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Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Structure, Injuries and Regenerative Treatments

  • Chapter
Engineering Mineralized and Load Bearing Tissues

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 881))

Abstract

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most vulnerable ligaments of the knee. ACL impairment results in episodic instability, chondral and meniscal injury and early osteoarthritis. The poor self-healing capacity of ACL makes surgical treatment inevitable. Current ACL reconstructions include a substitution of torn ACL via biological grafts such as autograft, allograft. This review provides an insight of ACL structure, orientation and properties followed by comparing the performance of various constructs that have been used for ACL replacement. New approaches, undertaken to induce ACL regeneration and fabricate biomimetic scaffolds, are also discussed.

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Abbreviations

45S5 BG:

45S5 bioglass®

ACL:

Anterior cruciate ligament

ACLR:

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

ACP:

Amorphous calcium phosphate

BFGF:

Basic fibroblast growth factor

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

BPTB:

Bone-patellar tendon-bone

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

GAG:

Glycosaminoglycan

HA:

Hyaluronan

HAp:

Hydroxyapatite

HT:

Hamstring tendon

HYAFF-11®:

Benzylic ester of hyaluronic acid

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

OA:

Osteoarthritis

PAAm:

Polyacrylamide

PCL:

Poly(ε-caprolactone)

PCLDLLA:

Poly(ε-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide)

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PDLLA:

Poly(D,L-lactide acid)

PDMS:

Poly(dimethyl siloxane)

PDTDDD:

Poly (desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine dodecyl dodecanedioate)

PDTEC:

Poly (desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine ethyl ester carbonate)

PE:

Polyester

PEEK:

Poly(ether ether ketone)

PEGDA:

Poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate

PEU:

Poly(ester-urethane)

PEUUR:

Poly(ester urethane-urea)

PG:

Phosphate glass

PGA:

Poly(glycolic acid)

PLA:

Poly(lactic acid)

PLCL:

Poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone)

PLDLA:

Poly(L-lactide -Co-D,L-lactide acid)

PLGA:

Poly(L,D-lactide-co-glycolide acid)

PLLA:

Poly(L-lactide acid)

PLLA-AC:

Poly(L-lactide-co-acryloyl carbonate)

PMGI:

Poly(methyl glutarimide)

PU:

Polyurethane

PUUR:

Poly(urethane urea)

RADA:

Self-assembled peptide

RGD:

Arg-Gly-Asp

STG:

Semitendinosus and gracilis

TGF:

Transferring growth factor-β.

β-TCP:

β tricalcium phosphate

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial support from Australian Research Council and the University of Sydney. AN acknowledges the International Postgraduate Research Scholarship Award for his PhD degree.

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No competing financial interests exist.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Ali Negahi Shirazi Ph.D. & Fariba Dehghani Ph.D.

  2. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Wojciech Chrzanowski Ph.D

  3. Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Ali Khademhosseini Ph.D.

  4. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Ali Khademhosseini Ph.D.

  5. Department of Bioengineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Fariba Dehghani Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Ali Negahi Shirazi Ph.D.
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  2. Wojciech Chrzanowski Ph.D
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  3. Ali Khademhosseini Ph.D.
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  4. Fariba Dehghani Ph.D.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fariba Dehghani Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Luiz E. Bertassoni

  2. Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University, New York, New York, USA

    Paulo G. Coelho

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Negahi Shirazi, A., Chrzanowski, W., Khademhosseini, A., Dehghani, F. (2015). Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Structure, Injuries and Regenerative Treatments. In: Bertassoni, L., Coelho, P. (eds) Engineering Mineralized and Load Bearing Tissues. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 881. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_10

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