Abstract
Objectives
Denture resin base fracture is not uncommon for clinicians. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on properties of a commonly used polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture resin.
Methods
Four groups of denture resin (Luciton-199, DENTSPLY Inc.) specimens were fabricated as control, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% of MWCNTs. MWCNTs were dispersed to monomer by sonication. Seven specimens per group without thermocycling (TC) were subjected to a three-point bending test monotonically. Another set of four groups underwent 5000 thermocycles from 20 to 80 °C at 1 min intervals. Knoop microhardness evaluations were performed on the control and the experimental groups before and after thermocycles. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc analysis were used to identify significant differences.
Results
Flexural strength, resilience, flexural modulus, yield stress, and yield strain were calculated. Fracture surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analyses revealed that there was a significant adverse effect of TC on mechanical properties of the MWCNT/PMMA composite. Two-percent MWCNT/PMMA was the weakest among the groups in terms of mechanical strength.
Significance
Without TC, 0.5 and 1 wt% MWNCT/PMMA composite groups had a significant improvement of mechanical properties compared with the control group because of retardation of crack growth. MWCNTs dispersed in PMMA more than 1 wt% was not beneficial. SEM analysis showed sporadic agglomerations presented on fracture surface of 2 % WMCNT/PMMA composite that might have adverse effects on mechanical properties. Further study is needed to improve the dispersion of MWCNTs into commercial denture base systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
J. Chai, Y. Takahashi, M. Kawaguchi, The flexural strengths of denture base acrylic resins after relining with a visible-light activated material. Int. J. Prosthodont. 91, 121–124 (1998)
D.C. Jagger, A. Harrison, K.D. Jandt, The reinforcement of dentures. J. Oral. Rehabil. 26, 185–194 (1999)
O. Karacaer, T.N. Polat, A. Tezvergil, L.V. Lassila, P.K. Vallittu, The effect of length and concentration of glass fibers on the mechanical properties of an injection- and a compression-molded denture base polymer. J. Prosthet. Dent. 90, 385–393 (2003)
U.R. Darbar, R. Huggett, A. Harrison, Denture fracture—a survey. Br. Dent. J. 176, 342–345 (1994)
A.M. Vuorine, S.R. Dyer, L.V. Lassila, P.K. Vallittu, Effect of rigid rod polymer filler on mechanical properties of poly-methyl methacrylate denture base material. Dent. Mater. 24, 708–713 (2008)
C. Machado, E. Sanchez, S.S. Azer, J.M. Uribe, Comparative study of the transverse strength of three denture base materials. J. Dent. 35, 930–933.( 2007)
S.H. Kim, D.C. Watts, The effect of reinforcement with woven E-glass fibers on the impact strength of complete dentures fabricated with high-impact acrylic resin. J. Prosthet. Dent. 91, 274–280 (2004)
D.C. Jagger, R.G. Jagge, S.M. Allen, A. Harrison, An investigation into the transverse and impact strength of ‘high strength’ denture base resins. J. Oral Rehab. 29, 263–267 (2002)
L.T. Smith, J.M. Powers, D. Ladd, Mechanical properties of new denture resins polymerized by visible light, heat, and microwave energy. Int. J. Prosthodont. 5, 315–320 (1992)
P. Franklin, D.J. Wood, N.L. Bubb, Reinforcement of poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base with glass flake. Dent. Mater. 24, 365–370 (2005)
T. Kanie, K. Fujii, H. Arikawa, K. Inoue, Flexural properties and impact strength of denture base polymer reinforced with woven glass fibers. Dent. Mater. 16, 150–158 (2000)
H.D. Stipho, Effect of glass fiber reinforcement on some mechanical properties of autopolymerizing polymethyl methacrylate. J Prosthet. Dent. 79, 580–584 (1998)
A.J. Bowman, T.R. Manley, The elimination of breakages in upper dentures by reinforcement with carbon fibre. Br. Dent. J. 156, 87–89 (1984)
G. Zappini, A. Kammann, W. Wachter, Comparison of fracture tests of denture base materials. J. Prosthet. Dent. 90, 578–585 (2003)
K.K. Narva, L.V. Lassila, P.K. Vallittu, The static strength and modulus of fiber reinforced denture base polymer. Dent. Mater. 21, 421–428 (2005)
D.L. Dixon, L.C. Breeding, The transverse strengths of three denture base resins reinforced with polyethylene fibers. J. Prosthet. Dent. 67, 417–419 (1992)
Z. Khan, J.A. von Fraunhofer, R. Razavi, The staining characteristics, transverse strength, and microhardness of a visible light-cured denture base material. J. Prosthet. Dent. 57, 384–386 (1988)
E.R. Thostenson, T. Chou, Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubesand their composites: a review. Comp. Sci. Technol. 61, 1899–9112 (2001)
M.J. Treacy, T.M. Gibson, Exceptionally high Young’s modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes. Nature 381, 680–687 (1996)
B. Fiedler, F. Gojny, M.H. Wichmann, M.C. Nolte, K. Schulte, Fundamental aspects of nano-reinforced composites. Comp. Sci. Technol. 16, 3115–3125 (2006)
M. Cadek, N.J. Coleman, J. Barron, K. Hedicke, W.J. Blau, Morphological and mechanical properties of carbon-nanotube-reinforced semicrystalline and amorphous polymer composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 5123–5128 (2002)
P. Harris, Carbon nanotubes and related structures, (Cambridge University Press, New York, 2002)
S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56–58 (1991)
R.H. Baughman, A.A. Zakhidov, W.A. de Heer, Carbon nanotubes—the route toward applications. Science 297, 787–792 (2002)
B. Safadi, E.A. Grulke, Multiwalled carbon nanotube polymer composites: synthesis and characterization of thin films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 84, 2260–2269 (2002)
B. Marrs, R. Andrews, T. Rantell, D. Pienkowski, Augmentation of acrylic bone cement with multiwall carbon nanotubes. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 77, 269–276 (2006)
X. Sui, H.D. Wagner, Tough nanocomposites: the role of carbon nanotube type. Nano Lett. 9, 1423–1436 (2009)
O. Akkus, F. Adar, M.B. Schaffler, Age-related changes in physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are related to impaired mechanical function of cortical bone. Bone 34, 443–453 (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wang, R., Kayacan, R., Küçükeşmen, C. (2016). Nanotubes/Polymethyl Methacrylate Composite Resins as Denture Base Materials. In: Zhang, M., Naik, R., Dai, L. (eds) Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Springer Series in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22861-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22861-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-22860-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-22861-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)