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microRNAs in Pancreatic β-Cell Physiology

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Book cover microRNA: Basic Science

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 887))

Abstract

The β-cells within the pancreas are responsible for production and secretion of insulin. Insulin is released from pancreatic β-cells in response to increasing blood glucose levels and acts on insulin-sensitive tissues such as skeletal muscle and liver in order to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. Therefore, defects in pancreatic β-cell function lead to hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. A new class of molecules called microRNAs has been recently demonstrated to play a crucial role in regulation of pancreatic β-cell function under normal and pathophysiological conditions. miRNAs have been shown to regulate endocrine pancreas development, insulin biosynthesis, insulin exocytosis, and β-cell expansion. Many of the β-cell enriched miRNAs have multiple functions and regulate pancreas development as well as insulin biosynthesis and exocytosis. Furthermore, several of the β-cell specific miRNAs have been shown to accumulate in the circulation before the onset of diabetes and may serve as potential biomarkers for prediabetes. This chapter will focus on miRNAs that are enriched in pancreatic β-cells and play a critical role in modulation of β-cell physiology and may have clinical significance in the treatment of diabetes.

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Acknowledgements

We apologize to all authors, whose original publications were omitted in this chapter due to space constraints. Research in the author’s laboratory was supported by grants R01DK067581 from the NIH/NIDDK, P20RR020171 from NIH/NCRR, 1-05-CD-15 from ADA, 14GRNT20380383 from AHA, and UL1TR000117 from NIH CTSA.

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  1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, BBSRB-155, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA

    Sabire Özcan

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  1. Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA

    Gaetano Santulli

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Özcan, S. (2015). microRNAs in Pancreatic β-Cell Physiology. In: Santulli, G. (eds) microRNA: Basic Science. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 887. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22380-3_6

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