Abstract
Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) has developed into a multi-purpose grain-forage species as a substitute for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and can be used as a winter pasture followed by grain harvest. The reduced-awn trait has enhanced the suitability for hay and silage systems with the availability of spring, and winter types adding to the system flexibility. Generally, triticale is competitive with wheat for biomass yield, but under some circumstances may not yield as much as winter rye (Secale cereale L.). Earlier rather than later planting usually results in greater biomass yields, and earlier planting of winter cereals than for grain results in greater vegetative biomass yields in fall and spring. Triticale utilizes soil nutrients beyond that required to sustain growth making it ideal for reducing soil nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from manured sites. Forage quality of spring triticale is slightly less than barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), but superior to oat (Avena sativa L.) at the dough stage for hay and silage. Improvement in digestibility may come from increasing grain content and or reducing the quantity of lignified stem through use of semidwarf genetic material, that may result in loss of biomass. Performance of triticale in feeding trials has been mixed, likely depending on cultivars available for specific tests. When fed as part of a total mixed ration, triticale has performed well in beef (Bos taurus) feedlot and dairy studies. However, when fed to finishing beef cattle as the sole forage has not performed as well as maize. Winter triticale appears to have promise as a crop for grazing in the vegetative state alone or in mixtures with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and wheat for stocker programs in the south east USA. Spring triticale has excelled as a swathed-grazing crop for overwintering gestating beef cows in Canada. More research is required on the agronomy and feeding of triticale forage under a variety of ruminant livestock scenarios.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- AARD:
-
Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development
- ADF:
-
Acid detergent fiber
- IVDF:
-
In vitro fiber digestibility
- IVOMD:
-
In vitro organic matter digestibility
- IVTD:
-
In vitro true digestibility
- NDF:
-
Neutral detergent fiber
- NIRS:
-
Near-infrared spectrophotometry
- \(\sigma_{\text{ph}}^{2}\) :
-
Phenotypic
- \(\sigma_{g}^{2}\) :
-
Genotypic
- \(\sigma_{\text{gy}}^{2}\) :
-
GXE
- \(\sigma_{e}^{2}\) :
-
Error variances
- \(h_{{({\text{BS}})}}^{2}\) :
-
Broad-sense heritability
- GCV (%):
-
Genotypic coefficient of variation
- PCV (%):
-
Phenotypic coefficient of variation
- GA (%):
-
Genetic advance as percentage of mean
References
1998 Triticale production by country. In: Patricia J (ed) 4th international triticale symposium proceedings, July 26–31 1998, Red Deer, AB, Canada, p xiii
Aasen A, Baron VS, Clayton GW, Dick AC, McCartney DH (2004) Swath grazing potential of spring cereals, field pea and mixtures with other species. Can J Plant Sci 84:1051–1058
Abdelkader B, Zeghida A (1996) Development of triticale as a forage and a grain in Algeria. In: Guedes-Pinto H et al (eds) Triticale: today and tomorrow. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 859–865. ISBN-13:978-94-010-6634-1
Agyare JA, Wright RL, Jessop RS (1996) The effects of sowing date on the date of growth and yield of dual purpose and grazing triticales under cool Australian conditions. In: Guedes-Pinto H et al (eds) Triticale: today and tomorrow. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 851–857. ISBN-13:978-94-010-6634-1
Akcura M (2009) Genetic variability and interrelationship among grain yield and some quality traits in turkish winter durum wheat landraces. Turkish J Agric 33:547–556
Allen VG, Heitschmidt RK, Sollenberger LE (2007) Grazing systems and strategies. In: Barnes et al RF (eds) Forages. The science of grassland agriculture, vol II, 6th edn, pp 709–729
Anonymous (2014) Triticale crop production. Alberta agriculture and rural development. Revised April 11 2014. Accessed 15 Jan 2015. Available from http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/fcd10571
Baron VS, Najda HD, Salmon DF, Dick AC (1992) Post-flowering forage potential of spring and winter cereal mixtures. Can J Plant Sci 72:137–145
Baron VS, Najda HG, Salmon DF, Dick AC (1993) Cropping systems for spring and winter cereals under simulated pasture: yield and yield distribution. Can J Plant Sci 73:703–712
Baron VS, Najda HG, Salmon DF, Pearen, JR, Dick AC (199b) Cropping systems for spring and winter cereals under simulated pasture: sward structure. Can J Plant Sci 73:947–959
Baron VS, de St Remy EA, Salmon DF, Dick AC (1995) Delay of harvest effects on forage yield and regrowth in spring and winter cereal mixtures. Can J Plant Sci 75:667–674
Baron VS, de St Remy EA, Salmon DF, Dick AC (1996) Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter cereal mixture. Can J Plant Sci 76:251–257
Baron VS, Dick AC, Salmon DF, McLeod JG (1999) Fall seeding date and species effects on spring forage yield of winter cereals. J Prod Agric 12:110–115
Baron VS, Basarab JA, Young DG, Dick AC, McCartney DH, Aasen A (2008) Backgrounding beef cattle on intensive summer and stockpiled pasture systems consisting of default, improved and annual species. In: Baron VS (ed) Managed pasture systems that reduce risk. Final Report #2002C031R, ACIDF, Lacombe, AB, pp 65–109
Baron VS, Aasen A, Oba M, Dick AC, Salmon DF, Basarab JA, Stevenson CF (2012) Swath-grazing potential for small-grain species with a delayed planting date. Agron J 104:393–404
Baron V, Beauchemin K, Juskiw P, Doce RR (2014a) Managing short-season corn and small-grain silage in Western Canada. In: Oba M (ed) Proceedings of 35th western nutrition conference, 24 and 25 Sept 2014. Edmonton, AB. , pp 147–161. ISBN:1-896110-33-9
Baron VS, Doce RR, Basarab J, Dick C (2014b) Swath grazing triticale and corn compared to barley and a traditional winter feeding method in central Alberta. Can J Plant Sci 94:1125–1137
Berkenkamp B, Meeres J (1987) Mixtures of annual crops for forage in central Alberta. Can J Plant Sci 67:175–183
Bilgili U, Aydogan Cifci C, Hangoglu H, Yagdai K, Acikgoz E (2009) Yield quality of triticale forage. J Food Agric Environ 7:556–560
Brown BD (2006) Winter cereal-corn double crop forage production and phosphorus removal. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:1951–1956
Brown AR, Almodares A (1976) Quantity and quality of triticale forage compared to other small grains. Agron J 68:264–266
Bruckner PL, Hanna WW (1990) In vitro digestibility of fresh leaves and stems of small-grain species and genotypes. Crop Sci 30:196–202
Carr PM, Horsley RD, Poland WW (2004) Barley, oat and cereal-pea mixtures as dryland forages in the northern great plains. Agron J 76:677–684
Chapko LB, Brinkman MA, Albrecht KA (1991) Oat, oat-pea, barley, and barley-pea for forage yield, forage quality and alfalfa establishment. J Prod Agric 4:486–491
Cherney JH, Marten GC (1982a) Small grain crop forage potential: I. Biological and chemical determinants of quality and yield. Crop Sci 22:227–231
Cherney JH, Marten GC (1982b) Small grain crop forage potential: II. Morphological, and anatomical determinants of quality. Crop Sci 22:240–245
Chopra, VL (2000) Plant breeding—theory and Practice 2nd edn. Oxford and IBH Publisher Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p 10
Ciha AJ (1983) Forage production of triticale relative to other spring cereals. Agron J 75:610–613
Clapham WM, Fedders JM, Abaye AO, Rayburn EB (2008) Forage pasture production risk analysis, and buffering capacity of triticale. Agron J 100:128–135
Da Silva FF, Pereira MG, Ramos HCC, Jubior PCDJ, Pereira TNS, Gabriel APC, Viana AP, Ferreguetti GA (2008) Selection and estimation of the genetic gain in segregating generations of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Crop Breed Appl Biot 8:1–8
Dunphy DJ, McDaniel ME, Holt EC (1982) Effect of forage utilization on wheat grain yield. Crop Sci 22:106–109
Entz MH, Baron VS, Carr P, McCaughey PM, Smith SR, Cash D (2002) Potential of forages to diversify Canadian and American northern great plain cropping systems. Agron J 94:240–250
Fowler DB (1982) Date of seeding, fall growth, and winter survival of winter wheat and rye. Agron J 74:1060–1063
Ford MA, Austin RB, Gregory RS, Morgan CL (1984) A comparison of grain and biomass yields of winter wheat, rye and triticale. J Agric Sci Camb 103:395–403
Gibson LR, Nance CD, Karlen DL (2007) Winter triticale response to nitrogen fertilization when grown after corn or soybean. Agron J 99:49–58
Harker KN, O’Donovan JT, Blackshaw RE, Johnson EN, Holm FA, Clayton GW (2011) Environmental effects on the relative competitive ability of canola and small-grain cereals in a direct-seeded system. Weed Sci 59:404–415
Jedel PE, Helm JH (1993) Forage potential of pulse-cereal mixtures in central Alberta. Can J Plant Sci 73:437–444
Jedel PE, Salmon DF (1994) Forage potential of wapiti triticale mixtures in central Alberta. Can J Plant Sci 74:515–519
Jedel PE, Salmon DF (1995) Forage potential of spring and winter cereal mixtures in a short-season growing area. Agron J 87:731–736
Johnson HW, Robinson HF, Comstock RE (1955) Estimation of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans. Agronomy J 47:314–318
Juskiw PE, Helm JH, Salmon DF (2000) Forage yield and quality for monocrops and mixtures of small grain cereals. Crop Sci 40:138–147
Khorasani GR, Okine EK, Kennelly JJ, Helm JH (1993) Effect of whole crop cereal silage substituted for alfalfa silage on performance of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 76:3536–3546
Kilcer T, Cherney J, Czymmek K, Ketterings Q (2010) Winter triticale forage. Agronomy factsheet series. Factsheet # 56. Cornell University Cooperative Extension. http://nmsp.cals.cornell.edu
Kilcher MR (1982) Effect of cattle grazing on subsequent grain yield of fall rye (Secale cereal L.) in southwestern Saskatchewan. Can J Plant Sci 62:795–796
Klebesadel LJ (1969) Chemical composition and yield of oats and peas separated from a forage mixture at successive stages of growth. Agron J 61:713–716
Kolding MF, Metzger RJ (1996) Winter triticale: a roughage source for wintering range cows? In: Guedes-Pinto H et al (eds) Triticale: today and tomorrow. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 887–88. ISBN-13:978-94-010-6634-1
Larson K (2010) 2008 Saskatchewan cow/calf cost of production analysis. 2010. [Online] Available http://www.wbdc.sk.ca/pdfs/fact_sheets/2010/2008_SK_Cow_Calf_COP_%20Analysis.pdf [2013 July 03]
McCartney DH, Vaage AS (1994) Comparative yield and feeding value of barley, oat and triticale silage. Can J Anim Sci 74:91–96
McCartney D, Basarab JA, Okine EK, Baron VS, Depalme AJ (2004) Alternative fall and winter feeding systems for spring calving beef cows. Can J Anim Sci 84:511–522
McCartney DH, Block HC, Dubeski DL, Ohama AJ (2006) Review: the composition and availability of straw and chaff from small grain cereals for beef cattle in western Canada. Can J Anim Sci 86:443–455
McKenzie RH, Bremer E, Middleton AB, Piffner PG, Woods SA (2011) Optimum seeding date and rate for irrigated cereal and oilseed crops in southern Alberta. Can J Plant Sci 91:293–303
McLeod, JG, Gan YT, Salmon DF, Baron VS (1998) Triticale biomass potential and quality on the Canadian Prairies. In: Juskiw P (ed) Proceedings of 4th international triticale symposiyum 26–31 July 1998 Red Deer, AB, Canada, pp 264–267
Miller GL, Joost RE, Harrison SA (1993) Forage and grain yields of wheat and triticale as affected by forage management practices. Crop Sci 33:1070–1075
Mullenix MK, Dillard SL, Lin JC (2014) Evaluation of wheat and triticale forage for stocker production in the gulf coast region. Prof Anim Sci 30:296–304
Myer R, Blount A, Mackowiaki C, Barnett R (2011) Suitability of triticale, either as a monocrop or in a blend with annual ryegrass as a pasture forage for grazing by growing beef cattle during the cool season. University of Florida/IFAS Beef Cattle Report. 8 p
O’Kiely P (2011) Intake, growth and feed conversion efficiency of finishing beef cattle offered diets based on triticale, maize or grass silages, or ad libitum concentrate. Irisj J Agric Food Res 50:189–207
Poysa VW (1985) Effect of forage harvest on grain yield and agronomic performance of winter triticale, wheat and rye. Can J Plant Sci 65:879–888
Redmon LA, Horn GW, Krenzer G Jr, Bernardo DJ (1995) A review of livestock grazing and wheat grain yield: boom or bust. Agron J 87:137–147
Royo C, Penella E, Tribo F, Molina-Cano JF (1996) Aptitude of spring and winter triticales for dual-purpose (forage and grain) in mediterranean conditions—conception. In: Guedes-Pinto H et al (eds) Triticale: today and tomorrow. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 843–850. ISBN-13:978-94-010-6634-1
Salmon DF (2004) In: Mergoum M, Gomez-MacPherson H (eds) Triticale improvement and production. Food and agriculture organization UN, pp 99–102
Salmon DF, McLelland MB (1996) Winter wheat in the parkland of alberta. Agrifax Bull. Agdex 112/11-1
Salmon DF, Helm JH, Jedel PE (1996) Developing spring and winter triticale with reduced-awn expression. In: Guedes-Pinto H et al (ed) Triticale: today and tomorrow. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp 589–592. ISBN-13:978-94-010-6634-1
Saskatchewan Forage Council (2011) An economic assessment of feed costs within the cow/calf sector. Western Canadian feed innovation network. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, p 38
Schwarte AJ, Gibson LR, Karlen DL, Liebman M, Jannink J (2005) Planting date effects on winter triticale dry matter and nitrogen accumulation. Agron J 97:1333–1341
Silage Manual (2004) In: Kaulbars C. King C (eds) Alberta agriculture, Edmonton, AB, 78Â p. ISBN:0-77732-6158-3
Sokhansanj S, Mani S, Stumborg M, Samson R, Fenton J (2006) Production and distribution of straw on the Canadian prairies. Can Biosyst Eng 48:339–346
Winter SR, Thompson EK (1987) Grazing duration effects on wheat growth and grain yield. Agron J 79:110–113
Winzeler M, McCullough DE, Hunt LA (1989) Leaf gas exchange and plant growth of winter rye, triticale and wheat under contrasting temperature regimes. Crop Sci 29:1256–1260
Zobell DR, Goonewardene LA, Engstrom DF (1992) Use of triticale silage in diets for growing steers. Can J Anim Sci 72:181–184
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baron, V.S., Juskiw, P.E., Aljarrah, M. (2015). Triticale as a Forage. In: Eudes, F. (eds) Triticale. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22551-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22551-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-22550-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-22551-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)