Abstract
Triticale is a cool-season grass hybrid of wheat and rye. Morphology is intermediate to both parents; however, backcrossing to wheat has resulted in higher genome retention and more characteristics in common with the maternal wheat parent. Prior to the development of genetically modified (GM) triticale varieties, a review of triticale biology will provide information to quantify environmental and commercial risk. Critical information includes intra- and interspecific hybridization, pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF), seed persistence, and seed-mediated gene flow (SMGF). Cleistogamy reduces but does not eliminate intraspecific hybridization. PMGF rates vary with distance from the source field and the width of the receptor field. Triticale grown in a commercial field >50 m wide adjacent to a GM triticale crop would contain adventitious presence (AP) <0.9 %, or below the European labeling threshold. Crossing experiments suggest that hybridization between triticale and parental species is low due to cleistogamy and genomic restrictions. Hybridization to wild and weedy relatives has not been reported under natural conditions; however, jointed goatgrass should be tested because it has been reported to hybridize with wheat under field conditions. Triticale seed persistence is low at ≤2 years on the soil surface and ≤6 months buried at a depth of 12 cm. However, volunteers may produce seed in subsequent crops and AP from volunteers has been reported to exceed labeling thresholds in herbicide-tolerant canola and wheat. Should GM triticale be marketed, stewardship protocols will need to be developed considering both triticale biology and crop rotations.
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Kavanagh, V., Hall, L. (2015). Biology and Biosafety. In: Eudes, F. (eds) Triticale. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22551-7_1
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