Abstract
Externally bonded glass and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are increasingly being used to upgrade, repair, and rehabilitate steel reinforced concrete structures such as beams and slabs. The effectiveness of the bonded composites depends on the integrity of the composite/concrete bond over years of exposure to sustained loads and various weather conditions. The present investigation was conceived with the aim of characterizing bond behavior over a long period of time in realistic indoor and outdoor environments, with sustained loading. Plain concrete beams were externally reinforced with wet-layup glass and carbon composites and subjected to sustained flexural loads for 6 years. Then, the beams were loaded to failure while strains on the composite were recorded using resistance strain gages and full-field digital image correlation. The results indicate that ultimate bond strength is strongly correlated with changes in the concrete strength. This finding is consistent with bond failures being mainly controlled by the concrete rather than the composite material. Glass composite specimens generally had less debonding prior to failure, along with higher strength concrete. Furthermore, it appears that the sustained loading itself had little effect on the ultimate bond strength.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
J.G. Teng, J.F. Chen, S.T. Smith, L. Lam, FRP Strengthened RC Structures (Wiley, Chichester, 2001)
H.A. Toutanji, W. Gomez, Durability characteristics of concrete beams externally bonded with FRP composite sheets. Compos. Struct. 19(4), 351–358 (1997)
V.M. Karbhari, L. Zhao, Issues related to composite plating and environmental exposure effects on composite-concrete interface in external strengthening. Compos. Struct. 40(3–4), 293–304 (1998)
A. Gartner, E. Douglas, C. Dolan, H. Hamilton, Small beam bond test method for CFRP composites applied to concrete. J. Compos. Constr. 15(1), 52–61 (2011)
J. Jia, T.E. Boothby, C.E. Bakis, T.L. Brown, Durability evaluation of glass fiber reinforced-polymer-concrete bonded interfaces. J. Compos. Constr. 9(4), 348–359 (2005)
K.H. Tan, M.K. Saha, Y.S. Liew, FRP-strengthened RC beams under sustained loads and weathering. Cem. Concr. Compos. 31, 290–300 (2009)
J.W. Dally, F.W. Riley, Experimental Stress Analysis, 4th edn. (College House Enterprises, Knoxville, TN, 2005)
M.A. Sutton, S.R. McNeill, J.D. Helm, Y.J. Chao, Advances in two-dimensional and three-dimensional computer vision methods for the measurement of surface shape and surface deformations on simple and complex objects, in Photomechanics for Engineers, ed. by P. Rastogi (Springer, New York, 1999), pp. 323–372
S. Kurtz, P. Balaguru, J. Helm, Experimental study of interfacial shear stresses in FRP-strengthened RC beams. J. Compos. Constr. 12, 312–322 (2008)
C. Czardeski, K. Soudki, M. Motavalli, Front and side view image correlation measurements on FRP to concrete pull-off bond tests. J. Compos. Constr. 4, 451–463 (2010)
J.H. Lee, M.M. Lopez, Non-contact measuring techniques to characterize deformation on FRP U-wrap anchors, ACI Special Publication No. SP-275, Proceedings of 10th International Symposium on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, FRPRCS-10, Paper No. 14, 14 p. (2011)
Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens, C39-03, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2003)
Wabo ®MBrace. Composite Strengthening System (October 2003)
Standard test method for transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymer by differential scanning calorimetry, D3418-03, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2003)
M.B. Whitaker, Deflections of externally bonded glass and carbon fiber reinforced polymer concrete beams, MS Thesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA (May 2007)
J.F. Chen, J.G. Teng, Anchorage strength models for FRP and steel plates bonded to concrete. J. Struct. Eng. 127(7), 784–791 (2001)
K. Artun, Durability of concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymers, MS Thesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA (Sept. 2012)
C. Eberl, Digital Image Correlation and Tracking (2006). http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/12413-digital-image-correlation-and-tracking
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge donations of materials by Watson Bowman Acme Corp. (Wabo). Mr. Phillip Regal and Ms. Sally Gimbert are thanked for making the specimens and placing them under load. Dr. Yoseok Jeong is thanked for helping with the beam tests and DIC method. Mr. Daniel Fuhrman is thanked for testing the concrete properties after sustained loading. This work was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grants 0219484 and CMMI-0826461 and by Research Experience for Undergraduates supplemental grants. Opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bakis, C.E., Salasky, H., Artun, K., Lopez, M.M., Whitaker, M.B., Boothby, T. (2016). DIC Strain Analysis of FRP/Concrete Bond After Sustained Loading. In: Jin, H., Yoshida, S., Lamberti, L., Lin, MT. (eds) Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22446-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22446-6_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-22445-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-22446-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)