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Vaccines for Opioid Addiction

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Biologics to Treat Substance Use Disorders

Abstract

Agonist and antagonist medications are available for the treatment of opioid addiction, but interest in their use is limited by their real as well as their perceived limitations. Opioid vaccines represent an attractive alternative or additional treatment option because their distinct mechanism of action circumvents many of these limitations. Opioid addiction is a particularly challenging target for vaccines because a variety of both illegal and prescription opioids can be abused, most have one or more active metabolites, and opioid abusers commonly switch among opioids. In addition, the single and daily doses of abused opioids are generally high compared to the drug-binding capacity of antibodies that can be generated by vaccination. Nevertheless, several types of heroin vaccines have shown considerable efficacy in animals for binding heroin or its active metabolites in serum, reducing or slowing their distribution to the brain, and attenuating addiction-relevant behaviors including heroin self-administration and reinstatement. The antibodies elicited by vaccines directed at heroin and its metabolites do not appreciably cross-react with methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone and so have the potential to be used in combination with these to enhance treatment efficacy. Heroin vaccines do not appreciably bind commonly abused prescription opioids such as oxycodone and hydrocodone, but vaccines directed specifically at these opioids are also highly effective in animals. It is possible to coadminister heroin and oxycodone vaccines to provide activity against a wide range of abusable opioids. Clinical trials of these vaccines, particularly for relapse prevention, are warranted by the strength and consistency of these preclinical data.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge funding received from the National Institute of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse (grants DA026300, DA030715).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacology and Toxicology, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA

    Michael D. Raleigh PhD

  2. Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA

    Paul R. Pentel MD

  3. Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Paul R. Pentel MD

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  1. Michael D. Raleigh PhD
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Correspondence to Michael D. Raleigh PhD .

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  1. National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA

    Ivan D. Montoya

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Raleigh, M.D., Pentel, P.R. (2016). Vaccines for Opioid Addiction. In: Montoya, I. (eds) Biologics to Treat Substance Use Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23150-1_4

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