Abstract
This chapter situates the study of teacher belief in the National English Curriculum Reform launched in the early twenty-first century in China. The chapter first reviews the socio-economic development in China that initiates new requirements for teacher education. Such educational reform promotes paradigm shifts from a traditional knowledge-based mode of teaching to a more competence-based mode of teaching. Curriculum change, however, does not guarantee equivalent changes in teachers’ beliefs and practice, which poses a dilemma for the Chinese teachers. Moreover, together with the introduction to the current insufficient professional support for EFL teachers in China, the chapter foregrounds the importance and necessity of an investigation of EFL teachers’ belief systems so as to inform teachers how to reconstruct their knowledge and skill bases and to reconceptualise their roles and responsibilities in their professional lives in the context of educational reform.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
In China, most primary schools start teaching English from Grade One, while some primary schools in rural areas set up English courses from Grade Three. In some universities, students can be exempted from learning English if they pass Band Four Examinations for non-English majors after the first 1 or 2 years’ learning.
References
Adamson, B. (2004). China’s English: A history of English in Chinese education. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Alexander, R. (2000). Culture and pedagogy: International comparisons in primary education. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Anderson, J. R. (1993). Rules of the mind. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Chen, X. (2003). Zai Xingdong Zhong Xue Zuo Zhi De Yanjiu [Qualitative research in action]. Beijing: Education and Science Press.
Chen, L., Wang, Q., & Cheng, X. (2008). Quanrizhi Yiwu Jiaoyu Yingyu Kecheng Biaozhun Jiedu [Interpretation of the full-time compulsory education English curriculum standards]. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press.
Cheng, X. (2007). Kaoshi bushi xinkecheng de tiandi– Guanyu yingyu xinkecheng beijing xia jiaoxue yu pingjia de sikao [Examination is not the natural enemy of the New Curriculum Standards]. Renmin Jiaoyu [People’s Education], 6, 35–37.
Cheng, X., & Gong, Y. (2005). Yingyu kecheng biaozhun de lilun jichu [On the theoretical basis of English Curriculum Standards]. Kecheng Jiaocai Jiaofa [Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method], 25(3), 66–72.
Clark, C. M., & Yinger, R. J. (1979). Teachers’ thinking. In P. Peterson & H. Walberg (Eds.), Research on teaching (pp. 231–263). Berkeley: McCutchan.
Cortazzi, M., & Jin, L. (1996). Cultures of learning: Language classrooms in China. In H. Coleman (Ed.), Society and the language classroom (pp. 169–206). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dai, W., & Zhang, X. (2001). Tantao you zhongguo tese de yingyu jiaoxue lilun tixi [On theoretical enrichment of English language teaching in China]. Waiyu Yanjiu [Foreign Language Research], 68(2), 1–4.
Diamond, C. T. P. (1991). Teacher education as transformation. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Doyle, W. (1986). Content representation in teachers’ definitions of academic work. Curriculum Studies, 12(1), 41–47.
Dzau, Y. F. (1990). English in China. Hong Kong: API Press.
Eraut, M. (1994). Developing professional knowledge and competence. London: Falmer.
Freeman, D. (2002). The hidden side of the work: Teacher knowledge and learning to teach. Language Teaching, 35(1), 1–13.
Fullan, M., & Stieglbauer, S. (1991). The new meaning of educational change (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.
Gao, Y., & Li, X. (2007). Jin shinian woguo waixiao waiyu jiaoshi jiaoyu yanjiu wenxian pingxi [A review of the literature of research on college foreign language teacher education in China in the past decade]. Waiyu Jie [Foreign Language World], 121(4), 64.
Gong, Y., & Luo, S. (2003). Renwuxing Yuyan Jiaoxue [Task-based language teaching]. Beijing: Renmin Jiaoyu Chubanshe [People’s Education Press].
Gu, M. (2004). Education: Tradition and innovation. Beijing: People’s Education Press.
Gu, M. (2005). The reform and development in teacher education in China. Paper presented at the International Forum on Teacher Education conference, International Forum on Teacher Education, Shanghai.
Gu, Q. (2007). Teacher development: Knowledge and context. London: Continuum.
Harmer, J. (2003). Popular culture, methods and context. ELT Journal, 57(3), 288–294.
Hayes, D. (2009). Non-native English-speaking teachers, context and English language teaching. System, 37(1), 1–11.
Hayhoe, R. (Ed.). (1984). Contemporary Chinese education. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.
Holliday, A. (1994). Appropriate methodology and social context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hong, L. (2008). Xinkecheng beijingxia de zhongxue yingyu renwuxing jiaoxuefa yanjiu [Research on TBLT in secondary EFL teaching in the context of curriculum reform]. Xinkecheng Yanjiu [New Curriculum Research], 132(12), 44–45.
Hu, G. W. (2002). Recent important developments in secondary English-language teaching in the People’s Republic of China. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 15(1), 30–49.
Hu, G. W. (2005). Contextual influences on instructional practices: A Chinese case for an ecological approach to ELT. TESOL Quarterly, 39(4), 635–660.
Huang, J. (1999). Xingdong yanjiu yu zaizhi waiyu jiaoshi [Action research and in-service foreign language teachers]. Waiyu JIaoxue [Foreign Language Education], 20(3), 13–16.
Huang, Y. (2007). Lun yingyu kecheng linian xiang jiaoshi geti guannian de zhuanbian [On the transformation of English curriculum ideology to teachers’ personal views]. Kecheng Jiaocai Jiaofa [Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method], 27(1), 80–85.
Jia, A. (2005). Waiyu jiaoshi jiaoyu yu zhuanye fazhan yanjiu zongshu [A review of the literature of research on foreign language teacher education and professional development]. Waiyu Jie [Foreign Language World], 105(1), 61–66.
Jin, L., & Cortazzi, M. (2002). English language teaching in China: A bridge to the future. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 22(2), 53–64.
Johnson, K. E. (1994). The emerging beliefs and instructional practices of preservice English as a second language teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 10(4), 439–452.
Kilinc, A. C. (2014). School culture as a predictor of teacher professionalism. Education and Science, 174(39), 105–118.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (1994). The postmethod condition: (E)merging strategies for second/foreign language teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 28(1), 27–48.
Lam, A. S. L. (2005). Language education in China: Policy and experience from 1949. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Lampert, M. (1985). How do teachers manage to teach: Perspectives on problems in practice. Harvard Educational Review, 55(2), 178–194.
Li, M. (2005). Xinkecheng yu jiaoshi guannian [New curriculum and teacher beliefs]. Jiaoshi Jiaoyu Yanjiu [Teacher Education Research], 17(2), 22–25.
Liu, X. (2005). Waiyu jiaoshi jiaoyu yanjiu zongshu [A review of the literature of research on foreign language teacher education]. Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Foreign Language Teaching and Research], 37(3), 211–217.
Liu, X. (2006). Nongcun chuzhong yingyu jiaoshi xinkecheng peixun wenti ji moshi yanjiu [Exploration of issues and models of new curriculum training for rural junior high school English teachers]. Jichu Jiaoyu Waiyu Jiaoxue Yanjiu [Foreign Language Teaching and Research in Basic Education], 70(12), 51–53.
Liu, Q., Cheng, Y., & Liao, Z. (2011). Jingji Qian Fada Diqu Xuesheng Waiyu Yuyan Zonghe Yunyong Nengli Fazhan Yanjiu [Research of the development of students’ overall language skills in less developed areas]. Zhongxue Waiyu Jiaoyuxue [Foreign Language Teaching And Learning in High School], 3, 42–46.
Lu, Z. (2007). Woguo yiwu jiaoyu waiyu kecheng mubiao zhiyi yu chonggou [Questioning and reconstructing the goals of China’s Foreign Language Curriculum in Compulsory Education]. Kecheng Jiaocai Jiaofa [Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method], 27(7), 55–59.
Markee, N. (1997). Managing curriculum innovation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
MOE (Ministry of Education). (2001). National English curriculum standards for nine-year compulsory education and senior high school education. Beijing: People’s Education Press.
Nunan, D. (1990). The language teacher as decision-maker: A case study. In G. Brindley (Ed.), The second language curriculum (pp. 9–35). Sydney: National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). (2005). Teachers matter: Attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers. Paris: OECD.
Ouyang, H. (2004). Remaking of face and community of practices: An ethnography of local and expatriate English Teachers’ reform stories in today’s China. Beijing: Peking University Press.
Pan, L. (2015). English as a global language in China. Switzerland: Springer.
Pennington, M. (1990). A professional development focus for the language teaching practicum. In J. Richards & D. Nunan (Eds.), Second language teacher education (pp. 132–152). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
PEP (People’s Education Press). (1993). English language syllabus. Beijing: People’s Education Press.
Prodromou, L. (1995). The backwash effect: From testing to teaching. ELT Journal, 49(1), 13–25.
Qian, T. (2006). An investigation into Task-based Language Teaching in junior high school. Unpublished masters’ dissertation, Northeast China Normal University, Shanghai.
Qin, K., & Pang, Y. (2006). Woguo jiaoshi jiaoyu xiancun de wenti ji duice [Issues and methods for Chinese teacher education]. Jiaoyu Tansuo [Education Exploration], 183(9), 106–107.
Richards, J. C., & Nunan, D. (1990). Second language teacher education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scovel, T. (1995). English teaching in China. Unpublished report for the United States Information Agency.
Shavelson, R., & Stern, P. (1981). Research on teachers’ pedagogical thoughts, judgements, decisions, and behavior. Review of Educational Research, 51(4), 455–498.
Shen, J. (2006). Jiaoxue Fansi yu Xingdong Yanjiu [Teaching reflection and action research: Teachers’ professional development]. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press.
Shu, D. (2004). EFL in China: Problems and suggested solutions. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Stern, H. H. (1997). Fundamental concepts of language teaching.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Sunderland, J. (1990). “Doing what the Romans don’t do”: Advanced teacher training courses in China. In Y. F. Dzau (Ed.), English in China (pp. 222–249). Hong Kong: API Press Ltd.
Tsui, A. B. M. (2003). Understanding expertise in teaching: Case studies of second language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Underwood, P. R. (2012). Teacher beliefs and intentions regarding the instruction of English grammar under National Curriculum Reforms: A theory of planned behaviour perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(6), 911–925.
Wallace, M. J. (1991). Training foreign language teachers: A reflective approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wang, Q. (2002). Yingyu Jiaoshi Xingdong Yanjiu [Action research for English teachers]. Beijing: Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu Chubanshe [Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press].
Wang, M. (2003). Nongcun yingyu jiaoshi jiaoyu jiaoxue xianzhuang ji jixu jiaoyu peiyang moshi de sikao [Thoughts on the present situation of rural English teachers’ education and mode of continuing education]. Jixu Jiaoyu Yanjiu [Continuing Education Research], 3, 7–9.
Wang, Q. (2007a). Primary EFL in China: Teachers’ perceptions and practices with regard to learner-centeredness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Warwick, Warwick.
Wang, Q. (2007b). The national curriculum changes and their effects on ELT in the People’s Republic of China. In J. Cummins & C. Davison (Eds.), The international handbook of English language teaching (pp. 87–105). Norwell: Springer.
Wang, Q., & Chen, Z. (2012). Twenty-First century senior high school English Curriculum Reform in China. In J. Ruan & C. B. Leung (Eds.), Perspectives on teaching and learning English literacy in China (pp. 85–103). Springer: Amsterdam.
Wang, X., & Kang, S. (2006). Xinkecheng gaige xia de zhongxue yingyu jiaoshi jiaoyu de mubiao yu moshi yanjiu [The goals and models of middle school English teacher education in New Curriculum reform]. Kecheng Jiaocai Jiaofa [Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method], 26(11), 80–84.
Wang, Y., & Li, L. (2007). Shilun jichu jiaoyu yingyu kecheng de wuge jiben guanxi [A tentative analysis on the five fundamental issues of English in basic education]. Kecheng Jiaocai Jiaofa [Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method], 27(2), 55–58.
Wang, Q., & Wang, L. (2000). The English curricula development for schools in China. Paper presented at the International Language in Education Conference 2000, Hong Kong.
Wen, X., & Xue, G. (2005). Kecheng gaige beijingxia jichu jiaoyu wenti de fansi [Reflections on some problems of basic education in the curriculum reform]. Kecheng Jiaocai Jiaofa [Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method], 25(8), 11–17.
Wu, X. (2001). Youxiao waiyu jiaoxue celue yanjiu ji yunyong [Exploration and application of effective EFL teaching strategies]. Kecheng Jiaocai Jiaofa [Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method], 21(1), 39–45.
Wu, Y. (2005). Youxiu waiyu jiaoshi zhuanye suzhi tanjiu [Towards a professional profile for effective university EFL teachers]. Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Foreign Language Teaching and Research], 37(3), 199–205.
Wu, X. (2007). Jiaoshi Xingdong Anli [Action research in action]. Beijing: Renmin Jiaoyu Chubanshe [People’s Education Press].
Wu, Y. (2008). Zhongguo Gaoxiao Waiyu Jiaoshi Jiaoyu yu Fazhan Yanjiu [Research on Chinese college English teacher education and development]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Yang, G., & Hao, H. (2007). Renwuxing jiaoxuefa zai zhongxue yingyu jiaoxue zhong shishi qingkuang de diaocha yu sikao [Investigation and reflection on the implementation of TBLT in secondary school EFL teaching]. Hebei Jiaoyu [Hebei Education], 1, 36–37.
Yang, Y., & Wen, Q. (2007). Renwu jiaoxuefa pingshu [On Task-based language teaching]. Zhongguo Chengren Jiaoyu [China Adult Education], 24(1), 148–149.
Yin, H., Li, Z., & Jin, Y. (2003). Zhongxiaoxue Jiaoshi Dui Xinkecheng Gaige Rentonggan de Gean Fenxi – Laizi Chongqingshi Beibei Shiyanqu Liangsuo Xuexiao de Diaocha Baogao [A case study on Elementary and Secondary teachers’ receptivity of curriculum reform – A report from two schools in Beibei district, Chongqing]. Bijiao Jiaoyu Yanjiu [Comparative Education Review], 161(10), 24–29.
Zhang, L. (2005). Waiyu jiaoshi ketang juece yanjiu [A study of foreign language teachers’ classroom decision-making]. Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Foreign Language Teaching and Research], 37(4), 265–270.
Zhang, C. (2006). Chuzhongsheng yingyu ketang xuexi xingwei diaocha yanjiu [Research on junior secondary school EFL learning in classrooms]. Zhongxiaoxue Yingyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [English Teaching and Research Notes], 2, 17–20.
Zhang, X. (2007). Xinkecheng Linian xia zhongxiaoxue yingyu jiaoxue xuyao chuli de jige bianzheng guanxi [Dialectical relationships to be considered in English teaching in primary and secondary schools in the new curriculum reform]. Kecheng Jiaocai Jiaofa [Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method], 27(4), 41–45.
Zhang, L. (2008). Youxiu waiyu jiaoshi ketang juece yanjiu [Expert teachers’ classroom decision making]. In Y. Wu (Ed.), Zhongguo Gaoxiao Yingyu Jiaoshi Jiaoyu yu Fazhan Yanjiu [Research on Chinese college English teacher education and development] (pp. 104–126). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Zhang, Y., & Ding, F. (1996). Shilun waiyu jiaoshi de jiben suzhi [A discussion of foreign language teachers’ basic expertise]. Waiyu Jie [Foreign Language World], 63(3), 57–64.
Zhang, Z., & Li, S. (2003). Yingyu jiaoshi de fazhan [English teacher development]. Kecheng Jiaocai Jiaofa [Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method], 23(11), 59–66.
Zhang, Y., & Wang, Q. (2000). Shizi peiyang moshi yu jiaoshi suzhi [Teacher education models and teachers’ quality]. Guowai Waiyu Jiaoxue [Foreign Language Teaching Abroad], 3, 10–16.
Zheng, X., & Davison, C. (2008). Changing pedagogy. London: Continuum.
Zhong, Q. (2003). Xunqiu kecheng fanshi de zhuanxing – Zhongguo dalu jichu jiaoyu kecheng gaige de jinzhan yu wenti [The transition of curriculum model – The progress and problems in the basic education reform in Chinese mainland]. Bijiao Jiaoyu Yanjiu [Comparative Education Review], 24(1), 6–10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zheng, H. (2015). Chinese ELT Context and EFL Teachers. In: Teacher Beliefs as a Complex System: English Language Teachers in China. English Language Education, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23009-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23009-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23008-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23009-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)