopted and effective 24 August 1994.
[Circular on Further Regulating Employment Skills Training for Rural Migrant Workers] 进一步规范农民工培训工作的通知 (jìn yī bù guī fàn nóng mín gōng péi xùn gōng zuò de tōng zhī), Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security, adopted and effective 5 May 2009.
[Circular on Illegal Charges for Recruiting Workers] 关于严禁用人单位录用职工非法收费的通知 (guān yú yán jìn yòng rén dān wèi lù yòng zhí gōng fēi fǎ shōu fèi de tōng zhī), Ministry of Labour, adopted and effective 9 June 1995.
[Explanation on Various Provisions of Labour Law of the PRC] 关于《劳动法》若干条文的说明 (guān yú “láo dòng fǎ” ruò gān tiáo wén de shuō míng), Ministry of Labour, adopted and effective 4 September 1994.
[Interim Provisions of Managing Trans-Provincial Employment of Rural Workers] 农村劳动力跨省流动就业管理暂行规定 (nóng cūn láo dòng lì kuà shěng liú dòng jiù yè guǎn lǐ zàn xíng guī dìng), Ministry of Labour, adopted and effective 17 November 1994.
[Opinion on Considering the Protection on Labour Insurance and Welfare of Workers in the Process of Economic Reform] 关于在经济改革中要注意保障企业职工的劳动保险、福利待遇的意见 (guān yú zài jīng jì gǎi gé zhōng yào zhù yì bǎo zhàng qǐ yè zhí gōng de láo dòng bǎo xiǎn, fú lì dài yù de yì jiàn), Ministry of Labour and Personnel, adopted and effective 17 August 1983.
[Provisions on Recruitment for State-Run Enterprises] 国营企业招用工人暂行规定 (guó yíng qǐ yè zhāo yòng gōng rén zàn xíng guī dìng), Ministry of Labour and Personnel, adopted and effective 1 October 1986.
[Trial Measure on Work-related Injury Insurance] 工伤保险暂行办法 (qǐ yè zhí gōng gōng shāng bǎo xiǎn zàn xíng bàn fǎ), Ministry of Labour, adopted 12 August 1996, effective 1 October 1996. Abolished 9 November 2007.
Local Regulations
[Changchun Measure of FIEs Labour] 长春外商投资企业劳动管理办法 (cháng chūn wài shāng tóu zī qǐ yè láo dòng guǎn lǐ bàn fǎ), Changchun City People’s Government, adopted and effective 18 December 1993.
[Dalian Provincial Government Provisions on Rural Hukou Management] 大连市农村户口管理规定 (dà lián shì nóng cūn hù kǒu guǎn lǐ guī dìng), Dalian City People’s Government, adopted 10 March 2003, effective 1 May 2003.
[Jiangsu Provincial Government Provisions on Huji Management in the Regions at County Level] 江苏省县以下地区户籍管理规定 (Jiāngsū shěng xiàn yǐxià dìqū hùjí guǎnlǐ guīdìng), Jiangsu Province People’s Government, adopted 4 September 1998, effective 8 September 1998.
[Tianjin Measure of FIEs Labour Management] 天津外商投资企业劳动管理办法 (tiān jīn wài shāng tóu zī qǐ yè láo dòng guǎn lǐ bàn fǎ), Standing Committee of Tianjin Municipalities People’s Congress, adopted and effective 14 July 1994.
Other Chinese Official Documents
[Trial Measure for Trade Union to Participate in Labour Dispute Settlement] 工会参与劳动争议处理试行办法 (gōng huì cān yǔ láo dòng zhēng yì chǔ lǐ shì xíng bàn fǎ), All China Federation of Trade Unions, adopted and effective 17 August 1995.
Other Sources
[Chinese Central Government] 中国中央政府. 2006. [ACFTU: Strive for 6 million this year to join trade unions] 全国总工会:今年力争发展600万农民工加入工会 (quán guó zǒng gōng huì jīn nián lì zhēng fā zhǎn 600 wàn nóng mín gōng jiā rù gōng huì). Available at: http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-01/11/content_154089.htm. Last accessed 19 June 2015.
[Luo, Gan] 罗干. 1995. [Talks at the review meeting on organising the orderly flow of peasant migrants during the spring festival period] 1995 年春运 期间组织民工有序流动工作总结会上的讲话 (1995 nián chūn yùn qī jiān zǔ zhī mín gōng yǒu xù liú dòng gōng zuò zǒng jié huì shàng de jiǎng huà). [Beijing Labour Bureau] 北京市劳动局.
[Sina News] 新浪新闻. 2008. [13 provinces and municipals have abolished rural/urban Hukou registration] 十三省市取消城乡户口差别 城乡二元户籍制度打开缺口 (shí sān shěng shì qǔ xiāo chéng xiāng hù kǒu chā bié chéng xiāng èr yuán hù jí zhì dù dǎ kāi quē kǒu). 14 December 2008. Available at: http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20081214/20325633402.shtml. Last accessed 19 June 2015.
[Sohu News] 搜狐新闻. 2014. [China is going to abolish rural/urban Hukou registration and establish a residency registration system] 我国将取消城乡二元户口制 统一登记为居民户口 (wǒ guó jiāng qǔ xiāo chéng xiāng èr yuán hù kǒu zhì tǒng yī dēng jì wéi jū mín hù kǒu). 30 July 2014. Available at: http://www.guancha.cn/broken-news/2014_07_30_251759.shtml. Last accessed 19 June 2015.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yan, D. (2016). Chinese Labour Law Development and Hukou Discrimination. In: Liukkunen, U., Chen, Y. (eds) Fundamental Labour Rights in China - Legal Implementation and Cultural Logic. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 49. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23156-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23156-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23155-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23156-3
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)